Esta pesquisa descreve combinatórias textuais em torno de compostos nominais em língua alemã através da exploração dos corpora do banco de dados de coocorrências do Projeto Cosmas (Corpus Search, Management and Analysis System), do Institut für Deutsche Sprache (IDS) da Universidade de Mannheim. O estudo se divide em dois momentos. O primeiro momento compreende a busca, em corpora, de compostos nominais provenientes de textos médicos e jurídicos. A partir do levantamento de segmentos coocorrentes, são priorizados os elementos verbais. Os verbos, então, são tomados como palavras de busca para o levantamento de novas composições nominais vinculadas às áreas de conhecimento escolhidas. A observação das formas verbais leva a uma categorização quanto aos modos de ação ligados aos prefixos dos verbos, permitindo relacionar padrões de combinatórias e gêneros textuais. Este estudo de doutoramento se ocupa, assim, do reconhecimento e da categorização de fraseologismos verbais, entendidos aqui como colocações formadas por compostos nominais em língua alemã e as suas respectivas formas verbais coocorrentes. Em um segundo momento deste estudo, utilizam-se os resultados da descrição e da categorização das coocorrências para o desenho e a implementação de um ambiente virtual de aprendizagem de tradução, que dispõe de uma ferramenta para extração de combinatórias. O ambiente e a ferramenta oferecem consulta online gratuita para aprendizes de tradução, permitindo uso individual ou sob tutoria de um professor em sala de aula. A pesquisa acredita na construção do conhecimento a partir de uma aprendizagem autônoma, baseada em um processo de percepção de padrões de língua e de reflexão sobre a prática tradutória, tanto por parte do aprendiz quanto do professor. / This study describes word combinations that co-occur with nominal compounds in German by exploring COSMAS (Corpus Search, Management and Analysis System), a database with a large collection of corpora from the University of Manheim. Our investigation is divided into two parts. At first we identified nominal compounds in Medical and Legal texts, and among these we selected only those containing verbs. The verbs were then taken as the search words for the identification of other nominal compounds in the same knowledge areas previously selected. Based on the observation of verbal forms we built categories for the action modes associated to verb prefixes, which allowed us to make associations between word combinations and textual genre. During this first part of our research, therefore, we focused on the identification and categorization of phraseologies, composed of collocations between nominal compounds and co-occurring verbs. In the second part of the study we introduce the development of a virtual learning environment for translation students. It features a learning environment and a tool for the search of combinations, based on the categorization and descriptions made in the first part of the thesis. The learning environment and the tool will be available for online search by translation students, both for their own use and under the supervision of their tutors. We believe in the knowledge construction through an autonomous learning, based on the process of awareness of certain patterns of language and reflection about the translation practice, both by learner and tutor.

O objetivo desta pesquisa foi criar um modelo de glossário de futebol composto por verbetes marcados por diferenças culturais entre o Brasil e a Inglaterra. Partimos da hipótese de que os diferentes jeitos de jogar, a história do futebol em cada cultura, a apropriação cultural das regras na Inglaterra e no Brasil e outros fatores de ordem histórico-social contribuíram para a criação do léxico do futebol em português e inglês. Para conduzir a pesquisa, baseamo-nos na Linguística de Corpus, na Terminologia Textual e na Tradução Técnica como ato comunicativo sujeito a condicionantes culturais, áreas que compartilham o interesse de observar a linguagem real em seu contexto de ocorrência. Recorremos ao conceito antropológico formarepresentação para melhor explicar as diferenças entre o futebol brasileiro e o futebol inglês. O corpus de estudo é comparável e possui 469.765 palavras em português e 600.079 em inglês. Cada subcorpus é composto por cinco categorias de textos: resultados de partidas, descrição de partidas, relatos de partidas com comentários de internautas, notícias sobre compra e venda de jogadores e técnicos e notícias sobre a situação dos times nos campeonatos. O corpus foi submetido à etiquetagem morfossintática por meio do etiquetador Tree Tagger e analisado semi-automaticamente com auxílio do programa WordSmith Tools. Selecionamos dezessete termos e combinatórias léxicas especializadas (CLEs) que são culturalmente marcados e que deram ensejo aos estudos de caso que compõem o modelo de dicionário proposto. A análise desses casos revelou dois aspectos importantes: 1) o futebol brasileiro é frequentemente associado a palavras como drible, criatividade, espontaneidade, habilidade, beleza e ginga, ao passo que o futebol inglês é quase que exclusivamente associado a palavras de força e rapidez; 2) os aspectos histórico-culturais e a história do futebol no Brasil e na Inglaterra influenciaram, de forma direta, a terminologia do futebol em português e inglês, confirmando nossa hipótese. Ao final do trabalho, o modelo de dicionário proposto é apresentado em anexo. / The primary aim of this research is to present a model for a football dictionary consisting of entries marked by cultural differences between Brazil and England. The central hypothesis of this dissertation is that the different ways of playing, the football history in each culture, the cultural appropriation of rules in England and Brazil and other historical and social factors have contributed to the creation of the football lexicon in Portuguese and English. The theoretical dimensions underlying this study are Corpus Linguistics, Textual Terminology and Technical Translation as a communicative act subject to cultural conditions, areas which share an interest in observing language in its actual context of occurrence. We also highlighted the anthropological form-representation concept to better explain the differences between Brazilian football and English football. In order to carry out our analysis, we compiled a comparable study corpus which comprises 469,765 words in Portuguese and 600,079 in English. Each subcorpus consists of five categories of texts: match results, match description, match reports with comments from Internet users, news about players and coaches purchase and sale and news on the position of the teams in the championships. The corpus was annotated with part-of-speech tags through Tree Tagger and investigated with the linguistic analysis software WordSmith Tools. Seventeen culturally marked terms and specialized lexical combinations (CLEs) gave rise to the case studies which constitute the dictionary model. The analysis of these cases revealed two important aspects: 1) Brazilian football is often associated with words like \'dribble\', \'creativity\', \'spontaneity\', \'ability\', \'beauty\' and \'ginga\' whereas English football is almost exclusively associated with words of strength and speed; 2) the historical and cultural aspects and the history of football in Brazil and England have direct impact on the football terminology in Portuguese and English, a conclusion which confirms our initial hypothesis. A model of dictionary entries is attached to this dissertation.

Esta pesquisa descreve combinatórias textuais em torno de compostos nominais em língua alemã através da exploração dos corpora do banco de dados de coocorrências do Projeto Cosmas (Corpus Search, Management and Analysis System), do Institut für Deutsche Sprache (IDS) da Universidade de Mannheim. O estudo se divide em dois momentos. O primeiro momento compreende a busca, em corpora, de compostos nominais provenientes de textos médicos e jurídicos. A partir do levantamento de segmentos coocorrentes, são priorizados os elementos verbais. Os verbos, então, são tomados como palavras de busca para o levantamento de novas composições nominais vinculadas às áreas de conhecimento escolhidas. A observação das formas verbais leva a uma categorização quanto aos modos de ação ligados aos prefixos dos verbos, permitindo relacionar padrões de combinatórias e gêneros textuais. Este estudo de doutoramento se ocupa, assim, do reconhecimento e da categorização de fraseologismos verbais, entendidos aqui como colocações formadas por compostos nominais em língua alemã e as suas respectivas formas verbais coocorrentes. Em um segundo momento deste estudo, utilizam-se os resultados da descrição e da categorização das coocorrências para o desenho e a implementação de um ambiente virtual de aprendizagem de tradução, que dispõe de uma ferramenta para extração de combinatórias. O ambiente e a ferramenta oferecem consulta online gratuita para aprendizes de tradução, permitindo uso individual ou sob tutoria de um professor em sala de aula. A pesquisa acredita na construção do conhecimento a partir de uma aprendizagem autônoma, baseada em um processo de percepção de padrões de língua e de reflexão sobre a prática tradutória, tanto por parte do aprendiz quanto do professor. / This study describes word combinations that co-occur with nominal compounds in German by exploring COSMAS (Corpus Search, Management and Analysis System), a database with a large collection of corpora from the University of Manheim. Our investigation is divided into two parts. At first we identified nominal compounds in Medical and Legal texts, and among these we selected only those containing verbs. The verbs were then taken as the search words for the identification of other nominal compounds in the same knowledge areas previously selected. Based on the observation of verbal forms we built categories for the action modes associated to verb prefixes, which allowed us to make associations between word combinations and textual genre. During this first part of our research, therefore, we focused on the identification and categorization of phraseologies, composed of collocations between nominal compounds and co-occurring verbs. In the second part of the study we introduce the development of a virtual learning environment for translation students. It features a learning environment and a tool for the search of combinations, based on the categorization and descriptions made in the first part of the thesis. The learning environment and the tool will be available for online search by translation students, both for their own use and under the supervision of their tutors. We believe in the knowledge construction through an autonomous learning, based on the process of awareness of certain patterns of language and reflection about the translation practice, both by learner and tutor.

INTRODUÇÃO: O transplante de pulmão é parte fundamental no tratamento das doenças terminais do pulmão, constituindo uma modalidade terapêutica eficaz para pacientes com doença pulmonar incapacitante, progressiva e em estágio final. No entanto, as drogas imunossupressoras usadas para evitar a rejeição do enxerto podem causar efeitos colaterais em diversos tecidos. O sistema mucociliar, presente nas vias aéreas, é um dos principais mecanismos de defesa do trato respiratório e pode ser alterado por ação das drogas imunossupressoras. Desta forma, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o sistema mucociliar traqueobrônquico de ratos submetidos a dois esquemas de terapia tríplice imunossupressora. MÉTODOS: Foram utilizados 90 ratos machos Wistar distribuídos em 3 grupos conforme o tratamento: controle (C) = solução salina; terapia 1 (TI) = tacrolimus + micofenolato de mofetil + prednisona; terapia 2 (TII) = ciclosporina + azatioprina + prednisona. Após o período de tratamento (7, 15 ou 30 dias), os animais foram sacrificados e realizadas as seguintes medidas: transportabilidade do muco (TM), frequência de batimento ciliar (FBC), quantificação de muco neutro e ácido, velocidade de transporte mucociliar (VTMC), e contagem total e diferencial de células no lavado broncoalveolar (LBA). RESULTADOS: A TM não foi afetada pelas terapias em nenhum dos tempos estudados. Ambas as terapias causaram significativa redução da FBC dos animais tratados por 7 e 15 dias. A produção de muco neutro foi menor nos animais tratados com a TI por 7, 15 e 30 dias. Porém, com a TII, essa redução ocorreu apenas aos 7 dias. Por outro lado, a quantidade de muco ácido foi significativamente maior em todos os animais tratados com as duas terapias. Todos os animais tratados com as terapias imunossupressoras apresentaram redução da VTMC nos três tempos. Houve aumento do número total de células e de macrófagos e neutrófilos no grupo TI em 7 dias. CONCLUSÕES: Ambas as terapias imunossupressoras foram prejudiciais ao transporte mucociliar das vias aéreas de ratos, tanto pela redução da FBC e da VTMC, quanto pela maior produção de muco ácido e menor produção de muco neutro. A TI foi mais prejudicial ao sistema mucociliar em comparação à TII / INTRODUCTION: Lung transplantation is an essential part in the treatment of terminal lung diseases, providing an effective therapeutic modality for patients with disabling, progressive and final stage lung disease. However, the immunosuppressant drugs used to prevent graft rejection may cause side effects in several tissues. The mucociliary system, present in the airways, is a major defense mechanism of the respiratory tract and can be changed by action of immunosuppressive drugs. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the tracheobronchial mucociliary system of rats submitted to two triple immunosuppressive therapy regimens. METHODS: We used 90 male Wistar rats divided into 3 groups according to treatment: control (C) = saline solution; therapy 1 (TI) = tacrolimus + mycophenolate mofetil + prednisone therapy; therapy 2 (TII) = cyclosporine + azathioprine + prednisone. After the period of treatment (7, 15, or 30 days), the animals were sacrificed and the following measures taken: mucus transportability (MT), ciliary beating frequency (CBF), quantification of neutral and acid mucus, mucociliary transport velocity (MCTV), and total and differential counting of cells in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL). RESULTS: MT was not affected by treatments in any of the periods studied. Both therapies have caused significant reduction of CBF of animals treated for 7 and 15 days. The neutral mucus production was lower in animals treated with TI for 7, 15 and 30 days. But with TII, this reduction occurred only at 7 days. Moreover, the amount of acid mucus was significantly higher in all animals treated with both therapies. All animals treated with immunosuppressive therapies had reduced MCTV at the three times. There was an increase of total cells and macrophages and neutrophils in the TI group in 7 days. CONCLUSIONS: Both immunosuppressive therapies were harmful to the mucociliary clearance of the airways of rats, either by reducing the CBF and MCTV, as by the increased production of acid mucus and decreased production of neutral mucus. TI was more harmful to the mucociliary system in comparison to TII

The diversity of the Eriophyoidea is largely unknown and their systematic study mostly entails alpha-taxonomy which is critically important for these mites. Eriophyoid morphology is almost exclusively studied on slide-mounted specimens, and truly permanent specimen slides cannot be prepared and are eventually lost. Shortcomings in taxon descriptions are persistent, and too few morphological characters are available for systematic use, particularly for phylogenetic studies. The fragile, simplified and minute eriophyoid bodies, and the inadequacy of study methods and technology, including preparation and light microscopy, contribute to these problems. The present eriophyoid classification is widely accepted, relatively stable and useful. The major part of the classification, however, is probably artificial, and some taxon delimitations and identifications are becoming increasingly difficult. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) is only sporadically used to supplement conventional descriptions of eriophyoid mites, and their phylogeny has hardly been studied. In the present study some aspects of eriophyoid systematics and its improvements by incorporating SEM for morphological study and phylogenetic analyses for testing and improving the naturalness of the present eriophyoid classification, are used and appraised. The morphology of about 64 species, mostly from South Africa, was studied with low-temperature (cryo) SEM. The specimens remained turgid and the shape of the mites largely unaltered. A general overview of the contribution of the SEM study towards systematic morphology of the Eriophyoidea is presented. Discrepancies between species descriptions from slide-mounted specimens and the SEM images were found. These include body form, interpretation of structures, resolution and information on minute morphology, and the presence of secretions. Some of these differences were caused by artefacts introduced with slide-mounting of specimens. The SEM study includes a comparative morphological study of the gnathosoma, including a review and appraisal of characters presently used in eriophyoid systematics. New morphological information was found, including new characters that may be of systematic use. Morphology studied with SEM should be routinely incorporated into eriophyoid descriptions, which is not presently the case. The phylogeny of the Eriophyoidea was studied at genus level, using morphological data, to test the monophyly of the present suprageneric taxa. Three data matrices with 66, 60 and 27 informative characters of 316 (including most Diptilomiopus spp.), 64 and 17 eriophyoid ingroup species respectively were analyzed with parsimony analyses, and trees were searched under different parameters. This was done to find different hypotheses regarding the taxon relationships, to roughly assess the robustness of the tree groups, and to use different approaches: a very comprehensive taxon sample, but with low ratio of characters to taxa; an exemplar species sample to improve the ratio between characters to taxa; and a very small taxon sample with a good ratio between characters and taxa, but very little inclusion of variation found in the Eriophyoidea. Most groups found were supported only by homoplasy, but many made biological sense and various potentially monophyletic groups, additional to taxa in the present classification, are proposed for further study. The robustness and convergence of these groups on monophyly are discussed. The Phytoptidae was found to be polyphyletic. Part of the Nalepellinae is probably positioned outside the remainder of the Eriophyoidea, while the rest of the Phytoptidae were positioned in smaller subgroups among the Eriophyidae. The Phytoptinae and Sierraphytoptinae, including Pentasetacus, may group together. The Eriophyidae never grouped together with much support, and the family is both polyphyletic and paraphyletic. The Diptilomiopidae was largely found to be monophyletic, with a relatively strong phylogenetic structure. The Rhyncaphytoptinae is mainly paraphyletic, and the Diptilomiopinae polyphyletic, but part of the Diptilomiopinae may be monophyletic. Three new Diptilomiopus spp. from South Africa are described as part of the study: D. faurius sp. nov. from Faurea rochetiana (A. Rich.) Pic. Serm. (Proteaceae); D. apobrevus sp. nov. and D. apolongus sp. nov. from Apodytes dimidiata E. Mey. ex Arn. (Icacinaceae). They were leaf vagrants not causing any observable symptoms. / Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2011. / Zoology and Entomology / unrestricted

This thesis describes the possibilities of combining of companies, their legal regulation and tax imppact according to laws of the Czech Republic, and the accounting handling of such corporate transactions under Czech accounting rules and under IFRS.

This graduation thesis is concerned with impacts on equity which are caused by some of selected operations with company (whole company investment, merger). The explanation of essence and elements of equity is basis of understanding. Particular operations with company are specified in light of commercial law, accountancy and taxes. Special attention is paid to questions of revaluation. The application of different valuation base has got a fundamental impact upon value and structure of equity.

As science and technology continue to advance, innovative developments in transportation can enhance product safety and security for the benefit and welfare of society. The federal government requires every commercial truck to be inspected before each trip. This pre-trip inspection ensures the safe mechanical condition of each vehicle before it is used. An Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) could be used to provide an automated inspection, thus reducing driver workload, inspection costs and time while increasing inspection accuracy. This thesis develops a primary component of the algorithm that is required to implement UAV pre-trip inspections for commercial trucks using an android-based application. Specifically, this thesis provides foundational work of providing stable height control in an outdoor environment using a laser sensor and an android flight control application that includes take-off, landing, throttle control, and real-time video transmission. The height algorithm developed is the core of this thesis project. Phantom 2 Vision+ uses a pressure sensor to calculate the altitude of the drone for height stabilization. However, these altitude readings do not provide the precision required for this project. Rather, the goal of autonomously controlling height with great precision necessitated the use of a laser rangefinder sensor in the development of the height control algorithm. Another major contribution from this thesis research is to extend the limited capabilities of the DJI software development kit in order to provide more sophisticated control goals without modifying the drone dynamics. The results of this project are also directly applicable to a number of additional uses of drones in the transportation industry.

<p>Multiple myeloma (MM) is a neoplasm involving plasma cells in the bone marrow. Drug resistance and progression are common, underscoring the need for new drug combinations. Utilizing a high-throughput screen of tool compounds to limit gro­­­­wth of human MM cell lines and <i>i</i><i>n silico</i> robust regression analysis of drug responses, potential synergistic combinations were identified. Further selection of effective combinations that reduce oncogenic MYC expression and enhance tumor suppressor p16 activity was based on earlier genetic and drug studies that identified MYC and p16 as appropriate targets in MM. Furthermore, the top three combinations synergistically reduced drug sensitive and resistant cell viability <i>in vitro</i> and the were effective in <i>ex vivo</i> treated patient cells Combination-associated survival was also prolonged in a transplantable Ras-driven allograft model of advanced MM that closely recapitulates MM in humans. One top drug combination was selected for further preclinical development. Targets, mechanism of action, and efficacy of the combination were evaluated through several <i>in vitro</i> and <i>in vivo </i>models, as well as <i>ex vivo</i> in myeloma patient cells. Effective targeting of the combination resulted in synergistic inhibition of proteasome inhibitor (PI) sensitive MM cells, as well as cell with induced PI resistance. Additionally, the combination was effective at delaying L363 MM xenograft growth in NSG mice and prolonging survival compared to single agent therapy. Finally, a cooperative signature of combined targeting was elucidated via RNA sequencing. These data identify potentially useful drug combinations for preclinical evaluation in drug-resistant MM and may ultimately reveal novel mechanisms of combined drug sensitivity.</p>

Children with limited speech using graphic symbols for communication often express themselves predominantly through single symbols rather than symbol combinations. This study aimed to investigate the effect of an intervention strategy that was incorporated into shared storybook reading on the production of graphic symbol combinations. Three children between the ages of 7;9 (years;months) and 10;8 with limited speech and physical impairments participated in the study. A multiple probe design across behaviours (3 different types of semantic symbol combinations) was used, replicated across the 3 participants. Intervention entailed prompting the production of strategic symbol combinations (generated from a matrix) during shared storybook reading by using a prompting hierarchy. The participants’ production of combinations targeted during intervention as well as their ability to generalize to nontarget combinations from the matrix was monitored using a probe test (picture description task). All 3 participants showed some gains in acquiring the combinations and generalizing to nontarget combinations, as measured by the probe test. While 1 participant showed convincing effects, the other 2 showed lower effects. Lower effects may be partly ascribed to participant characteristics as well as to the discrepancies between the intervention and probe contexts. All participants performed better within the shared storybook reading context. Results suggest that the production of symbol combinations can be facilitated during shared storybook reading and that the matrix strategy promotes generalization to untrained semantic combinations. However, participant gains may not reflect immediately in formal testing situations. / Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2012. / Centre for Augmentative and Alternative Communication (CAAC) / unrestricted