A dissertation submitted in full fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts by Research in Media Studies, Department of Media Studies, Faculty of Humanities, University of the Witwatersrand, February 2018 / This project examines the ways in which Radio Islam, a South African community radio station, constructs masculinity in the South African Indian Muslim community. This community is its largest audience. The radio station is strongly influenced by the ideologies and rulings of the Jamiatul Ulama, an ideological body whose teachings stem from Indo-Pak interpretations of Islam and with whom much of the South African Indian Muslim community align themselves. The conflation of this culture and religion in this context results in patriarchal and misogynistic teachings being repeated by this body without much questioning, resulting in the common upliftment of men and confinement of women in the community to certain roles and spaces only. Through the examination and discourse analysis of broadcasted content on Radio Islam in three categories that have many gendered dynamics to them - hijab, marriage, and Ramadan - this study aims to unpack the way in which masculinity is constructed, and the extents to which these constructions then facilitate the entrenchment of patriarchy in the broader South African Muslim community. / XL2018

A thesis submitted to University of the Witwatersrand in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, Johannesburg, 2017 / Decolonisation and Africanisation of spaces emerging from administrative and settler colonialism have been suggested as forms of challenging colonial legacies that are still largely present in the Global South and particularly within the African continent. Mainly, this has also been the case in recent South African discourses that have called for the decolonisation and ‘transformation’ of key areas in the country to build a decolonised African country of the future. This thesis, therefore, deals with the subject of the community radio broadcasting sector that is operating during South Africa’s ‘postcolonial’ era, and the steps undertaken by this sector in Africanising itself. Starting from the conviction that the media has a historical role in shaping and communicating cultures as well as identities of the colonised and ‘formerly’ colonised, the thesis posits that the community radio sector is one of the vital arenas that can be used to understand the continuities and discontinuities of colonial cultures in media institutions. Thus, to comprehend and establish the state of Africanisation within the community radio sector of the country, the study investigated and analysed the case of Vukani Community Radio (VCR); a community radio station that is easily one of the oldest community orientated broadcasters in South Africa. Furthermore, to challenge the idea of colonised and neo-colonised media spaces, this thesis was grounded on an understanding of the complexities of Africanisation as a decolonising project in a media institution that is operating in the post-settler-colonial administration of this country. Adopting a case study approach, this study attempted to understand the urgency of a broadcast media platform in asserting the cultures and identities of ‘previously’ colonised Africans on the medium's airwaves. To make sense of the conceptual challenges surrounding the study, the thesis has drawn on decolonial discourses, including the theory of Afrocentricity, the coloniality of power, coloniality of knowledge, the coloniality of being and the decolonial turn. The adoption of these theories by the study, therefore, also demonstrates a conscious delinking of this study from the traditional theories of media and cultural studies that have habitually underpinned the South African canon. Moreover, this study has adopted the use of critical decolonised methodologies approach in the pursuit of answers about the extent of Africanisation of the media institution. The decolonised approach of the adopted method lay in revealing the colonial excesses that have underpinned research methodologies as well as an ‘auto-critique’ of these excesses in the context of this study. The data analysed to arrive at the findings of this study included several macro and micro policy documents, a content analysis of three (3) categories of community radio programmes [Talk Radio, African Cultural Lifestyle & News Programming] that totalled 270 hours of community radio content. The study also relied on several semi structured interviews with various internal and external stakeholders that make up the station's key constituencies. In the analysis of evidence that would uncover the extent of the Africanisation of the community radio station, the findings of the thesis revealed several yet overlapping thematic areas that suggest pathways towards the Africanisation of the media institution. These, among others, included the use of this media institution as an African public sphere, its embracing of the philosophy of Ubuntu, its role in the decolonisation of African memory and its approaches towards ethnicity and Africanity within the broadcasting area. These themes emanating from the analysed data of the study also illustrate how this media institution is operating as a pocket of resistance against colonial, neo-colonial and imperialistic media cultures. In addition to these thematic areas, the findings of this study also demonstrate that when only media policy documents are adopted, this can lead to ambiguities in the pursuit of Africanisation as decolonisation. The study however also demonstrates that the urgency of the community radio station in catering for the surrounding constituency can potentially demonstrate an eventual Africanisation of the airwaves. Finally, this study concludes that the Africanisation of the airwaves is demonstrable at Vukani Community Radio (VCR) but its permanent enforcement is dependent on the vigilance of the stations constituencies and how they define and enforce the role of their media institution. / XL2018

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-05T18:24:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 25 / Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos / O presente trabalho investiga o funcionamento do Jornalismo no rádio comunitário, ao tomar como objeto de análise os programas jornalísticos Realidade Urgente e Bom Dia Cidade, das emissoras Nova Aurora FM, de Santana do Livramento/RS, e Elshaday FM, de Uruguaiana/RS. A preocupação central dessa investigação está pautada no modo como o local é discursivizado por esse Jornalismo. A escolha, portanto, vincula o rádio comunitário ao espaço local. Este é um conceito de difícil demarcação, que requer ser posto em relação com outra grandeza espacial para balizar o seu lugar, o que me levou a optar por municípios de fronteira geopolítica como espaço de observação e apreensão de um local, quais sejam: Santana do Livramento, na fronteira com o Uruguai; e Uruguaiana, com a Argentina, ambos no Rio Grande do Sul. Movida pela inquietação de tentar entender que local é esse, como ele é delimitado e que sentidos são atribuídos a ele nos espaços que se propõem ao Jornalismo no rádio comunitário, desenvolvo um Estudo de Caso / This work investigates the functioning of Journalism in community radios, taking as objects of analysis the journalistic programs Realidade Urgente e Bom Dia Cidade, of the radio stations Nova Aurora FM, from Santana do Livramento, and Elshaday FM, from Uruguaiana, both towns in the state of Rio Grande do Sul. The main concern of this research is the way the “local” is transformed into discourse by this Journalism. The choice, therefore, links community radio to local space. This is a concept of difficult demarcation, which should be related to another spatial magnitude to limit its place, what has made me decide for towns near the geopolitical border as an area of observation and apprehension of the concept of “local”. They are both towns in the state of Rio Grande do Sul: Santana do Livramento, on the border of Uruguai, and Uruguaiana, on the border of Argentina. Moved by the inquietude of trying to understand the concept of “local” in this context, how it is delimited and which senses are attributed to it

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-05T18:25:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 27 / Nenhuma / Esta dissertação tem como objetivo identificar e analisar a trajetória do comunicador das rádios comunitárias de Porto Alegre, em específico da Rádio Ipanema Comunitária, como também seus projetos e perspectivas, buscando compreender as especificidades na formação e atuação deste comunicador assim como a sua relação com a emissora e os movimentos populares da comunidade onde a rádio está inserida. O trabalho foi baseado nos conceitos de comunicação popular e movimentos sociais de Cicília Peruzzo, Denise Cogo, Klycia Fontenele Oliveira, Bruce Girard e Jo Van der Spek. O aporte teórico fundamenta-se, ainda, em conceitos relacionados à educação, formação e cidadania dos c omunicadores, com perspectivas conceituais de autores como Cicília Peruzzo, Ignácio Lopes Vigil, Mario Kaplun, Adela Cortina e Maria Cristina Mata,. A metodologia da pesquisa está baseada em estudo de caso, através de uma abordagem qualitativa constituída por entrevistas semi-dirigidas, pesquisa documental e audição e análise de programação rad

This thesis examines the emergence of Community Radio in the United Kingdom. It places the sector within an historical context dominated by the BBC and strongly influenced by the subsequent arrival of commercial radio broadcasting. Understanding this historical context, which includes consideration of the role played by unlicensed 'pirate' radio operators, is, in the opinion of the author, a critical prerequisite necessary for assessing how and why current Community Radio practice has developed in the way it has. Primary research for this thesis includes a variety of semi-structured interviews with campaigners, practitioners and regulators and, whilst primarily focused on the emergence of the Community Radio sector within the British context, it does not ignore wider international perspectives. Recognising that, well before Community Radio began to emerge in the UK, much of the early conceptual development of the sector took place in other jurisdictions, the author also draws upon a number of international sources, including some primary research in the Republic of Ireland, Norway and the United States of America. The influence of two key factors, those of regulation and technology, are central to this research, the author arguing that these in particular have helped define (and constrain) the current position and future opportunities available to Community Radio within the United Kingdom. Legislation and regulation may have defined clear, and in some instances unique, operational objectives for British Community Radio, but when defining such objectives they have also had to take into account limited broadcast spectrum availability, constraining the scope and scale of the sector as a result. Beyond a consideration of the historical and of present day practice, this thesis also looks towards the future, examining current developments in digital broadcasting which offer the potential to counter such current capacity constraints and provide opportunities for additional community-based services in future.

This is an investigation of the diffusion of new information and communication technologies (ICTs), particularly the Internet, by community broadcasting organisations. In order to understand ICT diffusion processes in community radio stations, this study focuses on a particular project which saw a large scale diffusion of Internet technologies across Australian community radio stations at the beginning of 1998. The Community Access Network (CAN) project was an initiative of the Australian government, and saw funding for the provision of an Internet ready computer to every licensed community radio station in Australia. In approaching this subject, this research employed social constructivist assumptions, expecting that ICT use, and in particular the CAN workstations, would vary from station to station, reflecting the cultural and organisational conditions in each environment. As such the study aimed to understand the ways in which ICT technologies have been used and understood by community ralo station management and their participants. Since community radio stations are organisations, this study employed Everett Rogers' framework for understanding diffusion of innovation processes within organisations, acknowledging that organisational variables act on innovation behaviour in a manner over and above that of the aggregate of individual members of the organisation. This approach provided scope for the investigation and comparison of organisational factors, as well as meaning making on the part of individual participants. The research was based on data collected from two case studies, chosen on the basis of their divergent social, cultural and organisational environments; 4EB in Brisbane, a metropolitan, ethnic community radio station; and 2NCR-FM in Lismore, a regional, generalist community radio station. Ethnographic methods of observation and interviews were employed to collect qualitative data, providing insider accounts of community broadcaster's use, experience, and understanding of the new technologies in their day-to-day broadcast practices. By looking at two different community radio stations, this research acknowledges points of similarity and difference across these organisational situations, identifying factors that contribute to variation in technology take-up in particular station programming emphasis, perception of need, organisational resources, role of innovation champions, training, ICT policy and broadcaster variables. Evidence drawn from these case studies, and the specific ICT investigated, contributes to a general understanding of factors in the diffusion of ICT technologies across the community broadcast sector, providing a frame of reference for anticipating subsequent innovation diffusion. In particular, there are implications for future diffusion projects which plan to deploy new technologies across the community radio sector. It also contextualises community broadcasting and ICT use within the field of new technology uptake by broadcast sectors in general.

Community radio in Thailand is an alternative to public, commercial and state radio with unique characteristics in that listeners can participate at all levels. Community radio varies considerably in its definitions as well as serving several purposes depending on its role in the nation's media system. However, its fundamental philosophy is similar in that radio is used to serve the needs and the interests of the community. Access and participation in small-scale media may not only empower the voiceless, but also maintain local identity and cultures. The reformation of the Thai broadcasting media system by Section 40 of the 1997 constitution and the 2000 Broadcasting Act has increased the chance for some communities to use radio to fulfill their community development needs. The aims of this thesis are: to explore Thai community radio in the broader context of community radio internationally; to examine Thai broadcasting policies on community radio; to explore the development of Thai community radio in relation to the wider liberalisation of the media between 1998 and 2002; and to analyse similarities and differences in station management, programming and audience reception in the four different models of community radio that developed in a range of different provincial Thai community radio stations. A comparative case study using qualitative research methods was used to examine the four case studies, namely at Petchaburi (PRD, 1998) Nakhon Si Thammarat (MCOT, 1998), Roi Et (INN, 2000), and Kanchanaburi (people's radio, 200 I). The contribution of this thesis lies in its exploration of different models of Thai community radio so as to illustrate different interpretations by several stakeholders of community radio discourse, as well as reflecting the constraints on community broadcasting caused by the political economy of the broadcasting system and regulatory inconsistencies. It concludes that community radio has not yet contributed to a more empowered media because of several constraints. Thai community radio did not pursue real participatory communication to empower its listeners. It merely widened the public space for local communities to have more choices for information community-based programs with phone-in formats that provided twoway communication. Thai community radio has not created a wider liberalisation of the media, however, its development facilitated media democratisation through promoting the media reform process, and increasing the awareness of citizens' rights among ordinary people. Station manager and middle-class activists played important roles in putting forth local issues for public discussion. Increasing numbers of local people became alert to their rights to communicate as promised by the 1997 constitution, but unfortunately media reform lacked government support. The Thaksin government had an ambivalent attitude and contradictory policies towards community radio.

La presente Tesis pretende provocar y ampliar el debate sobre el tema de las radios comunitarias en Brasil. Aunque sea un tema muy comentado en nuestra actualidad, todavía es poco estudiado dentro de su debida importancia en la comunicación científica. Esta investigación intentará demostrar como los indicadores económicos, sociales y políticos de Brasil interfirieron para que el pueblo llevase a cabo fuertes movilizaciones por la democratización de la distribución de las emisoras de radio en este País, alentando a que el gobierno crease una ley para regularizar las radios comunitarias en Brasil. El estudio irá discutir el gran interés de los políticos y empresarios en obtener una licencia para emitir basado en la posibilidad de la radio en ejercer influencia sobre la sociedad, transformando este medio de comunicación de masa, al final, en un medio vertical, cuestionado por muchos y principalmente por el pueblo. Hablaremos y haremos un breve repaso de los principales artículos de la Ley de las Radios Comunitarias, creada, sobre presión popular, por el Gobierno brasileño para regularizar la comunicación comunitaria en este gran País. Aunque hayan significado un importante paso para la reivindicación de políticas menos monopolistas de comunicación, despertando en las comunidades la urgencia de legislaciones más democráticas, con el trabajo de campo realizado en esta investigación, se ha descubierto que las radios comunitarias carecen de una movilización social más intensa. Se restringen demasiado a la aventura de romper con el monopolio estatal o con la postura comercial que nortea a los medios de comunicación, pero, sin embargo, a veces acaban repitiendo los mismos modelos que tanto critican. / This work seeks to provoke and enlarge the discussion about the community radios in Brazil. Even though this is a hot topic nowadays, it has not been properly investigated in the context of scientific communication. The objective of the paper was to demonstrate how the economic, social, and political indicators of Brazil influenced the organization of a strong popular movement aimed at the democratization and distribution of radio stations in this country. The paper will discuss the interest of politicians and entrepreneurs in obtaining the license to broadcast, given the potentiality of the radio to exert influence upon the society, transforming this mass communication medium into a vertical medium, questioned by many, mainly by the people. We will speak and make a brief discussion of the main articles of the Law of the Community Radios, created under popular pressure by the Brazilian Government to regulate the community communication.

Media in Nairobi is segmented when it comes to news and information; different media target different audience groups in the society through their preferred channels in search of news and information.     In Kibera, the biggest slum area in Nairobi and in whole East Africa, the urban slum community radio station Pamoja FM only works for the citizens living within Kibera. We aimed to find out how the youth in Kibera perceive the efficacy of the radio station as a viable source of news and information. We wanted to establish how important this radio station is to them as a tool of empowerment and knowledge to the youth.   Through semi-structured interviews with the youth in Kibera we carried out a qualitative research study during ten weeks, from October until December in 2011. We walked the field in Kibera to gather as much data as possible, and our findings were very interesting.   Key theories used in this study included the participatory communication model, the media dependency model and the uses and gratifications model.   The findings indicated that Pamoja FM has a great influence in the community as it is considered the most important source for news and information for the youth in this slum, and provides a platform that meets their needs as active participating audiences to the content supplied by the radio station. The radio is accredited to have changed the citizens´ way of thinking about tribalism since the post-election violence in 2007; the young women have assertively declared their space by playing a more proactive role in the community and audiences are empowered with home-grown problem solving skills that have bettered their lives and in pursuit for peace.

This dissertation examines the role progressive college radio played as a site of political engagement for youth in the United States in the 1980s, particularly in its connection to punk culture. Progressive college radio is defined here as a particular type of noncommercial radio broadcast from university radio stations. It inherited from educational radio a commitment to democratic communication and from community radio a commitment to localism and representing underrepresented communities. Progressive college radio continued these missions, but also applied them to music, playing music considered unmarketable by the commercial music industry and thereby representing underrepresented musicians. College radio is popularly remembered as the radio format that helped create commercial alternative rock in the 1980s. This narrative effaces the way the most progressive college stations programmed music hostile to the music industry, especially punk and its related genres, and the way that progressive DJs often felt uncomfortable being part of a farm system for the music industry, something this dissertation investigates. Through discourse analysis of archival materials from four progressive college radio stations, as well as interviews with former DJs, this dissertation reveals how station personnel understood the role of progressive college radio in relation to the music industry, punk culture, the dominant culture of the US in the 1980s, and in their own lives. By investigating how the DJs conceptualized and debated their programming and production practices, this project illustrates how progressive college radio responded to increasing music industry scrutiny and a conservative culture’s increasingly hostile and narrow conceptions of youth. This dissertation also charts the ways progressive college radio DJs mobilized punk’s do-it-yourself (DIY) mode of cultural production, amateur aesthetics, and anti-authoritarianism, to create both a physical and sonic space for self-representation and creative expression. / text