The manufacturing industry is quickly adapting to new technologies. Some of these trending technologies are virtual commissioning, virtual reality, and cloud-based technologies. This project summarizes these three technologies and aims to create a commissioning tool adapted to the 4.0 Industry. The project’s methodology was to analyse a problem and consequently create a solution that solves it. The process of designing and developing was repeated iteratively, each time an evaluation was made. The final product developed has shown that it is worth spending time introducing the cloudbased technologies inside many applications since it saves time and allows to work remotely. Applying virtual reality to virtual commissioning has proven to add efficiency. At the same time, it gives an immersive experience with a real-time display of quantitative data and the process itself in a visual mode without interfering with the actual production. With these two technologies, virtual commissioning evolves and goes a step further. This project also proved that the user experience and interface in this type of immersive applications need much attention on creating a comfortableinterface that does not fatigue or cause rejection in the user.

This thesis project aims to develop an instructing framework, concerning digital twin-based virtual commissioning, suitable for practical applications within the industrial sphere. The objectives set for the project are focused on constructing a framework which covers the initial specification, creation, development, and implementation of DTs within the circumstances of virtual commissioning. A literature review was performed to investigate the current state of the related academic fields. The gathered findings of the literary exploration were subsequently utilized to generate an initial framework. To test the instructing quality of the framework, a case study was conducted, involving the construction of a DT based on a real-world production process. Additional knowledge could be retrieved from the reflections of the case study, which prompted further alterations to the framework. The framework's final iteration covers the complete commissioning process, emphasising the virtual parts thatoccur at the beginning. In addition, the framework further shows how industrial organisations may store and repurpose DTs within their business practices. Suggested secondary applications of fully developed DTs were presented and discussed, including their impacting effects on supporting sustainable business practices.Therefore, it can be argued that the framework itself can be seen as a tool for supporting manufacturers to accentuate the presence of sustainability within their organisations.

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The topic of this submitted diploma thesis is an analysis of the commissioning and evaluation of the public procurement in the Czech Republic. I pay attention to the most frequent mistakes at spending public funds through the public procurement. The first chapter is devoted to the theoretical description of the Czech public procurement system. The next chapters include the overview of the evaluation system and evaluation criteria in the public procurement. The forth and the fifth chapters are focused on the general and individual mistakes during the commissioning and the application procedure.

Cette thèse présente le développement d'un simulateur de processus cryogéniques de grande taille appliqué aux installations cryogéniques de l'accélérateur de particules LHC (Large Hadron Collider) au CERN (Organisation Européenne pour la Recherche Nucléaire). Ce simulateur est basé sur une approche de modélisation orientée objet où chaque équipement (échangeur, turbine, compresseur, etc.) est représenté à partir d'un ensemble d'équations physiques algébro-différentielles. L'architecture de contrôle du CERN est également simulée en intégrant le contrôle réalisé par des automates programmables (PLC) avec le système de supervision. Ce simulateur à été développé pour servir différents desseins comme l'entraînement des opérateurs, la vérification des programmes automates (virtual commissioning) et l'optimisation des stratégies de contrôle. Le système cryogénique d'un détecteur de particules a d'abord été simulé pour valider les modèles, puis un liquéfacteur d'hélium a été modélisé pour réaliser un virtual commissioning. Les réfrigérateurs à hélium à 4,5 K du LHC ainsi que les unités de réfrigération à 1,8 K avec la ligne de distribution cryogénique du LHC ont également été modélisés et simulés. Le développement d'une nouvelle loi de commande basée sur un contrôle à modèle interne (IMC) en utilisant une commande robuste H infinie est présenté pour améliorer la régulation de la haute pression des réfrigérateurs à hélium du LHC. De plus, un système de pressions flottantes a été développé à partir du simulateur de manière à adapter automatiquement la puissance de réfrigération à la charge. Cette technique a pour principal objectif de réduire la puissance électrique des compresseurs.

In this research, I carefully and coherently examine Chapter 19 of the Children's Act 38 of 2005 as the first legislation to afford surrogate motherhood agreements legal recognition in South Africa. I argue that the application of Chapter 19 imposes a number of unwarranted limitations on several of the constitutional rights of the parties to a surrogacy agreement. In addition, I propose that Chapter 19 is not in accordance with the principal of the best interests of the child. I examine the history of surrogate motherhood in South Africa and establish that, prior to the enactment of Chapter 19, no legislation expressly afforded surrogate motherhood agreements legal recognition. Hence, prior to the enactment of Chapter 19, parties who entered surrogacy agreements could, first, not rely on the agreement to enforce contractual obligations, and secondly, the legal positions of the parties to the agreement were uncertain. Thirdly, a child born of a surrogacy agreement was seen as the child of the surrogate mother and not of the commissioning parents.

In this research, I carefully and coherently examine Chapter 19 of the Children's Act 38 of 2005 as the first legislation to afford surrogate motherhood agreements legal recognition in South Africa. I argue that the application of Chapter 19 imposes a number of unwarranted limitations on several of the constitutional rights of the parties to a surrogacy agreement. In addition, I propose that Chapter 19 is not in accordance with the principal of the best interests of the child. I examine the history of surrogate motherhood in South Africa and establish that, prior to the enactment of Chapter 19, no legislation expressly afforded surrogate motherhood agreements legal recognition. Hence, prior to the enactment of Chapter 19, parties who entered surrogacy agreements could, first, not rely on the agreement to enforce contractual obligations, and secondly, the legal positions of the parties to the agreement were uncertain. Thirdly, a child born of a surrogacy agreement was seen as the child of the surrogate mother and not of the commissioning parents.

The remarkable accuracy of Monte Carlo (MC) dose calculation algorithms has led to the widely accepted view that these methods should and will play a central role in the radiotherapy treatment verification and planning of the future. The advantages of using MC clinically are particularly evident for radiation fields passing through inhomogeneities, such as lung and air cavities, and for small fields, including those used in today's advanced intensity modulated radiotherapy techniques. Many investigators have reported significant dosimetric differences between MC and conventional dose calculations in such complex situations, and have demonstrated experimentally the unmatched ability of MC calculations in modeling charged particle disequilibrium. The advantages of using MC dose calculations do come at a cost. The nature of MC dose calculations require a highly detailed, in-depth representation of the physical system (accelerator head geometry/composition, anatomical patient geometry/composition and particle interaction physics) to allow accurate modeling of external beam radiation therapy treatments. To perform such simulations is computationally demanding and has only recently become feasible within mainstream radiotherapy practices. In addition, the output of the accelerator head simulation can be highly sensitive to inaccuracies within a model that may not be known with sufficient detail. The goal of this dissertation is to both improve and advance the implementation of MC dose calculations in modern external beam radiotherapy. To begin, a novel method is proposed to fine-tune the output of an accelerator model to better represent the measured output. In this method an intensity distribution of the electron beam incident on the model is inferred by employing a simulated annealing algorithm. The method allows an investigation of arbitrary electron beam intensity distributions and is not restricted to the commonly assumed Gaussian intensity. In a second component of this dissertation the design, implementation and evaluation of a technique for reducing a latent variance inherent from the recycling of phase space particle tracks in a simulation is presented. In the technique a random azimuthal rotation about the beam's central axis is applied to each recycled particle, achieving a significant reduction of the latent variance. In a third component, the dissertation presents the first MC modeling of Varian's new RapidArc delivery system and a comparison of dose calculations with the Eclipse treatment planning system. A total of four arc plans are compared including an oropharynx patient phantom containing tissue inhomogeneities. Finally, in a step toward introducing MC dose calculation into the planning of treatments such as RapidArc, a technique is presented to feasibly generate and store a large set of MC calculated dose distributions. A novel 3-D dyadic multi-resolution (MR) decomposition algorithm is presented and the compressibility of the dose data using this algorithm is investigated. The presented MC beamlet generation method, in conjunction with the presented 3-D data MR decomposition, represents a viable means to introduce MC dose calculation in the planning and optimization stages of advanced radiotherapy.

Thesis (Ph.D.); Submitted to Univ. of California, Davis, CA (US); 17 Sep 2004. / Published through the Information Bridge: DOE Scientific and Technical Information. "UCRL-TH-207378" Gibson, D J. 09/17/2004. Report is also available in paper and microfiche from NTIS.

Volvo Group Trucks Operations (GTO) i Skövde är ett utvecklande och framgångsrikt företag som arbetar med ständiga förbättringar och effektiviserar arbetsuppgifterna, för att snabbt kunna möjliggöra förutsättningarna för att hitta problemlösningar. Volvo GTO och Projektengagemang vill genomföra en ombyggnation av kärnskjutmaskinen, där installation och programmering av ett nytt styrsystem ingår. För att korta ner den verkliga driftsättningstiden i projektet, har Volvo ambitionen att kunna utföra olika testkörningar samt virtuellt verifiera styrsystemets program och funktion mot en emuleringsmodell. Huvudsyftet med examensarbetet är att bygga en emuleringsmodell i emuleringsmjukvaran Simumatik3D, där den virtuella modellen efterliknar och avspeglar den verkliga produktionsutrustningen (Digital tvilling). Med hjälp av modellen, kan en virtuell driftsättning tillämpas genom att verifiera och validera den verkliga PLC-logiken mot emuleringsmodellen samt upptäcka alla felaktigheter innan implementeringen i verkligheten. PLC-logiken programmeras i programmeringsmjukvaran Tia Portal V14. Den teroetiska referensramen har genomförts för att fördjupa sig i den teoretiska bakgrunden kring emulering och virtuell driftsättning. Litteraturstudien tar upp och analyserar olika fallstudier som tidigare gjorts inom området. Modellen och PLC-logiken validerades mot varandra för att undersöka hur verklighetstrogen modellen var. Kommunikationen mellan de olika mjukvarorna har erhållits för att med hjälp av PLC-logiken kunna styra de olika rörelserna i produktionssystemet. PLCSIM Advanced har använts där det föreställer en verklig PLC-hårdvara för att kunna exekvera PLC-logiken i en virtuell styrenhet.  Det som levereras är en emuleringsmodell med 3D-CAD modeller och en virtuell driftsättning har gjorts med hjälp av modellen. PLC-logiken har validerats och verifierats mot emuleringsmodellen, där många olika felaktigheter har upptäckts och korrigerats.