Documentation is essential to software development. Experienced programmers know this well from having worked with poorly documented code. They wish to improve their documentation techniques and habits, but there is little consensus for them to follow. Somehow, the many different standards must be compared objectively. This desire motivates my work, which aims to better understand existing documentation practices. This work focuses exclusively on comments within the program code. Programming is a complex human activity, despite a widespread misconception among programmers that writing code is a mechanical process. This is especially true of comments, where programmers express themselves freely. My work fills a gap in research on software documentation by systematically investigating the comments in a unique database of code written by programmers under natural conditions. The true variety of programming behaviour is surprising. But this variety does not mean that the output of programmers is completely arbitrary; there are patterns in this data, which my research aims to understand. This work makes three contributions: A novel taxonomy of comments developed from the data, which to date is the most thorough description of commenting behaviour actually exhibited by programmers. Empirical hypotheses regarding large scale commenting behaviour, which were validated on separate test data. These hypotheses describe underlying regularities in programming which appear to transcend individual differences. The database of code I collected, which has unique opportunities for further research on software development, and is thus available for use by other researchers.

German) investigation into specific textual elements of academic articles – those phrases or passages that we call ‘text commentaries’ or, more accurately and using speech act terminology, ‘text commenting speech actions’. Our empirical investigation is based on two corpora – a German corpus, comprising at present 19 research articles, and an English corpus with 17 research articles. The articles have been taken from academic journals of many disciplines.

In this study, a new design of commenting system for visual contents is investigated. The aim is to explore the elements which enrich the user interaction and enhance the user experience while commenting, specifically on fashion social networks. This study explores how an improved commenting system may motivate fashion social networks’ users to express their idea about fashion products.  A speculative design approach is used as a means for investigation. A design process consisting of semi structured interviews, thematic analysis, paper prototype, online prototype and user testing is followed to design a human-centered commenting system.  The results suggest that providing richer tools for commenting could improve the user interaction. The most promising elements to use in fashion social media commenting system are color and pattern palettes, tagging comment and comment categorization. These elements enable fashion customers to express their ideas easier and obtain a holistic overview around other peoples’ comments. Apart from fashion brands’ social networks, the approach may also be more effective in fashion brand websites. People would like to have a strong impact on fashion brands. Therefore, commenting somewhere that is tightly connected to fashion brands are preferred rather than having the conversation just among themselves in social media. / Detta projekt handlar om att undersöka och utforma ett nytt system för att kommentera visuellt innehåll. Mer specifikt är målet att utforska de element som berikar användarinteraktionen och förbättrar användarupplevelsen i kontexten av sociala nätverk och kommentarer kring klädmode. Detta projekt tittar på hur ett förbättrat kommentarsystem kan motivera användare på sociala nätverk att uttrycka sig i termer av egna idéer kring modeprodukter. Designprocessen för projektet består av semi-strukturerade intervjuer, tematisk analys, pappersprototyper, online-prototyper och användarstudier i syfte att designa ett mer användarcentrerat kommentarsystem. Resultaten pekar på att genom att tillhandahålla ett rikare verktyg för kommentarer så kan användarens interaktion och upplevelse förbättras. De delar av designen för att kommentera mode i sociala nätverk som är mest lovande är färg och mönsterpaletter, taggning av kommentarer samt kategorisering av kommentarer. Dessa delar gör det möjligt för potentiella kunder att på ett enkelt sätt uttrycka sina idéer och samtidigt få en överblick av andra människors kommentarer. Bortsett från modevarumärkenes sociala nätverk så kan tillvägagångssättet även appliceras på mode-bolagens egna webbplatser. I studien såg vi att användare önskar ha en starkare relation till dessa varumärken och mode-bolag. Av detta följer att det är viktigt att användare har möjlighet att på ett rikare sätt kommentera i den nära kontexten till mode-varumärken snarare än att ha konversationen i vanliga sociala medier.

In today's media landscape, the boundaries between traditional media and digital media are intertwined. Thus, many news outlets can use social media platforms such as Facebook to share their articles to reach a larger audience. At the same time, it creates an opportunity for readers to interact with the articles by leaving a comment.  The purpose of this study is to examine what Facebook users comment on posts that contain links to news articles about influences in relation to COVID-19. The selected news articles are published on BBC News and The Guardian Facebook pages. Our research question is: What do Facebook users comment on posts about influencers in relation to COVID-19? Besides, we have two subquestions to support the research question; (1) What are the similarities and differences in the responses when comparing the comments on posts from 2020 and 2021? (2) What are users' opinions about influencers in relation to COVID-19? To support the questions, we use the theories public sphere and discourse theory.  Regarding the method, the study is carried out with a qualitative approach, which means that we examined four Facebook posts, of which 50 comments from each post by using discourse analysis. The choice of posts is based on the articles in the posts being about influencers in connection with COVID-19. Then the material was processed in the program NVivo, where we could identify the most used words among the comments.  The results show that the themes that can be identified in the posts are influencers as a profession, influencers' ethical behaviour and society. Then we analyse the themes, some of the most used words and writing styles in different contexts. For example, many commentators argue that being an influencer is not a real job, and thus it is absurd that influencers are allowed to travel abroad even though the restrictions imply that UK residents can only travel abroad for work. In line with this, many also criticise restrictions as they apply only to a specific group, which influencers do not fall into the category. Other aspects that can be founded are that influencers can do whatever they want, and they are skilled at marketing.  We concluded in the study that the pictures and headlines serve as a basis for how the commentators can view influencers. Moreover, public opinion may differ depending on the knowledge of people regarding COVID-19. We can also indicate that Facebook users tend to leave comments with descriptive and convincing writing styles rather than explanatory.

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Knowledge sharing–the dissemination of knowledge from an individual/group to another–has been an interesting topic for knowledge management scholars. Previous studies on knowledge sharing in online communities have primarily focused on communities of practice (organizational/business communities) and the social factors of knowledge sharing behaviour. However, non-business-oriented online communities have not been rigorously examined in the academic literature as venues for facilitating knowledge sharing. In addition, the burst of new age Internet tools (artifacts) such as social bookmarking has changed the face of online social networking. Within the context of Web 2.0, this socio-technical research investigation introduces both social and technical factors affecting attitude towards knowledge sharing in communities of relationship and communities of interest, and proposes a relational model of knowledge sharing attitude in Web 2.0 online communities. Social Capital Theory provides the main theoretical backbone for the proposed model. Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA) and social constructionsim have also been used. Following the description of the proposed hypotheses and research methodology using a survey about three Web 2.0 websites (Facebook, LinkedIn, and Cnet), data analysis through Partial Least Squared (PLS) method is applied to examine the effect of social and technical antecedent of knowledge sharing attitude. The R2 value of 0.78 indicates the strong explanatory power of the research model. / Dissertation / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

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Diploma thesis Language in athletics is focused on stratification of Czech national language and deals with vocabulary and its layers. The thesis describes slang and different aspects of slang in detail, brings a closer view to a language processes, to the beginning of sports slang and to a sport journalism. Furthermore, thesis describes a history of Czech athletics, the origin of terminology in physical education and the origin of Czech athletic terminology. The thesis uses linguistic research for a description of current athletic terminology and completes it by a new slang expressions. This diploma thesis contains both a vocabulary of athletic terminology and slang extended by some equivalents of English and Russian terminology. Key words: language, athletics, sports slang, athletic slang, terminology in athletics, czech stylistic, analysis, linguistic research, vocabulary, comparison between Czech, English and Russian