ABSTRACT REGULATORY FRAMEWORK OF THE SECTOR-SPECIFIC AND COMPETITION RULES IN THE TELECOMMUNICATIONS SECTOR IN TURKEY IN THE LIGHT OF THE EU LAW Aydemir, Duygu M.S., Department of European Studies Supervisor: Assist. Prof. Dr. Gamze As&ccedil / ioglu-&Ouml / z May 2008, 189 pages This thesis examines the role of the sector-specific rules and competition rules in the liberalized telecommunications markets. It aims to analyse the design of the legal and institutional framework of these two sets of rules in the liberalized telecommunications sector in Turkey in the light of the EU law. To this purpose, the thesis initially compares and contrasts the main characteristics of and shared responsibilities between the sector-specific and economy-wide competition rules and institutions in the post-liberalization and post-privatization period. Then, the thesis explores the EU approach on the balance of influence between these two sets of rules and institutions. Against this background, the thesis examines role, design and interaction of the sector-specific and competition rules and institutions in the recently liberalized Turkish telecommunications markets. It, also, analyses some important competition law cases concluded by the Competition Authority. The thesis has two main arguments. Firstly, it argues that liberalization and privatization in the telecommunications sector does not automatically lead to the competitive environment in the sector. Competitiveness of the markets after the postliberalization and post-privatization period critically depends on the existence of a robust, coherent, and transparent regulatory framework ensuring a smooth balance between the sector-specific and the competition rules and institutions. Second argument is that sector-specific rules have a transitional character. As telecommunications markets move towards effective competition, sector-specific regulation will be reduced and the role of the competition rules in those markets will increase.

In this study, the origin and main parameters of the Essential Facilities Doctrine are analysed through the case-law that developed out of the application of the EC Competition Rules. Besides putting forward the historical roots, the basic criteria and limitations that apply to the Doctrine are elaborated so as to clarify the legal and analytical foundations of the Doctrine in the EU context. In addition, the added value attributed to the Doctrine in realm of competition policies pursued in network-based industries is expounded with special emphasis on telecommunications sectors. With this regard, the potential role of EFD against the challenging effects of &lsquo / convergence&rsquo / phenomenon and the technological changes is discussed. At last, the effects of EFD on the competitive dynamics of Turkish telecommunications sector which is undergoing a liberalisation process are also examined with the accompanied Turkish case-law.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-15T19:33:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2011-02-24 / Fundo Mackenzie de Pesquisa / Approaches de tax credit of the State Value-Added Tax (ICMS) under de conflict nominated as tax war among States and the Federal District. Investigates the evolution of the Tax on Sales and Consignees IVC to the State Value-Added Tax ICMS, with the upcomping of the non-accumulativity, up to the current model of ICMS, a Tax of the States and the Federal District, but with national nature. Verifies whether the non-accumulativity constitutes a principle or a rule, the consequences of such classification and the update interpretation of the Judiciary Power, analyzing the formal and material conditions of the right to the credit. Questions the economic autonomy of the federal entity as a condition to the success to the model of Federation and analyzes the incentive to the economy of such entitites by means of a unilateral tax benefit, as well as the economic consequences of the tax war, concluding by the offense to the non-competition rules. It intends to analyze the initiatives adopted in the tax war, which vary from the enactment of new tax benefits until political agreements among States and the Federal District, including the discussion by means of Declaratory Suit of Unconstitutionality (Ação Direta de Inconstitucionalidade) and tax assessment against taxpayers that acquire the merchandise or service granted with unilateral tax benefit in its origin. Evaluates the favorable arguments to the right to the ICMS credit in the tax war, comparing it with the current jurisprudence of the Federal Supreme Court and with the conditions to the credit studied before. / Aborda o direito de crédito do ICMS na denominada guerra fiscal entre Estados e o Distrito Federal. Investiga a evolução do Imposto sobre Vendas e Consignações - IVC ao Imposto sobre Circulação de Mercadorias ICM, com o surgimento da não-cumulatividade, até o modelo atual do ICMS, Imposto de competência dos Estados e do Distrito Federal de caráter nacional. Verifica se a não-cumulatividade constitui princípio ou regra, as conseqüências dessa classificação e a interpretação atual do Poder Judiciário, perscrutando os requisitos formais e materiais ao direito de crédito. Questiona a autonomia econômica do ente federado como um dos pressupostos ao sucesso do modelo de federação e analisa o fomento à economia dos entes federados por meio de benefício fiscal unilateral, assim como as conseqüências econômicas da guerra fiscal, concluindo pela ofensa às regras de concorrência. Procura analisar as iniciativas adotadas na guerra fiscal na guerra fiscal, que variam desde a edição de novos benefícios fiscais unilaterais até acordos políticos entre Estados e Distrito Federal, passando pela discussão por meio de Ação Direta de Inconstitucionalidade e pela lavratura de autos de infração contra os contribuintes adquirentes de mercadoria ou serviço amparado por benefício fiscal unilateral na origem. Avalia os argumentos favoráveis ao direito de crédito na guerra fiscal, comparando-os com a atual jurisprudência do Supremo Tribunal Federal e com os requisitos do direito de crédito anteriormente estudados.

L’adaptation des ports maritimes aux nouvelles donnes du commerce international, ne peut se réaliser sans une implication des opérateurs privés dans la gestion des activités portuaires. Cette participation exige que, les activités industrielles et commerciales des ports, leur soient confiées par le biais de montages juridiques efficients. Parmi ceux-ci, les concessions portuaires apparaissent comme les outils juridiques offrant un cadre d’accueil, en termes de performance et de rentabilité des activités économiques dans les ports maritimes. Or, aujourd’hui, le problème de la qualification juridique de ces concessions portuaires semble se poser dans la mesure où règne un désordre juridique en droit administratif. Cette thèse vise, ainsi, à apporter un éclairage à la question. Son introduction générale expose, d’abord, la notion de concession portuaire et aborde ensuite l’objectif de cette étude en mettant l’accent sur sa problématique : le contrat de concession dans les ports peut-il être classé dans une famille juridique préétablie et être rattaché à une catégorie juridique préexistante ? Pour répondre à cette question, la première partie de cette thèse s’est attachée à mettre en relief la diversité des éléments caractéristiques des concessions portuaires. Cette opération d’identification a mis l’accent sur les éléments essentiels et ceux qui sont non essentiels permettant la qualification juridique des concessions portuaires. Mais, cette qualification théorique ne peut être judicieuse et cohérente que si elle est confrontée à la constante évolution de la pratique des montages concessifs réalisés par les opérateurs économiques dans les ports. C’est à cette grille d’analyse que s’est livrée la seconde partie de cette thèse. Elle a, ainsi, porté sur la diversité de la pratique concessive dans les ports maritimes français et africains. Aussi, ont été examinés les montages concessifs dans les ports français en comparaison avec ceux utilisés dans les ports européens (Anvers, Rotterdam, Hambourg) et dans les ports de l’Afrique notamment en Côte d’Ivoire, au Sénégal, au Cameroun, en Algérie et au Maroc. Cette analyse comparative qui est illustrée par des documents professionnels montre, finalement, que la qualification juridique des concessions portuaires qui est l’axe central de cette thèse est un exercice périlleux. Elle ne peut se faire qu’au cas par cas, selon les pays et en tenant compte des efforts conjugués de la doctrine, de la jurisprudence, des textes législatifs et réglementaires. / The adaptation of sea ports to the new rules of international trade can only happen with the involvement of private port managing operators. This involvement requires the entrustment of ports industrial and commercial activities, through efficient legal devices/arrangements/frameworks. Among these, port concessions seem like legal instruments providing a good setting, in terms of performance and profitability for economic activities in sea ports. However, the legal qualification/classification/characterization of these port concessions can be an issue since a legal disorder is observed in administrative law. The thesis is thus aiming at sheding light on this matter. The introduction firstly exposes the notion of port concession and then adresses the objective of this study by outlining its problematic : can port concession contracts be classified into a pre-establisehd legal group and attached to a pre-existing legal category ? To address the question, the first section of this thesis highlights the diversity characterizing port concessions. This identification process outlines the essentiel and non-essential elements, enabling the legal qualification of port concessions. However, this theoretical qualificaiton can only be wise and coherent if it adapts to the constant evolution of the use of concessive framework by the economic agents in sea ports. The second section of the thesis thus tackles the issue, by considering the diversity in use of concessions in sea ports of France and Africa. The concessive devices of French sea ports have been compared to those of other European ports (Antwerp, Rotterdam, Hamburg) and African ports, in particular in Ivory Coast, Senegal, Cameroon, Algeria and Morocco. The comparative analysis illustrated through professional documents, shows that the legal qualification of port concessions, which is the center of this thesis, is a perilous enterprise. It can be done only on a case by cas basis, according to the various countries and taking into account the joint forces of doctrine, jurisdiction, as well as legal and regulatory texts.

Les États ouest-africains ont fait de l’intégration économique la voie privilégiée pour relever le défi du développement économique dans un contexte international de plus en plus concurrentiel. Ainsi, par le biais d’organisations régionale et sous régionale, la protection du libre jeu de la concurrence est devenue un enjeu communautaire. L’intégration économique régionale ouest-africaine a donc été saisie par le droit de la concurrence. De ce fait, on assiste à l’émergence de droits régionaux de la concurrence au sein de l’Union économique et monétaire ouest africaine (UEMOA) et de la Communauté économique des États de l’Afrique de l’Ouest (CEDEAO). Chacune de ces organisations a donc mis en place un droit de la concurrence dans son espace économique. Il en résulte, vu la composition de l’UEMOA et de la CEDEAO, que ces droits communautaires ont vocation à s’appliquer aux États membres de l’Union qui font également partie de la Communauté. Cette particularité de la coexistence de ces règles communautaires de la concurrence en Afrique de l’Ouest méritait qu’on s’y attarde afin d’évaluer leur application, d’analyser l’effectivité et l’efficacité de ces droits. Cette étude comparative s’est attachée à mettre en exergue ce que renferment ces droits, à relever leurs spécificités, tout en mettant en lumière leurs insuffisances. Il apparaît nécessaire de repenser, voire de réformer certains aspects de ces droits afin d’améliorer leurs applications, gage d’une meilleure protection de la libre concurrence en Afrique de l’Ouest. / West African states have made economic integration the preferred way to deal with the challenge of economic development in an increasingly competitive international context. Thus, through regional and subregional organizations, the protection of the free movement of competition has become a community issue.West African regional economic integration has therefore been seized by competition law. From this, we note emerging competition rights in the West African Economic and Monetary Union (WAEMU) and the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS). Each of these organizations has therefore put in place a competition law in its economic area. As a result, given the composition of UEMOA and ECOWAS, these Community rights are intended to be applied to the Member States of the Union which are also part of the Community. The features of the coexistence of these Community competition law in West Africa deserved to be examined in order to evaluate their application, to analyze the effectiveness and efficiency of these rights. This comparative study intends to highlight the contain of these rights, reveal their specificities, while showing their lacks. It’s necessary to rethink or even reform some aspects of these rights to improve their applications, basis for a better protection of free competition in West Africa.