Das peças com tema feminino de Aristófanes Lisístrata (411 a.C), As Tesmoforiantes (411 a.C) e Mulheres na Assembleia (392 ou 391) , a segunda foi a que menos despertou o interesse dentre os estudiosos do século XX.Até a década de 70, essa era uma comédia considerada de menor valor literário pela crítica, pois não apresentava uma heroína forte, como Lisístrata, ou uma ideia inovadora, como a de Praxágora, a peça era vista então apenas como uma aglomeração pobre de paródias de peças euripidianas.Entretanto estudos posteriores, como o de Zeitlin (1981), começam a apontar para outras leituras da obra, de modo que fosse possível perceber que a peça não era assim tão superficial quanto parece à primeira leitura. Zeitlin, por exemplo, explica que as paródias não são meras pilhérias, mas fazem uma intersecção entre o feminino e o masculino, o cômico e o trágico. Slater (2002) vai além e enxerga, na representação da assembleia feminina, outras possibilidades de leitura, como a possível referência à repressão que os atenienses sofriam no período da crise de 411. O meu objetivo, portanto, é, a partir da discussão dos problemas de datação que essa peça oferece, pensar algumas passagens que remeteriam a fatos históricos, para que se comprove que As Tesmoforiantes são uma obra ainda mais complexa, em que se pode também encontrar um outro modo de leitura. / Between the plays with female protagonists Lysistrata (411b.C), Thesmophoriazusae (411 a.C) and Ecclesiazûsae (392 or 391) -, the second was the one that raised least interest with the critics of the 20th century. Until the 70s, the critics considered Thesmophoriazusae to be a comedy of minor literary value, because it didnt present a strong heroine, like Lysistrata, or a new ideia, like Praxagoras. The play was seen merely as a poor agglomeration of euripidean parodies. However, in later studies (like the one of Zeitlin (1981), for example) started to hint at other possible interpretations of this work, making it clear that the play was not as superficial as it might have seem to be at the first sight. Zeitlin, for example, explains that the parodies are not mere mockeries, but make an intersection of relation between male and female, between comic and tragic. Slater (2002) goes further and sees, in the representation of the female Assembly, other possibilities of interpretation, as possible references to the repression suffered by the Athenians in the period of 411. My aim, thus, is, through discussion of the problems that arise trying to determinate the precise date of the plays performance, to consider relative passages that could help establish a frame of historical facts, so that we can prove that Thesmophoriazusae is a play far more complex and that it is possible to interpret it accordingly.

O presente estudo tem como objetivo apresentar e discutir as comédias escritas por George Farquhar, Love and a Bottle (1698) e The Beaux Stratagem (1707), que, respectivamente, foram revisitadas pelo dramaturgo irlandês Declan Hughes e pelos dramaturgos norte-americanos Thornton Wilder e Ken Ludwig. Este trabalho visa verificar quais razões motivaram os dramaturgos a (re)escreverem tais obras e investigar seu método de (re)criação, analisando as mudanças significativas que ocorreram em seus processos criativos. Ademais, entender quais estratégias provocadoras de riso são utilizadas por George Farquhar, por Hughes e Wilder- Ludwig é fundamental para esta pesquisa. O referencial teórico deste estudo baseia-se em obras sobre adaptação e apropriação como A Theory of Adaptation (2006), de Linda Hutcheon e Adaptation and Appropriation (2006), de Julie Sanders, assim como obras sobre o riso e a comédia de Restauração, História do riso e do escárnio (2003), de George Minois e A Companion to Restoration Drama (2001), organizado por Susan J. Owen. / This study aims to present and discuss the comedies Love and a Bottle (1698) and The Beaux \'Stratagem (1707) written by George Farquhar and, respectively, revisited by the Irish playwright Declan Hughes and by the American playwrights Thornton Wilder and Ken Ludwig. The objective of this dissertation is to identify the reasons that motivated the playwrights to (re)write such works and investigate the method of (re)creation, analyzing the important changes that occurred in their creative processes. Moreover, understanding which strategies to provoke laughter are used by George Farquhar, by Hughes and Wilder-Ludwig is essential to this research. The theoretical framework of this study builds on works about adaptation and appropriation as A Theory of Adaptation (2006) by Linda Hutcheon and Adaptation and Appropriation (2006) by Julie Sanders, as well as works on laughter and Restoration comedy, Histoire du rire et de la dérision (2003) by George Minois and A Companion to Restoration Drama (2001) organized by Susan J. Owen.

O presente trabalho tem em vista um estudo sobre a derrota na primeira apresentação de Nuvens de Aristófanes, em 423 a. C., e as relações de competição e rivalidade entre os poetas cômicos inferidas pelo discurso sobre o fracasso na revisão da mesma peça. Atentarei especialmente para a parábase de Nuvens, conjugada com as parábases das peças anteriores, como Acarnenses (425 a. C.) Cavaleiros (424 a. C.), e posteriores, como Vespas (422 a. C.) e Paz (421 a. C.). Entendo que essa investigação é significativa para a compreensão não apenas da poética aristofânica, mas também para o exame da obra fragmentária de outros autores cômicos, como Cratino e Êupolis. / The present work aims at a study on the defeat in the first presentation of Aristophanes Clouds, in 423 a. C., and the relations of competition and rivalry between the comic poets inferred by the discourse on failure in the revision of the same play. I will pay special attention to the parabasis of Clouds, in conjunction with the parabasis of the previous plays, such as Acharnians (425 BC), Knights (424 BC), and later ones, like Wasps (422 BC) and Peace (421 BC). I understand that this research is significant for the understanding not only of aristophanic poetics, but also for the examination of the fragmentary work of other comic authors, such as Cratinus and Eupolis.

Ce travail de thèse est une contribution à l’étude de la comédie dorienne du Vème siècle av. J.-C. à travers l’analyse des textes de son représentant majeur, Epicharme de Syracuse. Les fragments authentiques qu’on peut attribuer à un drame spécifique sont examinés et chaque texte est suivi d’un commentaire détaillé de ses particularités linguistiques, dramaturgiques et de contenu. Le but de la recherche a été savoir comme Epicharme s’inscrivait dans le panorama culturel sicilien où il vécut, d’étudier son utilisation de la variation linguistique et de rechercher les spécificités de ses drames.Pour répondre à ces questions, il a fallu adopter une approche interdisciplinaire car il n’est pas possible d’aborder l’ensemble de ces thématiques dans la seule littérature grecque du Vème siècle. Une contribution essentielle à ce travail vient des études d’histoire de la langue grecque et de la dialectologie, qui ont permis de définir les particularités linguistiques du dialecte dorien de Syracuse et de souligner d’éventuelles différences présentes dans les textes du comédien. Dans le commentaire, en effet, la confrontation est continue entre la forme linguistique adoptée par Epicharme et la forme correspondante en dialecte ionien-attique. S’avère également importante la contribution de la sociolinguistique, une théorie qui donne son importance à l’influence exercée sur la langue par ceux qui la parlent. L’étude des textes d’Epicharme examine, en même temps, s’il existe des éléments linguistiques permettant de caractériser un personnage selon son statut social, sa provenance et son genre sexuel. Les résultats obtenus de l’étude linguistique et textuelle sont considérables.Epicharme met en scène des sujets mythologiques, historiques et des situations de la vie quotidienne, en mélangeant de la parodie et du travestissement. Surtout deux personnages, Héraclès et Ulysse, apparaissent souvent dans les drames d’Epicharme, où ils deviennent les protagonistes d’un certain nombre d’événements. Par ailleurs, la quantité et la longueur des listes et des catalogues dans les fragments d’Epicharme est également importante car ils répondent à des objectifs comiques. Il est probable, en outre que, au moins dans certains drames, un choeur comique était prévu, même s’il est difficile de déterminer combien de personnes le composaient et quelle était sa fonction. Du point de vue linguistique, les textes du comédien sont composés en dialecte dorien de Syracuse, bien que certaines expressions spécifiques d’autres dialectes apparaissent quelquefois. En outre, les fragments semblent parfois témoigner d’une variation synchronique en acte dans la langue parlée. En conclusion, la production comique d’Epicharme montre un notable caractère régional, qui découle que ce soit de son choix d’écrire en dialecte dorien comme des nombreuses références aux produits traditionnels et aux histoires locales. Toutefois, la langue et les arguments du poète sont largement influencés par l’environnement culturel et politique de la Sicile du V siècle av.-J.Ch. et montrent les relations entre le comédien de Syracuse et les auteurs contemporains, dont le plus important est Eschyle. / This thesis is a contribution to the study of the Dorian comedy of the 5th century BC. J. - C. through the analysis of the texts of its major representative, Epicharme of Syracuse. The authentic fragments that can be attributed to a specific drama are examined and each text is followed by a detailed commentary on its linguistic, dramaturgical and content features. The aim of the research was to know how Epicharme was part of the Sicilian cultural panorama where he lived, to study his use of linguistic variation and to search for the specificities of his dramas.To answer these questions, it was necessary to adopt an interdisciplinary approach because it is not possible to tackle all these themes in the only Greek literature of the fifth century. An essential contribution to this work comes from studies of the history of the Greek language and dialectology, which made it possible to define the linguistic peculiarities of the Dorian dialect of Syracuse and to highlight any differences present in the actor's texts. In the commentary, in fact, the confrontation is present between the linguistic form adopted by Epicharme and the corresponding form in the Ionian-Attic dialect. Equally important is the contribution of sociolinguistics, a theory that gives importance to the influence exerted on the language by those who speak it. The study of Epicharme's texts examines, at the same time, whether there are linguistic elements making it possible to characterize a character according to his social status, his origin and his sexual gender. The results obtained from the linguistic and textual study are considerable. Epicharme portrays mythological, historical and everyday situations, mixing parody and travesty. Especially two characters, Heracles and Ulysses, often appear in the dramas of Epicharme, where they become the protagonists of a number of events. Moreover, the quantity and length of lists and catalogs in Epicharme's fragments is also important because they serve comic purposes. It is likely that, at least in some dramas, a comic choir was planned, although it is difficult to determine how many people composed it and what its function was. From the linguistic point of view, the comedian's texts are composed in Syracuse's Dorian dialect, although some specific expressions of other dialects sometimes appear. In addition, the fragments sometimes seem to testify to a synchronic variation in action in the spoken language. In conclusion, the comic production of Epicharme shows a notable regional character, which follows that it is his choice to write in Dorian dialect as many references to traditional products and local stories. However, the language and arguments of the poet are largely influenced by the cultural and political environment of Sicily in the fifth century BC. and show the relations between the comedian of Syracuse and the contemporary authors, the most important of which is Aeschylus.

Television has often been considered a safe haven for female performers, especially comedians. But in fact, women have often been marginalized – narratively and institutionally – within the medium of television. While there has been a promising increase in the number of creative and professional opportunities afforded to women in TV, there is one arena in which women have historically been, and continue to be, excluded: late-night comedy. As the first female late-night talk show host, Joan Rivers is central to the history of broadcast television and American comedy. While some (but not much) work has centered on Rivers’ impact as a comedian, little of this research has contextualized her career through the industrial frameworks of late-night broadcasting. From starting out as a standup comedian, to becoming Johnny Carson’s permanent guest host in the 1980s, to acrimoniously splitting with Carson and NBC for the opportunity to host her own late-night program, Rivers creatively performed her gender in order to differentiate herself as the singular female host in late night. From a feminist media studies perspective coupled with a historical analysis of Rivers’ professional trajectory in late-night comedy, this thesis will uncover the systemic, personal, and gender-specific factors that contributed to Rivers’ initial success, yet ultimate exile from late night.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T18:14:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Fernanda Manzo Ceretta.pdf: 23557941 bytes, checksum: 21ec5dabec2ae2f001dc283a044fe4cf (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-04-25 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This research intends to analyze north-American serial comedies that parody the documentary decoupage. The Office, Parks and Recreation and Modern Family, productions in the corpus of this research, are representatives of a recent trend in the United States television programming. This trend, which was intensified since the mid 2000s, features the fictional comic text in documentary language, building a particular relationship with the discourse of factuality. This format breaks with an established practice of the traditional sitcom. According to researchers, the way in which sitcoms were presented was stagnant, with the same characteristics since I Love Lucy, televised in the 1950s. This research seeks to investigate the peculiarities of the construction of comedy in the text and decoupage of the products mentioned, as well as the possible relationship between the current popularity of this format and the television context: a programming full of reality shows and the massive amateur audio-visual production on the internet. The hypothesis presented is that there is a new viewer's relationship with the discourse of factuality. Methodologically, the research will be bibliographic and documentary, involving interviews with TV authors in specialized publications and bibliography. The fundamental theoretical and methodological basis of the research is in the works Jon Dovey and Mark Andrejevic on reality TV and Brett Mills and Anthony Savorelli on sitcom / Este trabalho propõe analisar as comédias seriadas da televisão norte-americana que parodiam o formato documental. The Office, Parks and Recreation e Modern Family, produções que constituem o corpus da presente pesquisa, são representantes de uma recente tendência na programação televisiva dos Estados Unidos. Esta tendência, intensificada a partir da metade dos anos 2000, consiste em apresentar o texto cômico ficcional em linguagem de documentário. Este formato, por sua vez, rompe com a consolidada práxis do sitcom tradicional que, segundo pesquisadores, apresentava-se estagnado, com as mesmas características desde I Love Lucy, televisionado na década de 1950. Os objetivos são examinar a relação entre a popularidade atual do formato e a conjuntura de seu surgimento: uma programação televisiva repleta de reality shows e a massiva produção audiovisual amadora voltada para a internet. Trabalhamos com a hipótese de um novo relacionamento do espectador com o discurso da factualidade. Metodologicamente, a pesquisa será bibliográfica e documental, envolvendo o entrevistas com os respectivos autores em publicações diversas e levantamento bibliográfico. A base teórico-metodológica fundamental da pesquisa consiste nas obras de Jon Dovey e Mark Andrejevic sobre reality TV e de Brett Mills e Antônio Savorelli sobre o sitcom

O presente trabalho tem em vista um estudo sobre a derrota na primeira apresentação de Nuvens de Aristófanes, em 423 a. C., e as relações de competição e rivalidade entre os poetas cômicos inferidas pelo discurso sobre o fracasso na revisão da mesma peça. Atentarei especialmente para a parábase de Nuvens, conjugada com as parábases das peças anteriores, como Acarnenses (425 a. C.) Cavaleiros (424 a. C.), e posteriores, como Vespas (422 a. C.) e Paz (421 a. C.). Entendo que essa investigação é significativa para a compreensão não apenas da poética aristofânica, mas também para o exame da obra fragmentária de outros autores cômicos, como Cratino e Êupolis. / The present work aims at a study on the defeat in the first presentation of Aristophanes Clouds, in 423 a. C., and the relations of competition and rivalry between the comic poets inferred by the discourse on failure in the revision of the same play. I will pay special attention to the parabasis of Clouds, in conjunction with the parabasis of the previous plays, such as Acharnians (425 BC), Knights (424 BC), and later ones, like Wasps (422 BC) and Peace (421 BC). I understand that this research is significant for the understanding not only of aristophanic poetics, but also for the examination of the fragmentary work of other comic authors, such as Cratinus and Eupolis.

"Investing in Stereotypes" unearths a tradition of humor that may initially sound counter-intuitive: it sees stereotypes as valuable. Zora Neale Hurston, Ralph Ellison, Charles Wright, and Suzan-Lori Parks reveal the way racial and sexual stereotypes paradoxically complicate their subjects in the very attempt to simplify them. The compulsive repetition of stereotypes and the contradictory meanings that stereotypes embody create absurdly comical effects that are, in the hands of these writers, surprisingly humanizing. To unveil the tensions in, say, Sambo, the happy plantation slave who is at once harmless and savage, completely known and enigmatic, is to invest in the stereotype's comic implication that the subjects it hopes to fix are endlessly changing and exhaustingly complex--that those subjects are, in fact, human. Departing from the most common techniques used to resist stereotypes (inversion, exaggeration, and modification), investment, as I theorize it, is a comic form of engagement that enacts Du Bois's concept of second-sight: the ability to perceive the blind-spots of another's cultural perspective from the vantage point of one's own. I begin the dissertation with Hurston because the sort of second-sight her characters practice is the precondition for Ellison's democratic America, Wright's empathic witnessing, and Parks's sovereign communities. Hurston uses tactics of trickery, even more nuanced than Henry Gates's field-framing concept of "Signifyin(g)," to encourage her readers to account for their cultural blind-spots by forcing them to move between the contradictions within a stereotype. For example, when the speaker of "How It Feels to Be Colored Me" vacillates between being "savage" and "cosmic" as she dons the Sambo stereotype, she creates epistemological uncertainty about the cultural knowledge the reader uses to racialize others. By helping people in conflicting positions of power understand their common humanity and their mutually limiting misrecognitions, comic second-sight can work to bridge social divides. "Investing in Stereotypes" shows why the humor of the oppressed deserves more than the scant scholarly attention it has received and also unearths a mode of oppositional consciousness crucial for the emancipationist project of African American literary studies.

Apresentação dos elementos básicos da produção teatral ligeira no Brasil, requisito para a compreensão da história do teatro brasileiro no século XX, focando a encenação como produto que pode ser avaliado sob três prismas (estética, moralidade e diversão) enquanto valor de uso, mas que demanda a produção de valor de troca. Reconstituição histórica do teatro ligeiro, partindo de seu surgimento enquanto \"gênero alegre\" em meados do século XIX na cidade do Rio de Janeiro, passando por sua transformação em teatro ligeiro musicado na virada do século, consolidada com a adoção do procedimento das sessões. Apresentação do teatro ligeiro cômico, apontando seu surgimento com o Teatro Trianon, a partir de 1915, e enfocando seu desenvolvimento durante a década de 1920. Exposição cronológica do desenvolvimento do teatro ligeiro cômico no Rio de Janeiro durante a década de 1930, ano a ano, enfocando os principais acontecimentos. Relatório sobre o surgimento da peça social e a representação de Deus lhe Pague, de Joracy Camargo, por Procópio Ferreira. Relatório sobre a atuação da Companhia Dulcina-Odilon durante a década, apresentando seus grandes sucessos e a consolidação da imagem de empresa teatral de qualidade superior. Relatório sobre as atividades de Renato Vianna, enfocando suas iniciativas e as relações com a produção ligeira. Relatório sobre a atuação do Estado, que se torna sistemática a partir da metade da década e interfere no equilíbrio de forças no ambiente cultural brasileiro. Relatório sobre as atividades dos grupos amadores que passam a pressionar a produção ligeira e convertem-se em uma possibilidade alternativa de produção teatral. Relatório analisando cinco comédias históricas encenadas no final da década / Presentation of the basic elements of theatrical production in Brazil, requirement for understanding the history of Brazilian theater in the twentieth century, focusing on three prisms (aesthetics, morality and fun). Historical reconstruction of light theatre (\"teatro ligeiro\"), from its emergence in mid-nineteenth century in Rio de Janeiro, through its transformation in musical theater at the turn of the century, consolidated by adopting the procedure of the sessions. Presentation of light comedy (\"teatro ligeiro cômico\"), pointing its appearance with the Theatre Trianon, from 1915, and focusing on its development during the 1920s. Chronological development of light comedy (\"comédia ligeira\") in Rio de Janeiro during the 1930s, year by year, focusing on the main events: 1. Deus lhe Pague (Joracy Camargo) presentation; 2. Company Dulcina-Odilon performance; 3. Renato Vianna activities; 4. the State action; 5. Amateur Groups activities. Report examining five historical comedies staged at the end of the decade.

This dissertation is a qualitative sociological account of how adults involved in the play of improvisational comedy theatre use gender in their performance. I take play seriously as an important frame of social life where culture is actively maintained, created and put on display. My approach is a micro-interactional one analyzing moments of humor dealing with social categories via video recordings. As my case study I use performances of improvisational comedy theatre at the Upright Citizens Brigade (UCB) Theatre in New York City, one of the world’s premier improv comedy theatres, to observe adults actively engaging in play with each other, a space where men find disproportionate institutional success. Building on the frame theory of Cecilia Ridgeway, I look at when gender stereotypes are invoked in creating spontaneous scenes of human interaction, and in so doing, to what extent performers are able to work through “straitjackets” of social conventions, focusing on the distinction between scenes making fun of sexism verse scenes that are merely sexist. I look at the ways that though people occupy a role, there is room for them to improvise within that role, adopting different strategies for comedic success. To this end, I conclude by comparing Shamus Khan’s range of masculine expressional opportunities theory, as presented in his work Privilege, with Robb Willer’s account of the masculine overcompensation thesis, arguing that the way in which male presenting improvisers are able to adopt the comedic strategies of minority groups under the guise of irony, thereby securing that the number of expressional opportunities available to them is greater than other groups, ensures the continuation of their dominance.