Submitted by Maicon Juliano Schmidt (maicons) on 2015-06-16T19:50:48Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Debora Skibinski Assumpção_.pdf: 703153 bytes, checksum: 05da14511a3fc89c057d8f67e2455465 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-06-16T19:50:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Debora Skibinski Assumpção_.pdf: 703153 bytes, checksum: 05da14511a3fc89c057d8f67e2455465 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-02-19 / Nenhuma / O presente estudo objetiva analisar como foram tratadas, no âmbito societário e fiscal, as reorganizações societárias conhecidas por drop down. Bastante comuns nos Estados Unidos, essas operações se caracterizam pelo aumento de capital que uma empresa produz em outra, ao transferir bens, direitos e/ou obrigações em troca de participação societária com controle acionário. Ademais, se assemelha à cisão em alguns aspectos, mas sem a redução do capital social ou a extinção da empresa cindida, o que induz alguns teóricos nacionais a denominarem como cisão branca. A essência do drop down - e consequentemente, a estratégia utilizada pelas empresas que optam por esse modelo de reestruturação societária - focaliza no core business, ou seja, concentra-se na atividade principal. A metodologia de pesquisa adotada para a construção desta dissertação, portanto, se estruturou em bases documentais, na qual constassem temas ligados à reestruturação ou à reorganização societária por intermédio da combinação de negócios que envolvessem as operações de drop down. Assim, o estudo pôde contribuir para a divulgação de novas formas de reorganizações societárias e sinalizar ao profissional contábil as formas de registros da operação e, posteriormente, auxiliar na divulgação das demonstrações contábeis. Os resultados obtidos revelaram que, mesmo não sendo muito conhecida no país, a operação de drop down vem ocorrendo como meio de reestruturação societária em empresas brasileiras. Também por meio da análise dos resultados, concluiu-se que, para as Companhias investigadas e/ou avaliadas pelos órgãos estaduais e do mercado de valores, a operação não foi objeto de questionamento por parte deles, haja vista que tão somente mensuraram como foram tratadas contábil e fiscalmente nas organizações selecionadas. Nas análises das empresas que não evidenciaram processos de avaliação pelos órgãos estaduais e pelo mercado de valores, identificou-se o foco no core business - a saber, a concentração de esforços nas atividades principais e a associação das empresas com as atividades afins. Igualmente, se observou se elas atentaram para as devidas contabilizações previstas nos pronunciamentos contábeis e nos registros contábeis da operação pretendida. / This study aims to analyze how corporate reorganizations known as drop down were treated in the corporate and fiscal scope. Quite common in the United States, these operations are characterized by the capital increase a company produces in another one, transferring assets, rights and/or obligations in exchange for share participation with share control. Moreover, in some aspects resembles a divestiture but without the reduction of equity capital or the termination of the divided company, which induces some national theorists call it white divestiture. The essence of drop down - and consequently the strategy used by companies that choose this corporate restructuring model - focuses on the core business, ie, focuses on the main business. The methodology adopted for the construction of this work, therefore, was built in document databases in which see covered in topics related to restructuring or reorganization through the business combination involving the drop down operations. Thus, the study could contribute to the spread of new forms of corporate restructuring and indicate to accounting professionals ways to record operations and, subsequently, assist in the disclosure of financial statements. The results revealed that, although not very known in the country, the drop-down operation has taken place as a means of corporate restructuring in Brazilian companies. Also by analyzing the results, it was concluded that, for companies investigated and/or evaluated by state agencies and the stock market, the operation was not a subject of questioning from them, given that only measured as they have been dealt accounting and fiscally in selected organizations. In the analyzes of companies which had no assessment procedures by state agencies and securities market, it was identified the focus on core business - namely, the concentration of efforts on core activities and the association of companies with similar activities. Likewise, it was observed if they attempted to the appropriate accountings provided in financial statements and accounting records of the intended operation.

Submitted by Erika Demachki (erikademachki@gmail.com) on 2015-02-13T20:15:11Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Anna Carolina Galvão Ferreira - 2012.pdf: 1738587 bytes, checksum: b4a75ebc8af8f8a234573009292ed508 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Erika Demachki (erikademachki@gmail.com) on 2015-02-13T20:16:17Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Anna Carolina Galvão Ferreira - 2012.pdf: 1738587 bytes, checksum: b4a75ebc8af8f8a234573009292ed508 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-02-13T20:16:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Anna Carolina Galvão Ferreira - 2012.pdf: 1738587 bytes, checksum: b4a75ebc8af8f8a234573009292ed508 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-05-28 / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Goiás - FAPEG / OBJECTIVE: To describe tuberculosis treatment rates of cure, failure and default of a self administered regimen, with rifampin, isoniazid, pyrazinamide and ethambutol in the first two months of treatment followed by isoniazid and rifampcina in the four last months (2RHZE/4RH) in four-drug fixed-dose combination (FDC), implemented in Brazil since 2010 to replace a regimen of separately administered rifampicin, isoniazid and pyrazinamide in the first two months of treatment followed by isoniazid and rifampcina for four months (2RHZ/4RH). METHODS: Descriptive study using prospectively collected data from medical records of TB cases, older than18 years of age undergoing treatment with 2RHZE/4RH in two units of primary health care in the metropolitan area of Goiânia. RESULTS: The study included 40 cases of TB. The cure rate was 67.5% (27/40), the abandonment was 17.5% (7/40) and there were no cases of failure. There was reports of adverse reactions in 47% (19/40) of the cases. Of these, 87% were mild and 13% were moderate. There was no need for change or suspension of the scheme. CONCLUSIONS: The cure rate in FDC 4RHZE/2RH scheme under self-administered regimen was similar to historical rates of cure with 2RHZ/4RH. The default rate in the sample studied was much higher than the rate recommended as appropriate (up to 5%). / INTRODUÇÃO: O esquema de tratamento da TB tem alta eficácia em torno de 95% e com possibilidade de cura de aproximadamente 100% dos casos e reduz rapidamente a transmissão, e assim pode-se reduzir a incidência da doença. Embora a distribuição da medicação seja gratuita em todo país pelo Sistema Único de Saúde, a efetividade do tratamento da TB varia muito nos diferentes locais. JUSTIFICAVA: Conhecer as taxas de sucesso de tratamento ,falência e abandono além de verificar a segurança do tratamento da TB com 4 medicamentos em apresentação dose fixa combinada. OBJETIVO: Descrever as taxas de cura, falência e abandono do tratamento da tuberculose com o esquema básico com rifampicina, isoniazida, pirazinamida e etambutol nos dois primeiros meses de tratamento seguidos de isoniazida e rifampcina por quatro meses (2RHZE/4RH), sob forma de comprimidos em dose fixa combinada (DFC), em regime auto administrado implementado no Brasil desde 2010, em substituição ao esquema utilizando cápsulas e comprimidos com rifampicina, isoniazida e pirazinamida nos dois primeiros meses de tratamento, seguidos de isoniazida e rifampcina por quatro meses (2RHZ/4RH). MÉTODOS: Estudo descritivo utilizando dados secundários coletados prospectivamente de prontuários de casos de TB, maiores de 18anos, submetidos ao tratamento com esquema básico para tuberculose, em duas Unidades Básicas de Saúde da região metropolitana de Goiânia. RESULTADOS: Foram incluídos no estudo 40 casos de TB. A taxa de cura foi de 67,5% (27/40), a de abandono de 17,5% (7/40) e a não ocorreram casos de falência. Houve relato de reações adversas em 47% (19/40) num total de 31 ocorrências. Dessas, 87% foram leves e 13% moderadas. Em nenhum caso houve necessidade de mudança ou suspensão do esquema. CONCLUSÕES: A taxa de cura do esquema 4RHZE/2RH em DFC sob regime autoadministrado foi semelhante às taxas históricas do tratamento com 2RHZ/4RH. A taxa de abandono na amostra estudada foi superior a taxa preconizada como adequada (até 5%).

Com o objetivo de avaliar os efeitos de combinações de doses de nitrogênio e potássio nos atributos bioquímicos, fisiológicos, produtivos e nutricionais do Panicum maximum Jacq. cv. Mombaça cultivado em solução nutritiva e utilizando sílica moída como substrato, conduziu-se um experimento em casa-de-vegetação no período de novembro de 2000 a fevereiro de 2001. Foi empregado o desenho experimental composto central modificado de um esquema fatorial 52 incompleto, perfazendo um total de 13 combinações das doses de nitrogênio e potássio (28N-19,5K; 28N-234K; 28N-429K; 112N-117K; 112N-312K; 210N-19,5K; 210N-234K; 210N-429K; 336N-117K; 336N-312K; 462N-19,5K; 462N-234K e 462N-429K), as quais foram distribuídas segundo o delineamento experimental de blocos ao acaso, com quatro repetições. Aos 36 dias após o transplante das plântulas procedeu-se o primeiro corte das plantas e o material da parte aérea foi separado em folhas emergentes, lâminas das duas folhas recém-expandidas, lâminas das folhas maduras e colmos mais bainhas. Aos 29 dias após o primeiro corte realizou-se a segunda colheita, procedendo-se a separação da parte aérea como no primeiro corte e sendo as raízes separadas da sílica e lavadas. Os resultados evidenciaram interação significativa (P<0,01) entre as doses de nitrogênio e potássio na produção de massa seca da parte aérea no primeiro e segundo cortes e das raízes do capim-Mombaça, na área foliar em ambos os cortes, no teor de clorofila nas lâminas de folhas recém-expandidas na ocasião do primeiro crescimento, no número de perfilhos e folhas verdes expandidas na ocasião do segundo corte, na atividade da enzima redutase do nitrato no primeiro crescimento e no comprimento total e superfície total de raízes. O teor de clorofila foi significativamente (P<0,01) influenciado pelas doses de nitrogênio na ocasião do segundo corte e as doses de nitrogênio (P<0,01) e potássio (P<0,05) promoveram efeitos significativos no perfilhamento do capim-Mombaça por ocasião do primeiro corte. No primeiro corte das plantas a produção de folhas verdes expandidas mostrou significância (P<0,01) para o componente quadrático da regressão em função do suprimento de nitrogênio na solução e significância (P<0,01) para o componente linear da regressão em função do suprimento de potássio na solução. A atividade enzimática da redutase do nitrato variou significativamente (P<0,01) somente para as doses de nitrogênio por ocasião do segundo corte das plantas. As concentrações de nitrogênio e potássio nos componentes da parte aérea nos dois períodos de crescimento das plantas e nas raízes foram influenciadas pelo fornecimento das doses de nitrogênio e de potássio na solução nutritiva. / With the objective of evaluating the effects of nitrogen and potassium on biochemical and physiological parameters on mineral nutrition and yield of Panicum maximum Jacq. cv. Mombaça. An experiment was carried out in a greenhouse from November 2000 to February 2001. The forage was grown in nutrient solution using ground quartz as substrate. The experimental arrange used was an incomplete 52 factorial of nitrogen and potassium and the 13 combinations between nitrogen and potassium (28N-19.5K; 28N-234K; 28N-429K; 112N-117K; 112N-312K; 210N-19.5K; 210N-234K; 210N-429K; 336N-117K; 336N-312K; 462N-19.5K; 462N-234K and 462N-429K) were obtained according to design points of the modified central composite nonrotatable design that was set in a randomized block design, with four replications. Plants were first harvested 36 days after transplanting and the plant tops was separated in emergent leaves (EL), lamina of recently expanded leaves (RL), lamina of mature leaves (ML) and stems plus sheaths (SS). Twenty nine days after the first harvest the plants were harvested again and the plant tops were separated as in the first harvest and roots were also collected and washed. Results showed nitrogen X potassium interaction was significant (P<0.01) for the plant tops dry matter yield on the first and the second harvests and roots dry matter, leaf area, SPAD values on RL on the first harvest, plant tillering and number of green expanded leaves on the second harvest, nitrate reductase activity on the first harvest, total root length and total root surface. The SPAD values were significantly (P<0.01) changed at the second harvest by nitrogen rates and, tillering was significantly affected by nitrogen (P<0.01) and potassium rates (P<0.05) at the first harvest. The number of green expanded leaves at the first harvest was significantly (P<0.01) influenced by the supply of nitrogen and significantly (P<0.01) affected by potassium rates. At the second plant growth nitrogen rates significantly (P<0.01) influenced nitrate reductase activity. Nitrogen and potassium concentrations in plant tops and roots at both growth periods were affected by nitrogen and potassium rates in the nutrient solution.

Com o objetivo de avaliar os efeitos de combinações de doses de nitrogênio e potássio nos atributos bioquímicos, fisiológicos, produtivos e nutricionais do Panicum maximum Jacq. cv. Mombaça cultivado em solução nutritiva e utilizando sílica moída como substrato, conduziu-se um experimento em casa-de-vegetação no período de novembro de 2000 a fevereiro de 2001. Foi empregado o desenho experimental composto central modificado de um esquema fatorial 52 incompleto, perfazendo um total de 13 combinações das doses de nitrogênio e potássio (28N-19,5K; 28N-234K; 28N-429K; 112N-117K; 112N-312K; 210N-19,5K; 210N-234K; 210N-429K; 336N-117K; 336N-312K; 462N-19,5K; 462N-234K e 462N-429K), as quais foram distribuídas segundo o delineamento experimental de blocos ao acaso, com quatro repetições. Aos 36 dias após o transplante das plântulas procedeu-se o primeiro corte das plantas e o material da parte aérea foi separado em folhas emergentes, lâminas das duas folhas recém-expandidas, lâminas das folhas maduras e colmos mais bainhas. Aos 29 dias após o primeiro corte realizou-se a segunda colheita, procedendo-se a separação da parte aérea como no primeiro corte e sendo as raízes separadas da sílica e lavadas. Os resultados evidenciaram interação significativa (P<0,01) entre as doses de nitrogênio e potássio na produção de massa seca da parte aérea no primeiro e segundo cortes e das raízes do capim-Mombaça, na área foliar em ambos os cortes, no teor de clorofila nas lâminas de folhas recém-expandidas na ocasião do primeiro crescimento, no número de perfilhos e folhas verdes expandidas na ocasião do segundo corte, na atividade da enzima redutase do nitrato no primeiro crescimento e no comprimento total e superfície total de raízes. O teor de clorofila foi significativamente (P<0,01) influenciado pelas doses de nitrogênio na ocasião do segundo corte e as doses de nitrogênio (P<0,01) e potássio (P<0,05) promoveram efeitos significativos no perfilhamento do capim-Mombaça por ocasião do primeiro corte. No primeiro corte das plantas a produção de folhas verdes expandidas mostrou significância (P<0,01) para o componente quadrático da regressão em função do suprimento de nitrogênio na solução e significância (P<0,01) para o componente linear da regressão em função do suprimento de potássio na solução. A atividade enzimática da redutase do nitrato variou significativamente (P<0,01) somente para as doses de nitrogênio por ocasião do segundo corte das plantas. As concentrações de nitrogênio e potássio nos componentes da parte aérea nos dois períodos de crescimento das plantas e nas raízes foram influenciadas pelo fornecimento das doses de nitrogênio e de potássio na solução nutritiva. / With the objective of evaluating the effects of nitrogen and potassium on biochemical and physiological parameters on mineral nutrition and yield of Panicum maximum Jacq. cv. Mombaça. An experiment was carried out in a greenhouse from November 2000 to February 2001. The forage was grown in nutrient solution using ground quartz as substrate. The experimental arrange used was an incomplete 52 factorial of nitrogen and potassium and the 13 combinations between nitrogen and potassium (28N-19.5K; 28N-234K; 28N-429K; 112N-117K; 112N-312K; 210N-19.5K; 210N-234K; 210N-429K; 336N-117K; 336N-312K; 462N-19.5K; 462N-234K and 462N-429K) were obtained according to design points of the modified central composite nonrotatable design that was set in a randomized block design, with four replications. Plants were first harvested 36 days after transplanting and the plant tops was separated in emergent leaves (EL), lamina of recently expanded leaves (RL), lamina of mature leaves (ML) and stems plus sheaths (SS). Twenty nine days after the first harvest the plants were harvested again and the plant tops were separated as in the first harvest and roots were also collected and washed. Results showed nitrogen X potassium interaction was significant (P<0.01) for the plant tops dry matter yield on the first and the second harvests and roots dry matter, leaf area, SPAD values on RL on the first harvest, plant tillering and number of green expanded leaves on the second harvest, nitrate reductase activity on the first harvest, total root length and total root surface. The SPAD values were significantly (P<0.01) changed at the second harvest by nitrogen rates and, tillering was significantly affected by nitrogen (P<0.01) and potassium rates (P<0.05) at the first harvest. The number of green expanded leaves at the first harvest was significantly (P<0.01) influenced by the supply of nitrogen and significantly (P<0.01) affected by potassium rates. At the second plant growth nitrogen rates significantly (P<0.01) influenced nitrate reductase activity. Nitrogen and potassium concentrations in plant tops and roots at both growth periods were affected by nitrogen and potassium rates in the nutrient solution.

Combining multiple forecasts in order to generate a single, more accurate one is a well-known approach. A simple average of forecasts has been found to be robust despite theoretically better approaches, increasing availability in the number of expert forecasts, and improved computational capabilities. The dominance of a simple average is related to the small sample sizes and to the estimation errors associated with more complex methods. We study the role that expert correlation, multiple experts, and their relative forecasting accuracy have on the weight estimation error distribution. The distributions we find are used to identify the conditions when a decision maker can confidently estimate weights versus using a simple average. We also propose an improved expert weighting approach that is less sensitive to covariance estimation error while providing much of the benefit from a covariance optimal weight. These two improvements create a new heuristic for better forecast aggregation that is simple to use. This heuristic appears new to the literature and is shown to perform better than a simple average in a simulation study and by application to economic forecast data.

One of the least controlled defects in Swiss cheese is development of splits. Split defect is characterized by fissures or cracks in the body of the cheese that can be as short as 1 cm in length or long enough to span a 90-kg block. This defect appears during refrigerated storage after the cheese is removed from the warm room. Swiss cheese with splits is downgraded because it is unsuitable for use on high-speed slicing equipment (up to 1,000 slices per minute). A 2x2x2 factorial experiment was used to determine the effect of different commercial Lactobacillus helveticus starters combined with commercial gas-forming strains of Propionibacterium freudenreichii ssp. shermanii on the occurrence of split defect in Swiss cheese. Two strains of L. helveticus recommended for Swiss cheese manufacture were used along with two strains of P. freudenreichii ssp. shermanii. The same strain of Streptococcus thermophilus was used in all treatments. To investigate the influence of seasonal variations in milk supply, eight vats were made in the summer and eight vats were made in the winter, each producing five 90-kg blocks of cheese. Each 90-kg block of cheese was cut into twenty-four 4-kg blocks, and each 4-kg block was graded based on the presence of splits. If splits were present, the cheese was downgraded from A to C grade. Only small variations were found in the composition of cheeses made during the same season. There were no correlations between cheese moisture, pH, fat, protein, calcium, lactose contents, D/L lactate ratio, or protein degradation that could be used to predict the amount of splits present after 90 d of storage. The extent of split formation was influenced by both the L. helveticus and P. freudenreichii ssp. shermanii cultures used. In this study, we were able to show a fivefold reduction in downgraded cheese through proper culture selection from 90% to 14% in the summer cheese. Even though less than 6% of the cheese split in the winter, the culture effect was nonetheless repeatable with a similar reduction through culture selection from 6% to 1% in winter cheese. Split formation also increases with storage time. If a cheese has a tendency to split, there will be a higher percentage of downgraded cheese the longer it is kept in storage.

The primary aim of this dissertation was to seek the answer to the question: “Is the single transition-state model appropriate for the fundamental reactions in organic chemistry?” The goal was accomplished by performing enormous kinetic data collection and detailed mechanistic analysis on several typical fundamental organic chemical reactions. Three new methodologies for differentiating between a simple one-step and complex multi-step mechanism were developed and extensively confirmed during the application in the kinetic studies of all of the reaction discussed in this dissertation. The three methods consist of (1) half-life dependence of kapp, (2) sequential linear pseudo-first-order correlation, and (3) revised instantaneous rate constant analysis. A detailed kinetic investigation of the formal hydride transfer reaction of NADH models [N-benzyl-1,4-dihydronicotinamide (BNAH) with Nmethylacridinium (MA+) and N-methyl-9,10-dihydroacridine (MAH) with tropylium ion (Tr+)] confirmed that both these reactions take place in more than one step and involve kinetically significant reactant complex intermediates, which are noncovalentlly bound intermediates. Computations at the M06-2x/6-311++G(d,p) level provided the structure of the reactant complex intermediate. A reinvestigation of the formal hydride transfer reaction of 1-benzyl-3- cyanoquinolinium ion (BQCN+) with N-methyl-9,10-dihydroacridine (MAH) in acetonitrile (AN) confirmed that the reaction takes place in more than one step and revealed a new mechanism that had not previously been considered. It was observed that even residual oxygen under glove box conditions initiates a chain process leading to the same products. The combination reactions studied include the reaction between a carbocation and an anion as well as the reaction of trans-β-nitrostyrene with nitroethide ion. Conventional pseudo-first-order analysis as well as instantaneous rate constant analysis confirmed that the combination reactions do not follow the simple one-step mechanism. The SN2 displacement of halide ions by the 4- nitrophenoxide ion was also investigated and the kinetic data are inconsistent with the concerted single transition-state model.

Field bindweed (Convolvulus arvensis L.) is a noxious perennial weed of many fallow and cropland fields all over the world. Present control methods are not satisfactory for field bindweed. Metsulfuron, 2[[[[(4-methoxy-6-methyl-1,3,5-triazine-2-yl) amino] carbonyl] amino] sulfonyl] benzoic acid, is a new herbicide that has been shown to have activity on bindweed especially when tank mixed with other herbicides. This study was conducted to investigate the field performance and some physiological effects of metsulfuron on field bindweed. Neither metsulfuron alone nor metsulfuron combinations gave persistent control of field bindweed. Metsulfuron usually increased the activity of other bindweed herbicides. Herbicide application to field bindweed in the full bloom growth stage did not control the weed as well as the same treatments in the prebloom growth stages and treating regrowth the fall after tilling bindweed in full blossom. Application of metsulfuron at full bloom decreased seed weight, seed size seed viability and seedling vigor of field bindweed but did not alter seed set. Metsulfuron at 23 g/ha and above caused unacceptable injury to barley (Hordeum vulgaris L.) and oats (Avena sativa L.). Higher rates of metsulfuron resulted in greater phytotoxicity. Metsulfuron stopped photosynthesis of field bindweed within two weeks regardless of herbicide dosage used. Field bindweed seedlings were observed growing in the field under light intensities of 28 to 62 μmoles m-2 s-1 which was below the light compensation point obtained for greenhouse grown bindweed plants (about 65 μmoles m-2 s-1). Higher quantities of 14C labelled metsulfuron per mg plant dry weight were recovered in the above treated leaf sections than in any other parts of bindweed plants. Metsulfuron applied as a foliage spray two days prior to administering 14C metsulfuron significantly increased absorption to the radiolabelled herbicide in field bindweed plants.

Encounters  and  relations  between  people  with  different  cultural  backgrounds  tend  to  be  primarily  discussed  in  terms  of  exclusio,  prejudice  and  conflict.  This  thesis  focuses  on  the  creative  aspects  of  intercultural  encounters.  The  starting  point  is  that  the  parties  involved  sometimes  succeed  in  avoiding  the  latent  conflicts  between  cultures  by  acting  trategically.  The  aim  of  this  thesis  is  to  increase  understanding  of  the  possibilities  represented  by  intercultural  encounters  and  to  identiy  the  strategies  employed  by  the  actors  who  try  to  deal  with  the  contrasts  and  dilemmas  involved  in  encounters  with  other  peopl  with  different  cultural  experiences,  identities  and  methods.  The  empirical  part  of  the  thesis  is  based  on  four  qualitative  case  studies  that  are  characterised  by  rather  positive  co‐operation  between  the  actors  in  the  intercultural  encounter,  i.e.  "immigrants"  and  the  majority  society  in  Sweden.  The  empirical  data  are  based  on  45  individual  interviews,  two  focus  group  discussions  and  a  number  of  minor  observations  made  in  the  inland  part  of  northern  Sweden,  where  the  case  studies  were  carried  out.  The  principal  result  of  this  research  is  that  the  actors  begin  to  see  culture  as  a  possibility  when  they  find  themselves  in  a  osition  where  they  feel  obliged  to  change  their  established  patterns  of  behaviour,  due  to  some  sort  of  crisis  situation.  The  strategies  used  by  the  actors  to  deal  with  culture  conflicts  can  be  divided  into  intra‐group  strategies  and  inter‐group  strategies.  The  former  attempt  to  achieve  relative  homogeneity  between  the  competing  groups  in  the  field  of  the  intercultural  encounter,  while  the  latter  illustrate  how  the  participants  deal  with  what  they  experience  as  differences.  Four  inter‐group  strategies  have  been  identified:  1)  the  status  quo  strategy,  2)  the  loose  coupling  strategy,  3)  the  selective  strategy  and  4)  a  culture  mixing  strategy.  The  latter  three  are  characterised  by  innovative  combinations  that  organise  the  existing  cultural  elements  in  a  meaningful  way  These  strategies  result  in  new  cognitive  structures,  whose  limits  maintain  the  balance  between  different  cultural  elements. / Möten och  relationer  bland  människor  med  olika  kulturell  bakgrund  diskuteras  idag  övervägande  i  termer  av  social  och  kulturell  exkludering,  fördomar  och  motsättningar.  I  denna  avhandling  har  jag  valt  att  fokusera  på  kulturmötens  kreativa  aspekter.  Min  utgångspunkt  är  att  deltagande  parter  i  vissa  fall  lyckas  att  kringgå  kulturmötenas  inneboende  motsättningar  och  överbrygg  det  kulturella  avståndet  genom  att  handla  strategiskt.  Syftet  med  avhandlingen  har  varit  att  öka  förståelsen  av  kulturmötens  möjligheter  och  att  identifiera  aktörernas  handlingsmönser  när  de  försöker  hantera  kontraster  och  dilemman  i  möten  med  människor  som  skiljer  sig  i  fråga  om  kulturella  erfarenheter,  identiteter  och  metoder.  Hur  handlingarna  organiseras  för  att  förmå  människor  att  gemensamt  fungera  under  kulturmötenas  villkor,  är  frågan  vars  svar  förväntas  förtydliga  hur  den  kreativa  potentialen  i  kulturmöten  kan  tillvaratas.  Utformning  av  aktuella  handlingsstrategier  och  deras  effekter  analyseras  i  termer  av  motsvarande  kognitiva  strukturer.  Dessa  ställs  mot  varandra  och  analyseras  i  ett  kognitivt  sociologiskt  perspektiv.  Avhandlingens  empiriska  del  grundas  på  fyra  kvalitativa  fallstudier.  Bedömningsgrunder  för  urvalet  av  dessa  fall  har  varit  att  det  skulle  röra  sig  om  händelser  eller  projekt  som  äger  rum  i  glesbyden  och  som  inkluderar  en  någorlunda  affirmativ  bild  av  samverkan  mellan  aktörer  från  olika  kulturell  bakgrund.  Ett  av  de  studerade  fallen  har  exemplifierat  en  icke‐affirmativ  bild  av  samverkan  för  att  kontrastera  de  övriga  fallen.  Empiriska  data  har  insamlats  genom  totalt  45  individuella  intervjuer,  två  fokusgruppsdiskussioner  samt  några  mindre  observationer.  Avhandlingens  huvudresultat  är  att  aktörerna  uppfattar  kultur  som  en  möjlighet  först  när  behovet  att  förändra  etablerade  beteenemönster  upplevs  som  nödvändigt  på  grund  av  krisförhållanden.  I  den  meningen  kan  kris  och  instabilitet  ses  som  en  förutsättning  för  att  kulturmötens  kreativa  möjligheter  ska  kunna  tillvaraas.  Handlingsstrategier  som  aktörerna  använt  för  att  hantera  kulturella  motsättningar  kan  uppdelas  i  inomgruppsstrategier  och  mellngruppsstrategier.  De  förstnämnda  syftar  till  att  uppnå  en  relativ  homogenisering  bland  de  konkurrerande  grupperna  inom  de  fält  som  ingår  i  kultumöten,  medan  de  sistnämnda  åskådliggör  hur  deltagarna  går  tillväga  för  att  hantera  uppfattade  olikheter.  Jag  har  identifierat  fyra  mellangruppstrategier:  1)  status  quo‐strategi,  2)  frikopplingsstrategi,  3)  selektiv  strategi  och  4)  kulturblandningsstrategi.  De  tre  sistnämnda  kännetecknas  av  innovativa  sammanställningar  som  organiserar  befintliga  kulturella  element  på  ett  meningsfult  sätt.  Effekter  av  dessa  strategier  resulterar  i  nya  kognitiva  strukturer,  vars  gränsdragningar  bevarar  en  balansgång  mellan  olika  kulturella  element.

Darbe tiriamas kėlinių, derinių, poaibių ir Grėjaus kodų generavimo algoritmų sudėtingumas. Atliekama algoritmų analizė. Tyrimo tikslams sukurta programa realizuojanti minėtus algoritmus. / The complexity research of permutations, combinations, subsets and Gray codes generating algorithms is provided in this paper. Algorithms are analyzed and implemented in the application developed for research purposes.