Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:03:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DayanaMT_DISSERT.pdf: 5461193 bytes, checksum: e14ad35e988326c6b2deb98ea1ef274e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-06-17 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / Stabilization pond system consisting in more sewage treatment used in Rio Grande do Norte (RN), Brazil, representing about 90% of all systems. Fecal bacteria are removed mainly facultative ponds and in maturation ponds. Many factors influence bacterial decay, such as the levels of pH and DO, temperature, light intensity, HDT and nutrient availability. The bacterial decay rate (Kb) is calculated considering many variables, but the hydraulic regime is a significant influence for microorganisms removal, and the dispersed flow which best characterizes a stabilization pond. However, some authors developed equations for the Kb accordant plug flow and complete mixing. This research study aimed to evaluate the bacterial decay of fecal coliform and Enterococcus sp. in stabilization ponds designed to treat domestic sewage, full-scale, in RN. All systems have assessed pretreatment, a facultative pond (LF) followed by two maturation (LM1 and LM2). The parameters availed were: temperature, pH, DO, BOD5, COD, fecal coliform, Enterococcus sp., Chlorophyll a, total suspended solids, fixed and volatile. In general, there were not significant differences for pH, DO and temperature in the ponds, except for the new systems, since they have low flow and hydraulic loads. The removal of organic matter in the ponds was low, about 70%, and nearly all are overloaded organic and operational problems. The bacterial removals were low, with average 96% for LF for fecal coliform, and 98% for Enterococcus sp.; LM1 were in itself a removal for fecal coliform about 71%, and 81% for Enterococcus sp.; LM2 have efficiency of 69% for fecal coliform, and 68% for Enterococcus sp. The equation proposed by Von Sperling (1999), according to the dispersed flow regime, generated empirical values of Kb more approximate to calculated values of Kb. On average, the calculated Kb to coliforms in the LF was 0.31 d-1, and for both maturation ponds were 0.35 d-1. For Enterococcus sp. the average was 0.40 d-1 for LF, 0.55 d-1 for LM1, and 0.58 d-1 for LM2. These results also showed that the Kb obtained in full-scale systems are smaller than those found in pilot-scale ponds. Moreover, one can say that the equation proposed by Marais (1974), according to the complete-mix regime, overestimates Kb. Actual results of Kb indicated that fecal coliforms are more resistant to adverse conditions present in stabilization ponds than Enterococcus sp., therefore, an indicator of microbiological safety and efficiency. The factors significant interventions in the rate of bacterial decay were concentrations of COD, the organic loading and HDT. The few Kb relationship between pH, DO and temperature were not significant. Finally, we conclude that it s essential to correct operation and maintenance, for not performing these activities is one of the main factors contributing to low rates of bacterial decay. / Lagoas de estabiliza??o consistem no sistema de tratamento de esgotos mais utilizado no Rio Grande do Norte (RN), Brasil, correspondendo a cerca de 90% de todos os sistemas. As bact?rias fecais s?o removidas principalmente nas lagoas facultativas e de matura??o. Muitos fatores influenciam no decaimento de bact?rias, como: os n?veis de pH e OD, temperatura, intensidade luminosa, TDH e disponibilidade de alimento. A taxa de decaimento bacteriano (Kb) ? calculada a partir de muitas vari?veis, mas o regime hidr?ulico possui significativa influ?ncia na remo??o de microorganismos, sendo o de fluxo disperso o que melhor caracteriza uma lagoa de estabiliza??o. Todavia, alguns autores elaboraram equa??es para o Kb conforme o regime de mistura completa. Essa pesquisa teve como objetivo avaliar o decaimento bacteriano de coliformes termotolerantes e Enterococcus sp. em lagoas de estabiliza??o destinadas ao tratamento de esgotos dom?sticos, em escala real, no RN. Todos os sistemas avaliados possuem tratamento preliminar, uma lagoa facultativa (LF), seguida de duas de matura??o (LM1 e LM2). Os par?metros avaliados foram: temperatura, pH, OD, DBO5, DQO, coliformes termotolerantes, Enterococcus sp., clorofila a, s?lidos em suspens?o totais, fixos e vol?teis. N?o foram identificadas diferen?as significativas entre os valores de pH, OD e temperatura nas lagoas, exceto para os sistemas mais novos, j? que eles possuem baixas vaz?es e cargas hidr?ulicas. A remo??o de mat?ria org?nica nos sistemas de tratamento foi baixa, cerca de 70%, e praticamente todas est?o com sobrecarga org?nica e com problemas operacionais. As remo??es bacterianas tamb?m foram baixas, com m?dia para as LF de 96% para coliformes termotolerantes, e de 98% para Enterococcus sp.; nas LM1 obteve-se remo??o para coliformes termotolerantes de 71%, e para Enterococcus sp. de 81%; e, nas LM2 a efici?ncia foi de 69% para coliformes termotolerantes e de 68% para Enterococcus sp. A equa??o proposta por Von Sperling (1999), segundo o regime de fluxo disperso, foi a que gerou valores de Kb emp?ricos mais aproximados dos valores de Kb calculados a partir de dados reais. Em m?dia, o Kb calculado com base nos dados reais para coliformes termotolerantes nas LF foi de 0,31 d-1, e em ambas as lagoas de matura??o foram de 0,35 d-1. Para Enterococcus sp. a m?dia nas LF foi de 0,40 d-1, nas LM1 foi igual a 0,55 d-1, e nas LM2 de 0,58 d-1. Esses resultados tamb?m demonstraram que os Kb obtidos em sistemas em escala real s?o menores do que os verificados em lagoas em escala piloto. Al?m disso, pode-se afirmar que a equa??o proposta por Marais (1974), segundo o regime de mistura completa, superestima o Kb. Os resultados dos Kb calculados indicaram que os coliformes termotolerantes s?o mais resistentes ?s condi??es adversas presentes em lagoas de estabiliza??o do que os Enterococcus sp., sendo, portanto, um indicador microbiol?gico mais eficiente e seguro. Os fatores de significativa interven??o na taxa de decaimento bacteriano foram as concentra??es de DQO, a carga org?nica e o TDH. As poucas rela??es existentes entre Kb com pH, OD e temperatura n?o foram estatisticamente significativas. Por fim, conclui-se que ? fundamental a opera??o e manuten??o corretas, pois a n?o realiza??o dessas atividades consiste em um dos principais fatores que contribuem para as baixas taxas de decaimento bacteriano.

Os esgotos domésticos contêm uma alta quantidade de bactérias e outros organismos patogênicos e não patogênicos que são descarregados em corpos hídricos. A contaminação da água, pela presença de bactérias e vírus patogênicos, traz conseqüências indesejáveis, principalmente de saúde pública. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a possibilidade de emprego da análise de colifagos, como indicador viral. Para isso, amostras de esgoto bruto, efluente tratado por reator UASB e efluente de lodo ativado, da Estação de Tratamento de Esgotos São João Navegantes, Porto Alegre, foram coletadas durante o período de junho/2006 a junho/2007. As análises físicas, químicas e microbiológicas, DBO5, turbidez, sólidos totais, quantificação de coliformes totais, fecais e de colifagos foram realizadas em 99 amostras, conforme APHA, 2005. Na determinação da presença de adenovírus e enterovírus foram testadas 36 amostras, utilizando-se a técnica de concentração por filtração-eluição e ultracentrifugação. Posteriormente, purificação e avaliação da infectividade. Por fim, as amostras foram submetidas a teste de nested PCR e RT-PCR, a fim de verificar a presença de adenovírus e enterovírus, respectivamente. Nas 36 amostras testadas, a presença de enterovírus foi confirmada em apenas 5,56% das amostras e, adenovírus, em 16,67% das amostras. Não foram encontradas correlações significativas entre colifagos e bactérias coliformes totais e fecais, bem como entre colifagos e os parâmetros físicos e químicos. Desta independência encontrada entre vírus e bactérias se destaca a necessidade de monitoramento conjunto de ambos os microrganismos. Verificou-se uma similaridade em relação à sazonalidade referente ao comportamento de colifagos e o descrito na literatura referente a vírus entéricos. Observou-se, também, a baixa eficiência do tratamento para remoção de microrganismos, ressaltando-se a importância de realização de um tratamento terciário para assegurar a qualidade microbiológica do efluente. As relações entre colifagos e vírus entéricos não foram possíveis de serem analisadas, devido aos dados inconclusivos obtidos no presente trabalho. / Domestic sewage contains a high amount of bacteria and other pathogens and non pathogens that are discharged into water bodies. Contamination of water by the presence of pathogenic bacteria and viruses, brings undesirable consequences, especially for public health. The objective of this work was to evaluate the possibility of using analysis of coliphages as viral indicator. Samples of raw sewage, treated effluent by UASB reactor and by activated sludge, from Wastewater Treatment Systems São João Navegantes, Porto Alegre, were collected during the period of june/2006 to june/2007. Physical, chemical and microbiological analyzes, namely BOD5, turbidity, total solids, quantification of total coliforms, fecal coliforms and coliphages were performed in 99 samples, following the techniques described in APHA 2005. The presence of enteric viruses was tested on 36 samples. The technique of concentration by filtration-elution and ultra-centrifugation was used for this purpose. Subsequently, purification and infectivity test was performed. The samples were tested to nested PCR and RT-PCR to verify the presence of adenovirus and enterovirus, respectively. In 36 samples tested, the presence of enteroviruses was confirmed in only 5.56% of the samples, and adenovirus, in 16.67% of the samples. No significant correlation was found among coliform bacteria and coliphages, and also between the presence of coliphages and physical and chemical parameters. The independence found between viruses and bacteria indicates the need for joint monitoring of both microrganisms. The behavior of coliphages was observed to follow the path described in the literature about enteric viruses in relation to seasonality. There was observed a low efficiency in terms of microorganisms removal, emphasizing the need for a tertiary treatment to ensure the microbiological quality of the effluents tested. Relations between coliphages and enteric viruses were not able to be analyzed, due to inconclusive data obtained in this work.

Os esgotos domésticos contêm uma alta quantidade de bactérias e outros organismos patogênicos e não patogênicos que são descarregados em corpos hídricos. A contaminação da água, pela presença de bactérias e vírus patogênicos, traz conseqüências indesejáveis, principalmente de saúde pública. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a possibilidade de emprego da análise de colifagos, como indicador viral. Para isso, amostras de esgoto bruto, efluente tratado por reator UASB e efluente de lodo ativado, da Estação de Tratamento de Esgotos São João Navegantes, Porto Alegre, foram coletadas durante o período de junho/2006 a junho/2007. As análises físicas, químicas e microbiológicas, DBO5, turbidez, sólidos totais, quantificação de coliformes totais, fecais e de colifagos foram realizadas em 99 amostras, conforme APHA, 2005. Na determinação da presença de adenovírus e enterovírus foram testadas 36 amostras, utilizando-se a técnica de concentração por filtração-eluição e ultracentrifugação. Posteriormente, purificação e avaliação da infectividade. Por fim, as amostras foram submetidas a teste de nested PCR e RT-PCR, a fim de verificar a presença de adenovírus e enterovírus, respectivamente. Nas 36 amostras testadas, a presença de enterovírus foi confirmada em apenas 5,56% das amostras e, adenovírus, em 16,67% das amostras. Não foram encontradas correlações significativas entre colifagos e bactérias coliformes totais e fecais, bem como entre colifagos e os parâmetros físicos e químicos. Desta independência encontrada entre vírus e bactérias se destaca a necessidade de monitoramento conjunto de ambos os microrganismos. Verificou-se uma similaridade em relação à sazonalidade referente ao comportamento de colifagos e o descrito na literatura referente a vírus entéricos. Observou-se, também, a baixa eficiência do tratamento para remoção de microrganismos, ressaltando-se a importância de realização de um tratamento terciário para assegurar a qualidade microbiológica do efluente. As relações entre colifagos e vírus entéricos não foram possíveis de serem analisadas, devido aos dados inconclusivos obtidos no presente trabalho. / Domestic sewage contains a high amount of bacteria and other pathogens and non pathogens that are discharged into water bodies. Contamination of water by the presence of pathogenic bacteria and viruses, brings undesirable consequences, especially for public health. The objective of this work was to evaluate the possibility of using analysis of coliphages as viral indicator. Samples of raw sewage, treated effluent by UASB reactor and by activated sludge, from Wastewater Treatment Systems São João Navegantes, Porto Alegre, were collected during the period of june/2006 to june/2007. Physical, chemical and microbiological analyzes, namely BOD5, turbidity, total solids, quantification of total coliforms, fecal coliforms and coliphages were performed in 99 samples, following the techniques described in APHA 2005. The presence of enteric viruses was tested on 36 samples. The technique of concentration by filtration-elution and ultra-centrifugation was used for this purpose. Subsequently, purification and infectivity test was performed. The samples were tested to nested PCR and RT-PCR to verify the presence of adenovirus and enterovirus, respectively. In 36 samples tested, the presence of enteroviruses was confirmed in only 5.56% of the samples, and adenovirus, in 16.67% of the samples. No significant correlation was found among coliform bacteria and coliphages, and also between the presence of coliphages and physical and chemical parameters. The independence found between viruses and bacteria indicates the need for joint monitoring of both microrganisms. The behavior of coliphages was observed to follow the path described in the literature about enteric viruses in relation to seasonality. There was observed a low efficiency in terms of microorganisms removal, emphasizing the need for a tertiary treatment to ensure the microbiological quality of the effluents tested. Relations between coliphages and enteric viruses were not able to be analyzed, due to inconclusive data obtained in this work.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The use of treated domestic wastewater for irrigation could become an alternative to regions facing water scarcity, as in northeastern Brazil, specifically in the state of Sergipe. This work aimed to analyze the influence of the use of domestic wastewater treated in the microbiological quality of carrots (Daucus carota) and beets (Beta vulgaris) irrigated with this water. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse of the Department of Agricultural Engineering (DEA) in the Federal University of Sergipe / Campus of Saint Kitts from April to July 2014. The wastewater was collected in the Sewage Treatment Plant (WWTP ) Rosa Elze, in the municipality of St. Kitts / SE. Irrigation was performed using four different dilutions. The evapotranspiration was obtained by the method of the Food and Agriculture Organization of United Nations (FAO) 56 through weather station mounted inside the greenhouse. The experimental design was randomized blocks (DBC), composed of eight treatments, two species and four wastewater percentage e/ou drinking water of Sergipe Supply Company (DESO); Of DESO 100% water; 75% water DESO + 25% waste water; 75% wastewater + 25% water DESO and 100% wastewater in five replicates and four plants per working portion. Microbiological samples were analyzed according to the parameters recommended by Resolution no. 12 02/01/2001 of the National Health Surveillance Agency - ANVISA: enumeration of fecal coliforms and Salmonella sp. In addition to these analyzes, they were also listed the population of mesophilic aerobic bacteria and molds and yeasts and the results were submitted to ANOVA by the Tukey test at 5% probability. The results obtained in the microbiological quality analyzes show that the beets and carrots irrigated with wastewater are in accordance with the standards established by law (Salmonella sp. Absence in 25 g fecal coliform ≤3 NMP. g-1) and the enumeration of mesophilic and molds and yeasts did not exceed 4,5x106, but we still need more depth to the thematic studies. / A utilização de águas residuárias domésticas tratadas para irrigação pode se tornar uma alternativa para regiões que enfrentam escassez de água, como na região Nordeste do Brasil, especificamente no Estado de Sergipe. A presente dissertação teve como objetivo analisar a influência do uso de águas residuárias domésticas tratadas na qualidade microbiológica de cenouras (Daucus carota) e beterrabas (Beta vulgaris) irrigadas com essa água. O experimento foi realizado em casa de vegetação do Departamento de Engenharia Agronômica (DEA), localizada na Universidade Federal de Sergipe/Campus de São Cristóvão no período de abril a julho de 2014. As águas residuárias foram coletadas na Estação de Tratamento de Esgotos (ETE) Rosa Elze, localizada no Município de São Cristóvão/SE. As irrigações foram feitas utilizando-se quatro diluições diferentes. A evapotranspiração foi obtida pelo método do Food and Agriculture Organization of United Nations (FAO) 56 através de estação meteorológica montada dentro da casa de vegetação. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos casualizados (DBC), composto por oito tratamentos, sendo duas espécies e quatro percentuais de água residuária e/ou água potável da Companhia de Abastecimento de Sergipe (DESO); 100% água da DESO; 75% água da DESO + 25% água residuária; 75% água residuária + 25% água da DESO e 100% água residuária, em cinco repetições e quatro plantas por parcela útil. As amostras microbiológicas foram analisadas de acordo com os parâmetros recomendados pela Resolução n°. 12 de 02/01/2001 da Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária – ANVISA: enumeração de coliformes termotolerantes e pesquisa de Salmonella sp. Além dessas análises, também foram enumeradas a população de bactérias aeróbias mesófilas e de bolores e leveduras e os resultados foram submetidos à anova pelo teste de Tuckey a 5% de probabilidade. Os resultados obtidos nas análises de qualidade microbiológicas demonstram que a beterraba e a cenoura irrigadas com água residuária encontram-se de acordo com os padrões estabelecidos pela legislação vigente (Salmonella sp. ausência em 25 g e coliformes termotolerantes =3 NMP. g-1) e a enumeração de mesófilos e bolores e leveduras não ultrapassaram 4,5x106, contudo se faz necessário estudos mais aprofundados à temática.

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No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertacao_Aline_de_Oliveira_Rodrigues.pdf: 787004 bytes, checksum: 42043083bf6f4a2ee9080a2164a23e88 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-04-30 / Sem bolsa / O setor hoteleiro vem se expandindo mundialmente a cada ano e dentre os serviços oferecidos, a gastronomia é um dos mais requisitados, através da qual busca-se a satisfação do cliente, oferecendo produtos seguros e de qualidade. Paralelamente ao incremento do turismo, a incidência de doenças de origem alimentar está crescendo em todo mundo. Acredita-se que o consumo de alimentos contaminados seja a principal causa de doenças em turistas. Neste contexto o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a aplicação das boas práticas em restaurantes hoteleiros da cidade de Pelotas/RS e Rio Grande/RS e relacioná-las com a qualidade microbiológica dos alimentos oferecidos, além de identificar fontes de contaminação. O setor de alimentos e bebidas (A&B) de quatro hotéis foi avaliado quanto às condições higiênicossanitárias em duas visitas, com intervalo mínimo de 30 dias, através de aplicação de check list fundamentado na norma da RDC 216/2004, e de análises microbiológicas de amostras coletadas no local. Foram realizadas coletas de amostras de superfícies de utensílios, equipamentos e mãos de manipuladores para contagem de Staphylococcus coagulase positiva e de coliformes termotolerantes. Isolados obtidos das culturas dessas contagens foram comparados através de perfis de genéticos obtidos por rep-PCR. Considerando as não conformidades observadas no check list, na primeira visita apenas um hotel foi classificado como ótimo, dois foram classificados como bons e um recebeu a classificação ruim. Entretanto, na segunda visita o hotel classificado como ruim passou para bom, devido à realização de melhorias no restaurante. Alguns resultados das análises microbiológicas apresentaram limite acima do permitido para a contagem dos micro-organismos analisados, identificando falha na aplicação das boas práticas. Através da técnica de rep-PCR, foi identificada uma mesma cepa em amostras de queijo e mãos, manteiga e tábua de corte, queijo e tábua de corte e salada de frutas e mãos, evidenciando contaminação cruzada devido falhas no processo de higiene e manipulação dos alimentos. / The hotel industry has been expanding every year and among the services offered, the cuisine is one of the most requested, which seeks customer satisfaction by offering safe and quality products. Parallel to the tourism development, the incidence of foodborne diseases is growing worldwide. It is believed that the consumption of contaminated food is the major cause of disease in tourists. This study goal was to evaluate the application of best practices in hotel restaurants in the cities of Pelotas/RS and Rio Grande/RS and relate it to the microbiological quality of the food offered, besides to identify sources of contamination. The sector of food and beverages (F&B) of four hotels was evaluated in two visits with an interval of 30 days regarding hygiene-sanitary conditions, by application of check list and microbiological analyzes of samples collected on site. Surface, utensils, equipment and hands handlers samples have been collected for counting coagulase positive Staphylococcus and thermotolerant coliform. Isolates obtained from these counting cultures were compared by bands profiles obtained by rep-PCR. According to the non-conformity observed in the check list on the first visit, only one hotel was rated as great, two were classified as good and one received a bad rating. However, on the second visit, the one considered bad got a good rate due to improvements in its unit. Some microbiological analysis showed a limit above the allowed for the count of analyzed microorganisms, identifying failure in the hygiene-sanitary process. By rep-PCR, was identified the same strain in samples of cheese and hands, butter and cutting board, cutting board and cheese and fruit salad and hands, showing cross-contamination due to flaws in the process of care and handling of food.

The mozzarella cheese is a product of high consumption, but very susceptible to microbiological contamination. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the microbiological and physical-chemistry of sliced mozzarella cheese in bulk and vacuum-packed, sold in supermarkets in the Northwest region of Rio Grande do Sul State. We evaluated five marks (50 samples) of vacuum-packed mozzarella cheese (A, B, C, D and E) and a mark (25 samples) sold in bulk (F). Microbiological tests were performed according to Normative Instruction 62, August 26th, 2003: fecal coliform counts (45ºC), Salmonella sp. and coagulase positive Staphylococcus in two different periods during the validity period (period I) and after the expiration of the samples (period II). Were also conducted analysis of pH, fat and moisture, according to the Normative Instruction 68, December 12th, 2006. The physicochemical parameters classified the samples as fat cheese and medium humidity and all attended the legal parameters established by the Brazilian legislation. The microbiological results showed that all samples were within the standards for fecal coliform and coagulase positive Staphylococcus in both periods of analysis. However, in period I detected the presence of Salmonella sp. in one of the marks (16.67 %), being improper for human consumption. / O queijo Mussarela é um produto de elevado consumo, porém muito susceptível à contaminação microbiológica. Portanto, este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a qualidade microbiológica e físico-química do queijo Mussarela fatiado à granel e embalado à vácuo, comercializado em supermercados da região Noroeste do estado do Rio Grande do Sul. Foram avaliadas 5 marcas de queijo Mussarela embalado à vácuo (A, B, C, D e E), totalizando 50 amostras, e uma marca comercializada à granel (F), totalizando 25 amostras. As análises microbiológicas realizadas foram: contagem de coliformes termotolerantes (45°C), Salmonella sp. e Staphylococcus coagulase positiva, em dois diferentes períodos, durante o prazo de validade (período I) e após o vencimento das amostras (período II). Também foram realizadas as análises de pH, teor de gordura e umidade. Os parâmetros físico-químicos classificaram as amostras como sendo queijos gordos e de média umidade e atenderam os padrões exigidos pela legislação brasileira. Os resultados microbiológicos mostraram que todas as amostras apresentaram-se dentro dos padrões para coliformes termotolerantes e Staphylococcus coagulase positiva, nos dois períodos de análise, porém, no período I, foi detectada a presença de Salmonella sp. em uma das marcas (16,67 %), encontrando-se imprópria para o consumo humano.

No description available.

Rising global antibiotic resistance has caused concerns over sources and pathways for the spread of contributing factors. Majority of the antimicrobials used in the U.S. are involved in veterinary medicine, primarily with livestock rearing. Animal manure land application integrates livestock farming and agroecosystems. This manure contains antibiotic resistant elements (AREs) (resistant bacteria, resistance genes, and veterinary antibiotics) that contribute towards antimicrobial resistance. Altering manure application techniques can reduce surface runoff of other contaminants such as excess N and P, pesticides, and hormones, that can impact water quality. Conventional tillage practices in the U.S. has reduced or stopped, making subsurface injection of manure a promising option when compared to surface application. Our research compared manure application methods, manure application seasons, cropping system, and manure-rainfall time gaps to gauge the impact on AREs in the environment. Two field-scale rainfall simulation studies were conducted along with one laboratory study. Using the injection method lowered concentrations of manure associated AREs entering surface runoff. When manure was surface applied and rainfall occurred 7 d after application, 9-30 times less resistant fecal coliform bacteria (FCB) entered surface runoff when compared to 1 d time gap for that broadcast method. Within a day of manure application, antibiotic resistance gene (ARG) profiles in soil began to differ from each other based on manure application and soil ARG richness in all manure-amended soil increased compared to the background. Runoff from injection plots contained 52 ARGs with higher abundance compared to runoff from surface applied plots. ARGs in the former were more correlated to soil and more correlated to manure in the latter. The highest antibiotic concentrations were in the injection slit soil of those plots. Antibiotic concentrations in samples corresponded positively to concentrations of resistant FCB and ARGs, and there was a positive correlation between resistant FCB and their associated ARGs (Spearman's ρ = 0.43-0.63). A CRIISPR-Cas12a assay for quantification of ARGs in environmental samples was just as precise as conventional methods. There is also potential for in-situ detection. These combined results can hopefully help farmers improve manure management practices that mitigate spread of AREs to surrounding water, crops, and soil. / Doctor of Philosophy / Rising global antibiotic resistance cause concerns over sources and pathways for the spread of contributing factors. Most of the antimicrobials used in the U.S. are involved in veterinary medicine, especially with livestock rearing. Overuse of antibiotics that are medically important to human medicine compromises the effectiveness of our medicines. Animal manure contains antibiotic resistant elements (AREs) such as resistant bacteria, resistance genes, and antibiotics) that contribute towards resistance issues. Once these AREs enter the environment, they can be taken up by crops, runoff into surface water or leached into ground water, or even reside within the animal products we consume. Altering manure application techniques is beneficial for nutrient conservation but also potentially for reducing ARE spread. With our research, we compared manure application methods, manure application seasons, cropping systems, and manure-rainfall time gaps to find ways to balance the need for manure application and the spread of resistance. We used two field-scale rainfall simulation studies along with one laboratory study. Overall, using the injection method resulted in significantly lower concentrations of manure associated AREs entering surface runoff. When manure was surface applied and rainfall occurred 7 d after application, less resistant fecal coliform bacteria (FCB) entered surface runoff when compared to the 1 d time gap for broadcast methods. Within a day of manure application, antibiotic resistance gene (ARG) profiles in soil began to differ from each other and soil ARG totals in all manure applied soil increased compared to the background. Runoff from injection plots contained more soil ARGs and runoff from surface applied plots containing more manure associated ARGs. The subsurface injection method also caused highest antibiotic concentrations in the injection slit soil of those plots. High antibiotic concentrations in samples generally meant high concentrations of resistant FCB and ARGs, and resistant FCB were also found with their associated ARGs as well. A CRISPR-Cas12a assay for quantification of ARGs in environmental samples was just as precise as conventional methods. There is also potential for onsite detection. These combined results can hopefully help farmers improve manure management practices that mitigate spread of AREs to surrounding water, crops, and soil.

The goal of diploma thesis was a comparison of potable water indicators in representative areas of the south Bohemia. Monitored period had been from January 2012 till December 2014. Monitored parameters were microbiological indicators (Escherichia coli, coliform microbes, number of colonies at 22°C, number of colonies at 36°C, organoleptic indicators (color, turbidity, smell, taste). Physical and chemical indicators (ammonium ions, nitrates, nitrites, chemical consumption of oxygen, chlorides, conductivity, manganese, pH, sulphates, calcium and magnesium, iron). From the total complex of 1165 data, there were 23 values over the limit (1,97%) of evaluation of all monitored quality indicators (microbiological, organoleptic, physical and chemical). In evaluation of microbiological indicators, there were 6 values (1,97%) over the limit, from total 304 data. In organoleptic indicators, there was 1 value (0,44%) over the limit, from total 227 data. In evaluation of physical and chemical indicators, there were 16 values (2,52%) over the limit, from total 634 data. In total, there are 23 values which don´t meet determined limits from The Regulation No. 252/2004 and EU directives. There are these values of limits - number of colonies at 22°C, number of colonies at 36°C, turbidity, manganese, calcium and iron.

Cílem této diplomové práce je provést analýzu vybraných ukazatelů kvality pitné vody a posouzení faktorů, které ji ovlivňují. V první části jsou zachyceny vybrané mikrobiologické ukazatele, tak jak je popisuje literatura, včetně platných norem a vyhlášek. Druhá část popisuje průběh provádění vlastní analýzy, z poskytnutých materiálů akreditovanou laboratoří společnosti AGRO-LA, spol. s r. o., až po vyhodnocení získaných výsledků.