À travers une analyse croisée entre le Japon et la France, la présente étude interroge la manière dont la dimension sociale se déploie, tout particulièrement au nom du lien social, dans le cadre d’actions de prévention de l’insécurité. Ce travail comporte tout d’abord un volet historique, qui s’attache à retracer l’évolution contemporaine des politiques de prévention de l’insécurité. L’étude de sources administratives et législatives depuis 1970, nous permet ainsi d’analyser le processus par lequel la mobilisation des acteurs non-policiers s’est réalisée dans les pays respectifs. Ceci montre des processus de désignation d’éléments extérieurs à risque par les pouvoirs publics et la manière dont ces derniers justifient la mobilisation des acteurs, tout en partageant des problématiques comparables, au nombre desquelles le délitement des liens sociaux, perçu tant au sein de la famille qu’au sein du voisinage. Suite à ce premier travail, nous passons à l’étude des pratiques d’acteurs sociaux tels que les médiateurs de rue et les voisins vigilants en France ainsi que de groupes d’habitants au Japon, afin d’étudier la manière dont ils se mobilisent et s’organisent. En nous fondant sur des enquêtes de terrain, nous montrons comment la prévention trie les bons et les mauvais citoyens au nom de la défense de valeurs qui sont considérées comme les biens du quartier : au Japon, cela transparaît notamment dans les actions des habitants pour la « fabrique de la ville » (machi-zukuri まちづくり) tandis qu’en France, les liens sociaux représentent surtout un outil à disposition d’agents spécialisés. Revêtant une portée d’éducation morale, le quartier japonais peut alors apparaître, en contraste avec le cas français, comme une forme de famille visant à se substituer à la famille contemporaine jugée défaillante. Toutefois, deux cas étudiés, à La Rochelle et à Osaka, montrent que la prévention peut également revêtir l’aspect d’une quête de reconnaissance à travers le développement des réseaux à l’échelle locale. / In a cross-analysis of France and Japan, we examine the development of the social dimension in actions to prevent insecurity, especially ones pursued under the name of the social bond. Our thesis begins with a history of the contemporary evolution of policies aiming to prevent insecurity in France and Japan. In particular, we analyse administrative and legislative documents published since 1970 for what they reveal about processes of mobilising non-police actors for prevention in both countries. Our results suggest that the processes have involved the identification of external risks by public authorities, as well as how mobilising such actors is justified as a response to the breakdown of social bonds within families and in neighbourhoods. Afterwards, we describe practices of social actors, including street mediators and “voisins vigilants” in France, as well as neighbourhood associations in Japan, in terms of how they mobilise and organise. Our field research revealed that the prevention sorts good and bad citizens in the name of defending values considered to belong to the neighbourhood. In Japan, such prevention especially concerns actions for まちづくり (machi-zukuri, ‘community building’), whereas in France, social ties primarily represent a tool used by specialised agents. With a moral and educational function, the Japanese neighbourhood thus contrasts the French one as a sort of family to replace the contemporary family deemed to be failing. However, two cases studied, in La Rochelle and Osaka, show that such prevention can also seek a form of recognition via the development of networks at the local level.

Den stora Polisreformen 2015 benämns som den största omorganiseringen i modern tid. Medborgarlöften som syftar till att förebygga brott, öka tryggheten, stärka förtroendet för Polisen samt öka medborgarnas och lokalsamhällets delaktighet i det brottsförebyggande och trygghetsskapande arbetet, är en betydelsefull del av arbetet i den nya organisationen. Även att arbeta utifrån en tydlig problembild. Områdespoliser i Sverige är av stor vikt i detta arbete. Studien syftar till att belysa arbetssituationen för Områdespoliser i Sverige, huruvida förutsättningar finns för att till fullo uppfylla sina arbetsdirektiv samt belysa om arbetsuppdraget anses som tydligt. Kvalitativ design ligger till grund för berörd studie; resultaten baseras på fyra semistrukturerade intervjuer av områdespoliser från olika orter i Polisregion Syd med särskilt utsatta områden. Tidigare forskning kring organisationer, omorganisation, påverkan av denna på anställda, samt implementering av arbetsmetoder som Problem Oriented Policing (POP) och Community Policing (COP) ligger till grund för studien. Av resultatanalysen framgår att det i stort råder tydlighet kring arbetsbeskrivningen men att den subjektiva tolkningen och även arbetsledningens tolkning är av relevans. Områdespoliserna arbetar på bästa sätt utifrån de förutsättningar som idag finns men personalbrist leder till att områdespoliserna ofta blir kommenderade till att utföra andra polisiära uppdrag, vilket leder till brist på kontinuitet i arbetet. Av resultatet framgår även vikten av ledningsstöd. Stöd av tidigare forskning finnes avseende vikten av ett tydligt arbetsuppdrag för det polisiära arbetet, ledningsstöd, den anställdes subjektiva upplevelse av dennes arbetssituation, samt vikten av adekvat personal och att vid omorganisationer inkludera medarbetaren. Longitudinell framtida forskning kring påverkan av omorganisation hos anställda rekommenderas. Detta för möjlighet av insyn i såväl organisationens förändring samt anställds upplevelse därav. / The major police reform in 2015 is referred to as the largest reorganization in modern times. Citizens' pledges aimed at preventing crime, increasing security, strengthening confidence in the police and increasing citizens' and local communities' involvement in crime prevention and efforts aimed at increasing the perceived feeling of safety, are an important part of the work of the new organization. Also working from a clear problem description. Community police in Sweden are of great importance in this work. The study aims to shed light on the work situation for community police in Sweden, whether conditions allow them to fully comply with their role specification and to clarify whether the work assignment is considered clear. Qualitative design forms the basis of the study concerned; the results are based on four semi-structured interviews of community police from different locations in Police Region South with particularly vulnerable areas. The study is based on previous research of organizations, reorganization, the influence of reorganization on employees and the implementation of working methods such as Problem Oriented Policing (POP) and Community Policing (COP). The results show that there is general clarity about the stated work description but that the subjective interpretation and also the interpretation of the management is of relevance. The community police work in the best way on the basis of the conditions that exist today, but staff shortages lead to the community police often being commanded to carry out other tasks within the organization, which leads to a lack of continuity in the work. The results also show the importance of management support. The results largely confirm previous research. Support from previous research is found in the importance of a clear job description, the importance of management support, the importance of the employee's subjective experience of his work situation and the importance of adequate staff. Also the importance of including employees during reorganization. Longitudinal future research on the influence of reorganization among employees is recommended. This allows for the possibility of transparency in the organization's change as well as its impact on employees.

Thesis (M. A. (Criminology)) -- University of Limpopo, 2016 / Community Policing Forum is a forum established in terms of section 19(1) of the SAPS Act 68 of 1995 aimed at ensuring police accountability, transparency and effectiveness in the community. It was aimed at bridging the gap between the police and the community at large and builds a harmonious relationship between them. This study was aimed at evaluating the effectiveness of Community Policing Forums (CPF) in reducing crime in Makhwibidung village. Using structured and non-structured questionnaires, a total of 40 participants consisting of three groups, namely SAPS, CPF committee and residents, were conveniently selected to provide their knowledge of CPF in the above mentioned village. The findings revealed, by majority (82.50%) of respondents, identified lack of resources as the main challenge against the functioning of CPF, whilst 55% of 40 respondents pointed out poor relationship between the police and the community among other things. These challenges may therefore lead to the downfall of CPF, and thus showing that CPF still needs full support not only from the residents but from the provincial and national government. However, beside the challenges, the community and the police still manage to work jointly to fight against crime in their area as it is mandated by the Interim Constitution of 1993 that CPF must be established in each and every police station so that together they can fight crime. KEYWORDS: Policing. Effectiveness. Crime Prevention. Community Policing Forum. Community

The gay rights movement began in the summer of 1969 when gay men rioted against police for raiding a bar known as the Stonewall Inn. In the succeeding 35 years, very little research has explored the relationship between police organizations and gay, lesbian, bisexual, and transgendered (GLBT) communities. The purpose of this study is to describe the attitudes that GLBT persons currently hold toward police. Subjects were sampled from the 34th Annual Atlanta Pride Festival and asked to complete a self-administered questionnaire. Of the 179 GLBT participants, the vast majority reported high satisfaction with community policing practices at this event. Moreover, age, household income, victimization, security presence, and identification with gay-themed media significantly predicted attitudes toward police.

Law enforcement agencies believe that traffic enforcement, in addition to reducing fatalities associated with automobile collisions, may also reduce the incidence of public order crimes. The academic literature, though, has largely failed to address this phenomenon. The purpose of this correlational study was to use Kelling and Wilson's broken windows theory to evaluate whether a statistically significant relationship exists between traffic enforcement rates and public order crimes in South Carolina. Secondary data from 5 counties were acquired from the South Carolina Department of Public Safety and the South Carolina Law Enforcement Division for the time period 2008 through 2012. Statistically significant Spearman's Rho correlations were found for 4 of the 5 counties (p < .05). Though statistically significant, the correlations were weak. The findings suggest that Wilson and Kelling's theory is somewhat predictive of the relationship between the visibility of law enforcement officers and reductions in public order crimes, but may not fully explain this relationship. Even so, there is some evidence that the presence of traffic enforcement officers may reduce certain types of crime, thereby improving the quality of life for residents. Based on the findings, one important recommendation of this study is for law enforcement agencies in South Carolina to consider enhancing or expanding the use of traffic enforcement teams because of their potential value in reducing public order crimes, including a plan to conduct a follow-up evaluation of the efficacy of such a program.

Campus law enforcement agencies are an essential component of the campus community, and the greater criminal justice system. While policing research has focused on the activities and organizational structure of municipal police, much less attention has been given to campus agencies. This study builds on existing research by examining the activities and organizational structures of campus law enforcement agencies. The purpose of this quantitative nonexperimental study was to analyze the variation in emergency preparedness across campus law enforcement agencies using Meyer and Rowan's institutional theory. The research questions addressed the extent to which emergency preparedness was influenced by organizational structural, agency characteristics, wider campus characteristics, and community policing. Secondary data were collected from the 2011-2012 Bureau of Justice Statistics Survey of Campus Law Enforcement Agencies, the Office of Postsecondary Education, and the National Center for Education Statistics. Findings from multiple regression analyses indicated that agency organizational structure and agency characteristics are greater influences than campus characteristics on emergency preparedness activities than campus. Findings also showed that the number of community policing activities in which an agency engages in is the greatest predictor of emergency preparedness activities in campus law enforcement agencies. The findings have implications for social change by suggesting the integration of emergency preparedness with community policing initiatives. Collectively, this will create a holistic approach by campus law enforcement agencies.

Four research questions guided this documentation and assessment of the Portland Police Bureau's conversion to community policing. These questions generated a description of the events and circumstances that created the perceived need for change in the Bureau's role and function; a search for justification for selecting community policing as an alternative policing approach; a comparative analysis of past attempts to implement innovative change of a similar dimension in police organizations; and an assessment of the process by which the Bureau implemented this new policing strategy. The findings indicate that the prominent factors driving this change are first, the limitations of conventional policing tactics against emerging new patterns of crime and disorder; second, an intensification of public interest in quality-of-life issues; and third, an increase in the numbers of progressive police officers that are influencing change in the traditional police culture. The process by which the Bureau effected changes in its organizational structure and design to accommodate community policing strategies was assessed using theoretical guidelines abstracted from the organizational change literature. This assessment led to a hypothesis that innovative change which is incongruent with organizational traditions and culture must be implemented organization-wide, in an "all-or-none" fashion, to maximize the probability that the change will become institutionalized. The Bureau's inadvertent adherence to most of the guidelines suggests that a pattern may exist to guide the implementation of innovative organizational change. It was also found that the traditional bureaucratic policing structure has been relaxed, but remains quasi-bureaucratic in character, as a function of retaining the traditional military rank structure.

This dissertation deals both with the theory and practice of community policing in the United States and elsewhere while focusing on a specific community policing project in Portland, Oregon. It discusses the history of police work in America, as well as that of the Portland Police Bureau. It also explicates the various meanings of "community policing," along with the problems and issues that have surfaced as the community policing movement has evolved. The research reported here was based on a project conducted by the Portland Police Bureau and numerous supporting agencies. The project was inaugurated in May 1990 with the following goals: improve quality of life of the residents, reduce the fear of crime, and reduce the levels of actual crime. Iris Court is a public housing complex owned and operated by the Housing Authority of Portland. It was recommended as a demonstration site for community policing because of past and ongoing problems of crime in and around it. The Portland City Council had mandated that community policing become the policing style in Portland, and the demonstration project was intended to test various community policing strategies. The tenants were surveyed prior to the implementation of the community policing strategies. The Metro-Life Enhancement Team was formed, an action plan was developed, most of the action plan items were implemented, and the tenants were resurveyed one year later. The evaluation of the project was conducted to assess whether community policing had a measurable effect on public safety. The dependent variables were quality of life, fear of crime, and actual crime. Various community policing strategies would be judged to have been successful if reported crime declined, the fear of crime was reduced, and the quality of life improved. The data show that the project was at least moderately successful. Reported crime declined, fear of crime was reduced, and there were indications that the quality of life was improved. The most striking finding was a 55% decrease in reported crime during the study period. This study suggests that community policing strategies of partnership, empowerment, problem solving, accountability, and service orientation can be successful.

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