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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
181

Modelagem de séries temporais para fins de previsão / Time-series modeling for prediction purposes

Farias, Hiron Pereira 01 March 2019 (has links)
Nesse trabalho, exploramos técnicas para análise de séries temporais para fins de previsão. Para tanto, foram considerados dados observados de três séries climáticas e de uma série econômica. Para análise das séries climáticas, foi considerada a modelagem multivariada em comparação com os subsequentes modelos univariados de cada série. Os modelos multivariados e univariados foram comparados com base em seus respectivos resultados preditivos. Para análise da série econômica, considerou-se a modelagem ARMA-GARCH, cuja média condicional e variância condicional são modeladas conjuntamente. Para essa mesma série foi realizada uma modelagem ARIMA em que considerou-se dois casos. No primeiro, a modelagem foi realizada na série original. No segundo, foi realizada na pré-modelagem uma filtragem na série, denominada de sistema de decomposição Wavelet- WavDS, com o objetivo de melhorar o poder preditivo. Na seleção dos modelos ARIMA, considerou-se a metodologia backtesting, em que as previsões são realizadas de forma sequencial, o modelo selecionado foi o que apresentou menor raiz quadrada do erro quadrático médio de previsão (REQM). Toda análise estatística realizada nesse trabalho foi com auxílio do software livre R. / In this study, we explored techniques of time-series analysis for prediction purposes. For that, we considered data observed from three climate series and one economic series. For the analysis of the climate series, we considered the multivariate modelling in comparison with the subsequent univariate models of each series. The multivariate and univariate models were compared based on their respective predictive results. For the analysis of the economic series, the ARMA-GARCH modeling was considered, whose conditional average and conditional variance are modeled together. For this same series, the ARIMA modeling was used, considering two cases. At first, the modeling was performed in the original series. In the second, we carried out a filtering in the series during pre-modeling, called Wavelet- WavDS decomposition system, in order to improve the predictive power. In the selection of ARIMA models, we considered the backtesting methodology in which forecasts are performed in sequence. The model selected showed the lowest square root mean of the prediction square error (REQM). All statistical analyses performed in this work were carried out using the free software R.
182

Pontas em circuito: as inserções de Gana na Divisão Internacional do Trabalho contemporânea / Extremities in circuit: the insertion of Ghana in the contemporary International Labor Division

Santos, Kauê Lopes dos 20 February 2017 (has links)
Pontas em circuito discute o papel de Gana na Divisão Internacional do Trabalho (DIT) no alvorecer do século XXI. O estudo parte do pressuposto de que o consenso amplamente difundido no Ocidente em analisar os países africanos como grandes exportadores de commodities é genérico e insuficiente para compreender as suas múltiplas formas de inserção na economia mundial contemporânea. Resultado de combinações históricas entre os meios de produção e as forças produtivas do território, a formação socioespacial ganense deve, seguramente, ser analisada dentro da DIT levando em consideração a produção de suas principais commodities (ouro, manganês, bauxita, diamante, petróleo e cacau). Paralelamente, contudo, também é fundamental compreender em profundidade a pauta de importações do país que, centrada na compra de diversos tipos de bens manufaturados, indica algumas carências particulares do modo de produção na escala nacional. Para além disso, na composição dessa pauta, tem ganho crescente destaque a importação de bens manufaturados de segunda mão e de lixo eletrônico, ambos oriundos de países do Norte-Global. É justamente esse lixo que reciclado localmente e, em seguida, exportado para diferentes países industrializados viabiliza o processo, aqui denominado, de recomodização da economia. Desse modo, a tese procura demonstrar que Gana integra circuitos econômicos internacionalizados pelas suas pontas. / Extremities in circuit discusses on the role of Ghana in the International Labor Division (ILD) at the dawn of the twenty-first century. The study is based on the assumption that the consensus broadly widespread in the West in analyzing African countries as \"major commodity exporters\" is generic and insufficient to understand their multiple forms of insertion in the contemporary world economy. As a result of historical combinations between the means of production and the productive forces of the territory, the Ghanaian socio-spatial formation must surely be analyzed within the ILD taking into account the production of its main commodities (gold, manganese, bauxite, diamond, oil and cocoa). At the same time, however, it is also essential to understand in depth the country\'s import pattern which, centered on the purchase of various types of manufactured goods, indicates some particular deficiencies in the national mode of production. Moreover, in the composition of this pattern, the import of manufactured secondhand goods and electronic waste, from the Global-North, has gained increasing prominence. It is precisely this waste recycled locally and then exported to different industrialized countries that enables the process here called \"recommodization of the economy\". Thus, this research seeks to demonstrate that Ghana integrates internationalized economic circuits by its extremities.
183

U.S.-China commodity trade and the yuan/dollar real exchange rate

Wang, Yongqing. January 2005 (has links)
Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, 2005. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 64-68).
184

Pontas em circuito: as inserções de Gana na Divisão Internacional do Trabalho contemporânea / Extremities in circuit: the insertion of Ghana in the contemporary International Labor Division

Kauê Lopes dos Santos 20 February 2017 (has links)
Pontas em circuito discute o papel de Gana na Divisão Internacional do Trabalho (DIT) no alvorecer do século XXI. O estudo parte do pressuposto de que o consenso amplamente difundido no Ocidente em analisar os países africanos como grandes exportadores de commodities é genérico e insuficiente para compreender as suas múltiplas formas de inserção na economia mundial contemporânea. Resultado de combinações históricas entre os meios de produção e as forças produtivas do território, a formação socioespacial ganense deve, seguramente, ser analisada dentro da DIT levando em consideração a produção de suas principais commodities (ouro, manganês, bauxita, diamante, petróleo e cacau). Paralelamente, contudo, também é fundamental compreender em profundidade a pauta de importações do país que, centrada na compra de diversos tipos de bens manufaturados, indica algumas carências particulares do modo de produção na escala nacional. Para além disso, na composição dessa pauta, tem ganho crescente destaque a importação de bens manufaturados de segunda mão e de lixo eletrônico, ambos oriundos de países do Norte-Global. É justamente esse lixo que reciclado localmente e, em seguida, exportado para diferentes países industrializados viabiliza o processo, aqui denominado, de recomodização da economia. Desse modo, a tese procura demonstrar que Gana integra circuitos econômicos internacionalizados pelas suas pontas. / Extremities in circuit discusses on the role of Ghana in the International Labor Division (ILD) at the dawn of the twenty-first century. The study is based on the assumption that the consensus broadly widespread in the West in analyzing African countries as \"major commodity exporters\" is generic and insufficient to understand their multiple forms of insertion in the contemporary world economy. As a result of historical combinations between the means of production and the productive forces of the territory, the Ghanaian socio-spatial formation must surely be analyzed within the ILD taking into account the production of its main commodities (gold, manganese, bauxite, diamond, oil and cocoa). At the same time, however, it is also essential to understand in depth the country\'s import pattern which, centered on the purchase of various types of manufactured goods, indicates some particular deficiencies in the national mode of production. Moreover, in the composition of this pattern, the import of manufactured secondhand goods and electronic waste, from the Global-North, has gained increasing prominence. It is precisely this waste recycled locally and then exported to different industrialized countries that enables the process here called \"recommodization of the economy\". Thus, this research seeks to demonstrate that Ghana integrates internationalized economic circuits by its extremities.
185

Evaluation of soil carbon stocks in response to management changes in sugarcane production / Avaliação do estoque de carbono do solo devido à mudança de manejo no sistema de produção da cana de açúcar

Caio Fernandes Zani 15 May 2015 (has links)
Brazilian commodities, such as ethanol, are looking for sustainable production to suit the international market demands. An important parameter for assessing sustainability is the carbon (C) footprint calculation of the product. Thus, studies of the variations in soil C stocks on the ethanol production are essential. Studies in relation to land use change are already been developed; however information about parameters of management changes on the sugarcane production is needed. The aim of this research was to evaluate the soil C stock in response to two main management changes in sugarcane production: i) no vinasse to vinasse application (NV-V), ii) burned to unburned harvesting system (B-UB). We also evaluated soil C stock changes in a chronosequence irrigation practices (native vegetation (NV), sugarcane irrigated 4 years (I4) and 6 years (I6), a new management in semi-arid and drought regions in Brazil which also aims high yields. Modelling approaches in order to assess long-term effects were also analysed. The NV-V transition showed higher soil C stock for V regime for topsoil layers 0-40 cm depth mainly due to the addition of organic compounds to the soil. Vinasse can also enhance biomass production and crop yield. The B-UB transition showed higher soil C stock in the UB regime from 20 to 60 cm depth due to higher organic matter accumulation from the maintenance of the straw to the field. The cumulative soil C stock for 1 metre depth had an increase of 1.1 and 0.75 Mg C ha-1 y-1 in the NV-V and B-UB transitions, respectively. From modelling was observed that V and UB sites had an increase of soil C stock by 2150, being a difference of 2.8 and 23 Mg ha-1 in the equilibrium state between NV-V and B-UB regimes, respectively. In the irrigation practices, the I4 showed higher soil C stock than NV in the 20 to 40 cm; while I6 was lower than NV in the 50 to 100 cm depth. Simulated long-term analyses showed increase of topsoil C stock of 12 and 13 Mg ha-1 for I6 and I4 area, respectively, compared to NV on 2100. The results in this study are pioneers in relation to soil C stock studies in the management transitions and irrigation practices. This information may be used as a basis for public policies decision which dealing of the land use and global warming / Commodities brasileiras, como o etanol, estão à procura de uma produção sustentável para atender às exigências do mercado internacional. Um parâmetro importante para avaliar a sustentabilidade é o cálculo da pegada de carbono (C) do produto. Assim, os estudos sobre as variações nos estoques de carbono do solo (ECS) sobre a produção de etanol são essenciais. Estudos em relação à mudança no uso da terra já estão sendo desenvolvidos; no entanto informações sobre parâmetros de mudanças de manejo na produção de cana de açúcar são necessárias. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar o ECS em resposta a duas principais mudanças de manejo: i) não vinhaça para aplicação de vinhaça (NV-V), ii) sistema queimado para não queimado (B-UB). Mudanças de ECS também foram avaliadas em sistemas de irrigação em cronoseqüência: vegetação nativa (NV), cana de açúcar irrigada por 4 anos (I4) e por 6 anos (I6). Modelagem matemática para avaliar o efeito a longo prazo também foi analisada. A transição NV-V apresentou maior ECS para o regime V em 40 cm de profundidade, devido principalmente à adição de compostos orgânicos ao solo. A vinhaça também pode aumentar a produção de biomassa e rendimento da cultura. A transição B-UB apresentou maior ECS no regime UB em 20-60 cm de profundidade devido ao acúmulo de matéria orgânica a partir da manutenção da palha no campo. O ECS acumulado para 1 metro de profundidade obteve um aumento de 1,1 e 0,75 Mg C ha-1 y-1 nas transições NV-V e B-UB, respectivamente. A partir de modelagem foi observado que os regimes V e UB obteve um aumento de ECS em 2150, sendo uma diferença de 2,8 e 23 Mg ha-1 no estado de equilíbrio para os regimes NV-V e B-UB, respectivamente. Nas práticas de irrigação, o I4 foi superior ao NV nos 20 a 40 cm; enquanto que I6 foi inferior a NV na profundidade de 50 a 100 cm. As análises de simulação a longo prazo mostraram um aumento de ECS de 12 e 13 Mg ha-1 para as áreas I6 e I4, respectivamente, em comparação com NV em 2100. Os resultados deste estudo são pioneiros em relação aos estudos de ECS nas mudanças de manejo e práticas de irrigação. Esta informação pode ser usada como base para a decisão de políticas públicas que lidam com o uso da terra e do aquecimento global
186

Zlato a stříbro v mezinárodním obchodě - DIPLOMOVÝ SEMINÁŘ / Commodity market

Hájková, Markéta January 2012 (has links)
This work is focused on the description of the commodity market as a market in which a lot of opportunities are hidden. This market is an attractive investment for obtaining and saving money. The aim is to clarify the attractiveness of commodities to investors and through the historical development to analyze the commodity market in today's society. Another goal is to introduce commodities as instruments, which have become a competitor to other forms of investment (eg shares, bonds or real estate). Based on the findings from the analysis of the history, current market expert and major investors and investment opportunities will be filled with the main objective of the thesis, ie, prediction of future market development of selected commodities - gold, oil, coffee and wheat - in the next decade.
187

Procesné riadenie komoditnej burzy / Process management of commodity exchange

Scholtz, Ľudovít January 2009 (has links)
Thesis contains description of processes at Commodity Exchange Bratislava, analysis of current state of the processes, and recommends improvements of them for the future use. The main objective is to analyze if the current processes described in the exchange rules are optimal, and in the case they are not, the objective is to recommend the improvements. On behalf of hypothesis "By the application of the model of the process management it is possible to make the functions of the exchange more effective by optimizing the exchange rules, improving of the information systems, or removing of redundant activities." is possible to determine the state of effectiveness of processes. Value added by the thesis is in determining the state of the CEB exchange rules, and making improvements of them. Thesis is divided into chapters according to the conceptual logic of the processes. At the beginning is defined the key process. In next chapters is description of different types of orders, parameters, pairing process, and finally settlement of the contracts.
188

[en] REAL EXCHANGE RATE AND COMMODITY PRICES: RELATION IDENTIFIED USING CHANGES OF EXCHANGE RATE REGIME / [pt] CÂMBIO REAL E PREÇOS DE COMMODITIES: RELAÇÃO IDENTIFICADA ATRAVÉS DE MUDANÇA DE REGIME CAMBIAL

CASSIANA YUMI HAYASHI FERNANDEZ 01 December 2003 (has links)
[pt] A partir do método de Rigobon (2001) para identificação de um sistema de equações simultâneas na presença de heterocedasticidade, aprofundamos a discussão sobre a relação entre os preços internacionais de commodities e o câmbio real para países com determinadas características. Ao contrário da abordagem tradicional da literatura de commodity currency nesta dissertação admitimos a possibilidade dos preços de commodities serem endógenos em relação à taxa de câmbio, trabalhamos com séries que incorporam mais de um regime cambial e, através de diversas simulações, encontramos evidências de que hipóteses sobre a estacionariedade das séries, em torno da raiz unitária, não afetam significativamente os resultados do exercício empírico. Salvo algumas restrições, os resultados derivados sugerem que o câmbio real do Brasil deve apreciar em resposta a elevações nos preços internacionais das principais commodities que exporta, mas a elasticidade dos preços de commodities em relação ao câmbio não pode ser considerada estatisticamente diferente de zero. Para a Nova Zelândia, as evidências indicam que os efeitos contemporâneos dos movimentos da taxa de câmbio sobre os preços das suas principais commodities exportadas é significativo, embora o efeito dos preços das commodities sobre o câmbio deva ser considerado estatisticamente igual a zero. / [en] Using Rigobons (2001) identification method for simultaneous equations models, based on the heteroskedasticity of the structural shocks, we analyze the relationship between the exchange rate and commodity prices for specific countries. Instead of the traditional approach of the commodity currency literature, we allow for endogenous effects of the exchange rates on the commodity prices, and we work with series that span two exchange rate regimes. From the results of some simulations, we also find out that the lack of assumptions about the stationarity of the series, close to the unity root, do not harm the conclusions of the empirical exercise. In spite of some caveats, the results of the empirical investigation suggest that the real exchange rate of Brazil should appreciate in response to a rise in the prices of its most important export commodities. However, the elasticity of the commodity prices to the exchange rate can not be considered different from zero, implicating that the country does not have much market power in the trade of these commodities. For New Zealand, the evidence indicates that exchange rate variations are important for the determination of the commodity prices, although the impact of commodity prices on the exchange rate is statistically equal to zero.
189

Intergovernmental Commodity Regimes in Disrepute – Lessons from the Tin Debacle

Gramlich, Ludwig 04 December 2008 (has links) (PDF)
Stellung und Aufgaben Internationaler Rohstofforganisationen sind häufig ambivalent. Schwächen hat insbesondere das Scheitern des Internationalen Zinnrates 1987 aufgezeigt. Der Beitrag erläutert deren Ursachen und verknüpft die Vorschriften der Rohstoffabkommen mit dem Welthandels- und dem allgemeinen Völkerrecht.
190

An Enquiry into the Political Economy of International Heroin Trafficking, with Particular Reference to Southwest Asia

Whittam, Jennifer, na January 2007 (has links)
This thesis locates the global heroin trade within a world-systems theoretical framework. While the thesis identifies some of the factors responsible for the success of the international heroin trade, the primary aim is to focus on one facilitating aspect – global financial flows of ‘illegal’ or ‘hot’ money. Central to the argument is that international production and trade in illegal heroin are buttressed by cycles of economic contractions within the world economy and by a global financial system that provides the means for the heroin trade’s profits to be easily laundered and invested in the legal economy. To illustrate the utility of these approaches in terms of a world-systems context, the thesis employs a global commodity chain perspective and elaborates the case study of Hüseyin Baybasin, a highly prominent convicted Kurdish businessman who has sometimes been identified as the world’s leading international heroin trafficker. This particular case study permits us to examine not only the complex web of historical, cultural, social, economic and political interactions within the international heroin trade, but also how the global heroin commodity chain is relevant to the broader debate about secessionist ethnic nationalism and development in the Third World. Focusing on Turkey, the thesis outlines the early historical periods in which different traditional patterns have prevailed for the majority of Kurdish people, and explains the disappearance of these patterns through the process of modernisation and globalisation, and how this relates to the global heroin trade. The argument thus provides an alternative, world-systems perspective to the more familiar accounts of international heroin trafficking that tend to focus on conventional interpretations of supply and demand and the activities of law enforcement agencies in physical interdiction.

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