Thesis (doctoral)--Department of Political Science, University of Stockholm, 1987. / Summary in English. Material type: Dissertations. Includes bibliographical references (p. 241-253).

Diss. -- Stockholms universitet. / Väitösk. lisäksi 1 irtol.

Nowadays, the G77 is a key factor in North-South negotiations at the UN to achieve global commitments. On the understanding that neoliberalism is an economic rationale that strongly influences the relationship between North and South, this research explores the influence of a primordial neoliberalism in Latin American interest in taking part in the G77 at the First United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD). Utilising the ideas of Michel Foucault to analyse discourses of the Economic Commission for Latin America (ECLA) since its incorporation into the G77 establishment, this work claims that the neoliberal rationale in part lies behind the mechanism that leads Latin American countries to take part in the G77 at the UNCTAD I. This mechanism is the need for development and the consequent concept of “developing country” reinforced by the G77 at the UN negotiations. In particular, the lack of natural resources in international markets due to the world wars produced the need for surveillance of non-industrialised countries. This surveillance, called here “Police of Development”, was supported by knowledge of natural resources provided by the ECLA, and reinforced the differentiation of countries. This differentiation promoted the need for industrialisation and the need for development. Thus, in a context of lack of financing and deterioration of the international terms of trade of natural resources, Latin Americans seeking development present themselves as “developing” countries in their international negotiations through the G77. The idea of development encourages the production and export of natural resources, which is necessary for a continuous availability of raw materials in international trade to maintain the expansion of markets, a basic precept of neoliberalism.

The necessity for a more adequate regulation of global trade relations (including support for the liberalization and development of international trade), in the context of the deepening globalization processes, requires a greater level of involvement of international economic organizations and more effective implementation of their activities. The primary purpose of the dissertation is to determine whether and how the World Trade Organization, the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank Group have influenced the development of international trading system. The results of this thesis show that international organizations (primarily WTO and UNCTAD) during various stages of its development have been significantly affecting international trade growth mainly through the implementation of specific activities and measures related to a series of agreements and decisions. However, international organizations have had a divergent impact on international trade. The effectiveness of the implementation of specific activities and programs were depending on the political and economic situation of member countries, as well as the governments´ readiness and willingness to implement these measures. On the other hand, the effectiveness of realization of specific activities have been affected by either the internal weaknesses of the organizations, or the insufficient level of cooperation and coordination in the implementation of joint programs and measures aimed at international trade development.

Submitted by Fabricia Fialho Reginato (fabriciar) on 2015-07-07T23:18:17Z No. of bitstreams: 1 MiriamFrosi.pdf: 727229 bytes, checksum: 5cbd9d89b48c8cb1dc375ce18100b6d7 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-07-07T23:18:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 MiriamFrosi.pdf: 727229 bytes, checksum: 5cbd9d89b48c8cb1dc375ce18100b6d7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-02-26 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Este estudo tem como objetivo avaliar o alinhamento dos currículos dos cursos de Ciências Contábeis ofertados em IES da Região Sul do Brasil à proposta de currículo mundial da ONU/UNCTAD/ISAR e à proposta de currículo do Conselho Federal de Contabilidade (CFC). A pesquisa é classificada como aplicada, qualitativa e quantitativa, descritiva e documental. A amostra é formada por 165 Instituições da Região Sul que oferecem cursos de Ciências Contábeis na modalidade presencial e que disponibilizaram seus currículos nas respectivas páginas eletrônicas. Os resultados indicam que há alinhamento entre os currículos das IES dos estados da Região Sul do Brasil ao currículo proposto pela ONU/UNCTAD/ISAR e ao currículo proposto pelo CFC. Os testes estatísticos comprovam que não há diferenças significativas entre as médias de alinhamento dos currículos das IES dos estados da Região Sul do Brasil em relação à proposta de currículo da ONU/UNCTAD/ISAR. Em relação à proposta de currículo do CFC, os testes indicam que as médias entre os cursos das IES dos estados do RS e PR tendem a ser iguais, enquanto as médias de RS e SC e SC e PR tendem a ser diferentes. Ao se comparar o comportamento do alinhamento nas IES com os conceitos dos cursos no ENADE, os resultados da análise revelam diferenças estatisticamente significativas entre os percentuais de alinhamento dos currículos à proposta da ONU/UNCTAD/ISAR dos cursos com conceitos 4 e 5 no ENADE, se comparados aos sem conceito, e pequena possibilidade de igualdade entre o alinhamento dos currículos dos cursos 4 e 5 comparados com os de conceitos 2 e 3. Em relação à proposta do CFC, os resultados da análise também revelam diferenças estatisticamente significativas entre os percentuais de alinhamento dos currículos dos cursos com conceitos 4 e 5 no ENADE, se comparados aos sem conceito e com conceito 2, e possibilidade de igualdade entre o alinhamento dos currículos dos cursos 4 e 5 comparados com os de conceito 3. / This study aims to evaluate the alignment of the Accountancy curricula offered by IES in Southern Brazil to the UN / UNCTAD / ISAR proposed global curriculum and the Federal Accounting Council (CFC) proposed curriculum. The research is classified as applied, qualitative and quantitative, descriptive and documentary. The sample is formed by 165 institutions from the Southern that offer courses in Accounting in the classroom and who provided their resumes on their homepages. The results indicate that there is alignment between the curricula of the 165 IES from the Southern States of Brazil to the curriculum proposed by the UN / UNCTAD / ISAR and the one proposed by the CFC. Statistical tests show that there are not significant differences between the mean alignment of IES curricula of the Southern States of Brazil in relation to the UN / UNCTAD / ISAR proposed curriculum. Regarding the proposed CFC curriculum, the tests indicate that the averages between courses of IES from the States of RS and PR tend to be the same as the means of the RS and SC and SC and PR tend to be different. When comparing the behavior of the alignment in IES with the concepts of the courses in ENADE (National Test of Student Performance), the analysis results show statistically significant differences between the percentage of the alignment to the curriculum proposed by the UN / UNCTAD / ISAR of the courses with concepts 4 and 5 in ENADE, compared to those without concept, and little possibility of equality between the alignment of course curricula 4 and 5 compared with the ones with concepts 2 and 3. Regarding the CFC proposal, analysis results also reveal statistically significant differences between the percentages of the alignment of course curricula with concepts 4 and 5 in ENADE, compared to the ones with no concept and the ones with concept 2, and the possibility of equality between the alignment of course curricula 4 and 5 compared with the ones with concept 3.

Stellung und Aufgaben Internationaler Rohstofforganisationen sind häufig ambivalent. Schwächen hat insbesondere das Scheitern des Internationalen Zinnrates 1987 aufgezeigt. Der Beitrag erläutert deren Ursachen und verknüpft die Vorschriften der Rohstoffabkommen mit dem Welthandels- und dem allgemeinen Völkerrecht.

[pt] O tema desta tese são as recentes mudanças ocorridas no Ministério da Cultura que conduziram à alteração na maneira como algumas atividades produtivas, entre elas a moda e o design, passaram a ser compreendidas pelo governo. Essa modificação ocorreu por meio da inserção dessas áreas no que atualmente é conhecido como Economia Criativa, fazendo com que as mesmas passassem a ser parte do escopo do Ministério da Cultura (MinC). Assim, o campo da moda, que era compreendido centralmente como um setor industrial, passou a ser igualmente entendido como um setor criativo, tornando-se alvo de políticas públicas também do campo da cultura, incluindo os mecanismos de isenção fiscal concedidos via Lei Rouanet. O objetivo da tese é avaliar o modo como essas mudanças se deram, analisando alguns documentos públicos e privados sobre o assunto desenvolvidos por diferentes instituições em nível internacional e também nacional. Deu-se ênfase, nas análises, à maneira como estão sendo construídas as noções que fundamentam a inclusão da moda entre os setores criativos, assim como as tomadas de posição dos agentes envolvidos com essa indústria e que participam da disseminação dos conceitos que afirmam o lugar da mesma como parte da economia criativa. Foram tomados como objetos de análise o Relatório de Economia Criativa da Conferência das Nações Unidas para o Comércio e Desenvolvimento (UNCTAD), análises do Banco Itaú e da Federação das Indústrias do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (FIRJAN) sobre o tema, além de documentos do próprio governo federal, como o Plano Nacional de Cultura, o Plano da Secretaria de Economia Criativa e os planos setoriais da cadeia da moda. Artigos do jornal Folha de São Paulo que abordaram as ações públicas direcionadas especificamente à promoção da moda como setor criativo também foram analisadas. A fim de avaliar como essas alterações estão se dando foi necessário ainda realizar uma discussão breve sobre o modo como vem sendo constituída a própria percepção sobre a cultura no governo petista. O investimento na economia criativa como política de governo e modelo de desenvolvimento relaciona-se com as políticas de redução de pobreza propostas pelo governo do PT, o que foi uma das portas de entrada do MinC no projeto neodesenvolvimentista do Partido dos Trabalhadores. No entanto, o modo como vem se organizando a economia criativa no país acaba por privilegiar relações de trabalho precarizadas já comuns ao campo cultural. Por outro lado, foi possível observar, no que se refere especificamente ao campo da moda, que as ações apoiadas até o momento pelo governo acabam por beneficiar agentes já consagrados. Assim, embora o modelo de desenvolvimento proposto pela economia criativa se direcione para um planejamento em que são construídos meios para ampliar as possibilidades de geração de renda e empregos não apenas no setor de moda, a maneira como o projeto está sendo desenvolvido nesse campo ainda não possibilitou a desconstrução de uma série de vantagens já conquistadas por aqueles indivíduos bem posicionados e pouco atinge as populações mais vulneráveis socialmente que atuam nessa indústria. / [en] The core theme of this paper revolves around the recent changes at the Ministry of Culture, which led to a modification on how some productive activities, amid them Fashion and Design, turned out to be understood by local government. This change occurred due to the addition of such areas within what is currently known as Creative Economy, therefore including it under the Ministry of Culture s scope (MinC). Thus, the Fashion field, which was mainly perceived as an industrial sector, started equally being seen as a creative sector, becoming part of public policies also within the culture area, including the tax exemption mechanisms granted by the Rouanet Law. This thesis s aim is to evaluate how these changes took place, analyzing some public and private documents on this theme produced by different national and international institutions. It was emphasized on the executed analysis how the concepts that substantiate the inclusion of Fashion amidst Creative Sectors are being set, just like the decisions of the agents associated to this industry and that participate spreading the concepts that reinsure its place as part of the Creative Economy. For the performed analysis it was taken into consideration the Creative Economy Report from the UN Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), Bank Itaú and The Federation of Industries of Rio de Janeiro state (FIRJAN) on the theme, besides federal government documents such as the National Plan of Culture, the Creative Economy Secretariat Plan and the fashion chain sector plans. Folha de São Paulo newspaper articles that addressed public actions specifically focused on promoting fashion as a creative sector were also analyzed. In order to evaluate how these changes have been taking place, it was necessary to foment a brief discussion on how, among the current centre-left-wing government (PT – Workers Party), has been composed the very perception of culture. The Creative Economy investment as part of the government s policy and development model relates to the poverty reduction policies proposed by the PT government, and this was one of the gateways for MinC on the neodevelopmental project from Workers Party. However the way Creative Economy have been settling in the country end up by privileging wasted working relations pretty usual to the cultural field. On the other hand, it was possible to observe that specifically to the fashion field, supported actions taken up till now by the government end up by benefiting already established agents. This way, although the development model proposed by Creative Economy goes on a line of plan where means are built in order to increase the possibilities of income and jobs creation not only on the fashion business, the way this project is being developed in this field is not enabling, up until this moment, the deconstruction of a series of benefits already acquired by those individuals well-established and do not reach the most socially vulnerable populations that act in this industry.

Du GATT de 1947 à l’OMC, l’encadrement juridique de l’agriculture demeure un processus difficile et laborieux tant dans ses aspects processuels, normatifs qu’institutionnels. Le cadre décisionnel de l’OMC marqué du sceau du « consensus », peine à instituer un cadre normatif satisfaisant. De plus, la conclusion d’un Accord global sur les politiques agricoles est retardée par des stratégies de blocage ou des coalitions de circonstance lors des négociations multilatérales successives. La question agricole se retrouve donc coincée entre des enjeux nationaux et des logiques d’économie politique que ni le droit positif de l’OMC, ni les processus décisionnels en vigueur à l’Organisation Mondiale du Commerce ne parviennent à résorber. Par ailleurs, le processus de démantèlement des barrières tarifaires a laissé place à des politiques nationales de subventionnement massif que les accords sur l’agriculture et celui sur les subventions et mesures compensatoires tentent en vain d’endiguer. Cette thèse jette donc un regard critique sur ce phénomène à travers une réflexion approfondie du statut juridique de l’agriculture en général et du traitement particulier des subventions agricoles. De cette analyse, il ressort que l’impasse de Doha relève d’une triple carence du système de régulation des subventions agricoles. D’abord, une carence du cadre normatif découlant du « péché originel » de l’exception agricole largement décrite dans la première partie de la thèse. Ensuite, et telles que décrites dans la deuxième partie de la thèse, une carence institutionnelle relevant de l’inadaptation de l’architecture de l’OMC, principalement le processus décisionnel face au phénomène du subventionnement agricole et une carence structurelle liée au déroulement des négociations multilatérales. La thèse démontre donc que cette triple carence explique pourquoi il demeure difficile au processus de Doha de déboucher sur des engagements contraignants en terme d’élimination des subventions agricoles et en terme de politiques de développement favorables aux PED et PMA. La thèse démontre aussi que l’impuissance du « système OMC » face aux divergences agricoles animées notamment par les États-Unis, l’UE, le groupe de Cairns et le groupe africain sur le coton découle de cette triple carence. Prospectivement, il s’est donc avéré nécessaire de formuler des alternatives nouvelles reposant sur l’introduction des logiques d’efficacité lors de l’élaboration et de l’application des mesures anti-subvention ainsi que dans les techniques de négociations commerciales multilatérales. / From GATT 1947 to WTO, the legal framework of agriculture remains a difficult and laborious process in its procedural aspects as well as in its normative and institutional ones. The decision framework of the WTO is marked by the seal of "consensus" and hardly allows to establish a satisfactory regulatory framework. A comprehensive agreement on agricultural policy has been postponed by blocking strategies or ad hoc coalitions at the critical times of the successive multilateral negotiations. Therefore, the agricultural question is being smothered by national issues and the logic of political economy which neither positive law of the WTO, nor the decision-making processes in force at the World Trade Organization have been able to resorb. The process of dismantling trade barriers has given way to national policies of massive subsidizing that the agreements on Agriculture and on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures have tried to stem in vain. This thesis reviews this phenomenon with a critical eye through an extensive consideration of the legal status of agriculture in general and the special treatment of agricultural subsidies. This analysis shows that the dead-end situation in the Doha negotiations result from a triple deficiency of the regulatory system on agricultural subsidies: (1) a deficiency of the regulatory framework resulting from the "original sin" of the agricultural exception, (2) an institutional deficiency coming from the inadequacy of the architecture of the WTO, mainly the decision-making process in relation to the phenomenon of agricultural subsidies and (3) a structural deficiency related to the conduct of the multilateral negotiations. This thesis demonstrates that these three deficiencies explain why it remains difficult for the process of Doha to bring binding commitments on the elimination of agricultural subsidies and development policies which would favour of developing countries and LDCs. The thesis also reveals that the inability of the "WTO system" to cope with diverging views over agriculture mainly livened up by the United States, the EU, the Cairns Group and the African Group on cotton results from those three deficiencies. A prospective analysis leads to the formulation of new alternative solutions based on the introduction of logics of efficiency in the elaboration and application of anti subsidy measures altogether with multilateral trade negotiation techniques.

Submitted by Elesbão Santiago Neto (neto10uepb@cche.uepb.edu.br) on 2018-04-26T20:26:22Z No. of bitstreams: 1 PDF - Mariana de Oliveira Nóbrega.pdf: 72505903 bytes, checksum: c6b1c08fa9ac762f21b578570f8e85b6 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-04-26T20:26:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 PDF - Mariana de Oliveira Nóbrega.pdf: 72505903 bytes, checksum: c6b1c08fa9ac762f21b578570f8e85b6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-06-18 / CAPES / This paper presents the main objective to analyze the Technical Cooperation Project for implementation of the Convention to Combat Desertification, within the Sustainable Management of Land, recognized by the acronym PCT/INT/3201, and agreed, through a Memorandum of Understanding, between the Community of Portuguese Language Countries (CPLP) and the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD), given that all states of the Community are members of the Convention. Running this PCT had direct support of their own CPLP since that would serve African Countries of Portuguese Official Language and Timor Leste, and also had the technical and financial assistance of the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), the support and assistance of the Global Mechanism (MM) and the former Portuguese Institute for Development Support (IPAD). To achieve this greater goal, the following steps were performed: In the first chapter it studied the evolution of the international discussion on desertification. Therefore, it sought to understand the issue of desertification in a general context. Then it explored the understanding of international cooperation, based on the construction of theoretical rationalist perspectives international on relations in order to facilitate the understanding of the international discussion on desertification, to come to the knowledge of the Convention to Combat Desertification, with its various Conferences of the Parties (COP) and meetings. In the second chapter it discussed the Community of Portuguese Language Countries and its performance in relation to the environment. This objective was satisfied through the contextual study of the creation of the CPLP, specifying on which it is based, your goals and knowledge about the structure of this community. It also sought to explore the understanding of the physical space of the Member States of the CPLP and their geographical locations, and the situation of these States, in particular the PALOP and Timor Leste, in relation to the process of desertification and/or degradation of land. Then, they analyzed the international partnerships mentioned above, in the development of PCT CPLP/FAO 3201. Finally, in the third chapter, it was thoroughly investigated in this Project. Therefore, it sought to study it from the history of your proposal through the understanding of its two phases (2008-2010, 2010-2011), to examine the plans of interviews conducted with three actors, which had partial or full participation in the Project. With these interviews, it sought to develop a better understanding of the initial challenges, the difficulties of implementation, contributions and perceptions of the end situation, check the lessons learned from this PCT. It was concluded that, despite failures and difficulties presented by the project, this brought contributions to help implement the UNCCD, which will be observed throughout the work. / O presente trabalho apresenta como objetivo principal analisar o Projeto de Cooperação Técnica para implementação da Convenção de Combate à Desertificação, no marco da Gestão Sustentável das Terras, reconhecido pela sigla PCT CPLP/FAO 3201, acordado, por meio de um memorando de entendimento, entre a Comunidade dos Estados de Língua Portuguesa (CPLP) e a Convenção das Nações Unidas de Combate à Desertificação (CNUCD), haja vista que todos os Estados da Comunidade são membros desta Convenção. A execução deste PCT teve apoio direto da própria CPLP, uma vez que serviria aos Países Africanos de Língua Oficial Portuguesa e ao Timor Leste, e também contou com a assistência técnica e financeira da Organização das Nações Unidas para Agricultura e Alimentação (FAO), do Mecanismo Mundial (MM) e do antigo Instituto Português de Apoio para o Desenvolvimento (IPAD). Para o alcance desta meta maior, foram realizados os seguintes passos: No primeiro Capítulo, foi estudada a evolução da discussão internacional sobre desertificação. Para tanto, buscou-se a compreensão da questão da desertificação em um contexto geral. Em seguida, explorou-se o entendimento acerca da cooperação internacional, a partir da construção teórica de perspectivas racionalistas das relações internacionais, a fim de facilitar o entendimento da discussão internacional sobre desertificação, até chegar ao conhecimento da Convenção de Luta contra Desertificação, com suas diversas Conferências das Partes (COP) e reuniões. No segundo Capítulo, abordou-se a Comunidade dos Países de Língua Portuguesa e sua atuação em relação ao meio ambiente. Este objetivo se conformou por meio do estudo contextual da criação da CPLP, especificando em que ela se baseia, seus objetivos e o conhecimento acerca da estrutura desta Comunidade. Também buscou-se explorar o entendimento a respeito do espaço físico dos Estados-membros da CPLP e suas localizações geográficas, bem como verificou-se a situação destes Estados, em especial dos PALOP e do Timor Leste, em relação ao processo de desertificação e/ou degradação de terra. Por fim, foram analisadas as parcerias internacionais supracitadas, no desenvolvimento do PCT CPLP/FAO 3201. Finalmente, no terceiro Capítulo, foi detalhadamente analisado o presente Projeto. Para tanto, buscou-se estudá-lo, a partir dos antecedentes de sua proposta, passando pela compreensão de suas duas fases (2008-2010; 2010-2011), até a análise dos planos de entrevistas, realizados com três atores, os quais tiveram participação parcial ou inteira no Projeto. Com essas entrevistas, buscou-se desenvolver um melhor entendimento dos desafios iniciais, das dificuldades de implementação, contribuições e percepções da situação final e, verificar as lições aprendidas com esse PCT por parte dos entrevistados. Concluiu-se que, apesar das falhas e das dificuldades apresentadas pelo projeto, este trouxe contribuições para ajudar a implementar a CNUCD, que serão observadas ao longo do trabalho.

Stellung und Aufgaben Internationaler Rohstofforganisationen sind häufig ambivalent. Schwächen hat insbesondere das Scheitern des Internationalen Zinnrates 1987 aufgezeigt. Der Beitrag erläutert deren Ursachen und verknüpft die Vorschriften der Rohstoffabkommen mit dem Welthandels- und dem allgemeinen Völkerrecht.