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The spallation of aluminum, chromium, and iron oxide scales is a chronic problem that critically impacts technological applications like aerospace, power plant operation, catalysis, petrochemical industry, and the fabrication of composite materials. The presence of interfacial impurities, mainly sulfur, has been reported to accelerate spallation, thereby promoting the high-temperature corrosion of metals and alloys. The precise mechanism for sulfur-induced destruction of oxides, however, is ambiguous. The objective of the present research is to elucidate the microscopic mechanism for the high-temperature corrosion of aluminum alloys in the presence of sulfur. Auger electron spectroscopy (AES), low energy electron diffraction (LEED), and scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) studies were conducted under ultrahigh vacuum (UHV) conditions on oxidized sulfur-free and sulfur-modified Al/Fe and Ni3Al(111). Evaporative deposition of aluminum onto a sulfur-covered iron surface results in the insertion of aluminum between the sulfur adlayer and the substrate, producing an Fe-Al-S interface. Aluminum oxidation at 300 K is retarded in the presence of sulfur. Oxide destabilization, and the formation of metallic aluminum are observed at temperatures > 600 K when sulfur is located at the Al2O3-Fe interface, while the sulfur-free interface is stable up to 900 K. In contrast, the thermal stability (up to at least 1100 K) of the Al2O3 formed on an Ni3Al(111) surface is unaffected by sulfur. Sulfur remains at the oxide-Ni3Al(111) interface after oxidation at 300 K. During annealing, aluminum segregation to the g ¢ -Al2O3-Ni3Al(111) interface occurs, coincident with the removal of sulfur from the interfacial region. A comparison of the results observed for the Al2O3/Fe and Al2O3/Ni3Al systems indicates that the high-temperature stability of Al2O3 films on aluminum alloys is connected with the concentration of aluminum in the alloy.

Cette étude est consacrée au développement d'outils numériques basés sur la Transformée de Fourier Rapide (TFR) en vue de la détermination des propriétés effectives des structures périodiques. La première partie est dédiée aux matériaux composites. Au premier chapitre, on présente et on compare les différentes méthodes de résolution basée sur la TFR dans le contexte linéaire. Au second chapitre on propose une approche à deux échelles, pour la détermination du comportement des composites non linéaires. La méthode couple, les techniques de résolution basées sur la TFR à l'échelle locale, une méthode d'interpolation multidimensionnelle du potentiel des déformations à l'échelle macroscopique. L'approche présente de nombreux avantages faces aux approches existantes. D'une part, elle ne nécessite aucune approximation et d'autre part, elle est parfaitement séquentielle puisqu'elle ne nécessite pas de traiter simultanément les deux échelles. La loi de comportement macroscopique obtenue a été ensuite implémentée dans un code de calcul par éléments finis. Des illustrations dans le cas d'un problème de flexion sont proposées. La deuxième partie du travail est dédiée à la formulation d'un outil numérique pour la détermination de la perméabilité des milieux poreux saturés. Au chapitre trois, on présente la démarche dans le cas des écoulements en régime quasi-statique. La méthode de résolution repose sur une formulation en contrainte du itératif basée sur la TFR, mieux adaptée pour traiter le cas des contrastes infinis. Deux extensions de cette méthode sont proposées au quatrième chapitre. La première concerne la prise en compte des effets de glissement sur la paroi de la matrice poreux. La méthodologie employée repose sur le concept d'interphase et d'interface équivalente, introduite dans le contexte de l'élasticité des composites et adaptée ici au cas des milieux poreux. Enfin, on présente l'extension de la méthode au cas des écoulements en régime dynamique. Pour cela, on propose un nouveau schéma itératif pour la prise en compte des effets d'origine inertiel / This study is devoted to developing numerical tools based on Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) for determining the effective properties of periodic structures. The first part is devoted to composite materials. In the first chapter, we present and we compare the different FFT-based methods in the context of linear composites. In the second chapter, we propose a two-scale approach for determining the behavior of nonlinear composites. The method uses both FFT-based iterative schemes at the local scale and a multidimensional interpolation of the strain potential at the macroscopic scale. This approach has many advantages over existing ones. Firstly, it requires no approximations for the determination of the macroscopic response. Moreover, it is sequential in the sense that it is not required to process both scales simultaneously. The macroscopic constitutive law has been derived and implemented in a finite element code. Some illustrations in the case of a beam bending are proposed. The second part of the work is dedicated to the formulation of a numerical tool for determining the permeability of saturated porous media. In chapter three, we present the approach in the context of quasi-static flows. To solve the problem we propose a FFT stress-based iterative scheme, better suited to handle the case of infinite contrasts. Two extensions of this method are proposed in the fourth chapter. The first concerns the slip effects which occurs at the interface between solid and fluid. The methodology use the concept of interface and the equivalent interphase, initially introduced in the context of elastic composites and adapted here to the case of porous media. Finally, we present the extension of the method in the dynamic context. We propose a new iterative scheme for taking into account the presence of inertial terms

Les surfaces et interfaces rugueuses sont rencontrées dans de nombreuses situations en mécanique et physique des solides. En particulier, une surface ou interface considérée comme lisse à une échelle donnée se révèle souvent rugueuse à autre échelle plus petite. Ce travail étudie les interfaces planes et courbées dont la rugosité peut être raisonnablement décrite comme des ondulations périodiques. Il a pour objectif de modéliser ces interfaces dans des composites et de déterminer leurs effets sur les propriétés effectives élastiques et conductrices des composites concernés. L'approche élaborée pour atteindre cet objectif consiste d'abord à utiliser l'analyse asymptotique pour modéliser une zone d'interface rugueuse comme une interphase hétérogène uniquement suivant son épaisseur et ensuite à faire appel à des schémas micromécaniques pour quantifier les influences de cette interphase sur les propriétés effectives. Ce travail considère trois types de composites dans lesquels de s interfaces périodiquement ondulées sont présentes : composites stratifiés, fibreux et à inclusions. Les résultats obtenus pour ces composites contribuent au développement de la micromécanique et apportent des solutions à des problèmes d'intérêt pratique rencontrés en physique et mécanique des matériaux hétérogènes / Rough surfaces and interfaces are encountered in many situations in mechanics and physics of solids. In particular, a surface or interface considered smooth at a given scale turns out often to be rough at another smaller scale. This work studies the flat and curved interfaces whose roughness can be reasonably described as periodic undulations. It aims to model these interfaces in composites and to determine their effects on the effective elastic and conductive properties of the composites in question. The approach elaborated to achieve this objective consists first in using asymptotic analysis to model a zone of rough interface as an interphase being heterogeneous only along its thickness direction and then in resorting to some micromechanical schemes to quantify the influences of the interphase on the effective properties. This work considers three types of composites in which periodically corrugated interfaces are present: laminated, fibrous and particulate composites. The results obtained for these composites contribute to the development of micromechanics and provide solutions to problems of practical interest encountered in physics and mechanics of heterogeneous materials

Nous proposons dans cette thèse diverses approches, pour l'amélioration de la modélisation et la simulation multi-échelle du comportement des matériaux composites. La modélisation précise et fiable de la réponse mécanique des matériaux composite demeure un défi majeur. L'objectif de ce travail est de développer des méthodologies simplifiées et basées sur des techniques d'homogénéisation existantes (numériques et analytiques) pour une prédiction efficiente du comportement non-linéaire de ces matériaux. Dans un premier temps un choix à été porté sur les techniques d'homogénéisation par champs moyens pour étudier le comportement élastoplastique et les phénomènes d'endommagement ductile dans les composites. Bien que restrictives, ces techniques demeurent les meilleures en termes de coût de calcul et d'efficacité. Deux méthodes ont été investiguées à cet effet: le Schéma Incrémental Micromécanique (SIM) en modélisation mono-site et le modèle Mori-Tanaka en modélisation multi-site (MTMS). Dans le cas d'étude du comportement élastoplastique, nous avons d'une part montré et validé par la méthode des éléments finis que la technique d'homogénéisation SIM donne un résultat plus précis de la modélisation des composites à fraction volumique élevée que celle de Mori-Tanaka, fréquemment utilisée dans la littérature. D'autre part nous avons étendu le modèle de Mori-Tanaka (M-T) généralement formulé en mono-site à la formulation en multi-site pour l'étude du comportement élastoplastique des composites à microstructure ordonnée. Cette approche montre que la formulation en multi-site produit des résultats concordants avec les solutions éléments finis et expérimentales. Dans la suite de nos travaux, le modèle d'endommagement ductile de Lemaître-Chaboche a été intégré à la modélisation du comportement élastoplastique dans les composites dans une modélisation multi-échelle basée sur le SIM. Cette dernière étude révèle la capacité du modèle SIM à capter les effets d'endommagement dans le matériau. Cependant, la question relative à la perte d'ellipticité n'a pas été abordée. Pour finir nous développons un outil d'homogénéisation numérique basé sur la méthode d'éléments finis multi-échelles (EF2) en 2D et 3D que nous introduisons dans le logiciel conventionnel ABAQUS via sa subroutine UMAT. Cette méthode (EF2) offre de nombreux avantages tels que la prise en compte de la non-linéarité du comportement et de l'évolution de la microstructure soumise à des conditions de chargement complexes. Les cas linéaires et non-linéaires ont été étudiés. L'avantage de cette démarche originale est la possibilité d'utilisation de toutes les ressources fournies par ce logiciel (un panel d'outils d'analyse ainsi qu'une librairie composée de divers comportements mécaniques, thermomécaniques ou électriques etc.) pour l'étude de problèmes multi-physiques. Ce travail a été validé dans le cas linéaire sur un exemple simple de poutre en flexion et comparé à la méthode multi-échelle ANM (Nezamabadi et al. (2009)). Un travail approfondi sera nécessaire ultérieurement avec des applications sur des problèmes non-linaires mettant en évidence la valeur de l'outil ainsi développé / We propose in this thesis several approaches for improving the multiscale modeling and simulation of composites’ behavior. Accurate and reliable modeling of the mechanical response of composite materials remains a major challenge. The objective of this work is to develop simplified methodologies based on existing homogenization techniques (numerical and analytical) for efficient prediction of nonlinear behavior of these materials. First choice has been focused on the Mean-field homogenization methods to study the elasto-plastic behavior and ductile damage phenomena in composites. Although restrictive, these techniques remain the best in terms of computational cost and efficiency. Two methods were investigated for this purpose: the Incremental Scheme Micromechanics (IMS) in One-site modeling and the Mori-Tanaka model in multi-site modeling (MTMS). In the framework of elastoplasticity, we have shown and validated by finite element method that the IMS homogenization results are more accurate, when dealing with high volume fraction composites, than the Mori-Tanaka model, frequently used in the literature. Furthermore, we have extended the Mori-Tanaka's model (MT) generally formulated in One-site to the multi-site formulation for the study of elasto-plastic behavior of composites with ordered microstructure. This approach shows that the multi-site formulation produces consistent results with respect to finite element and experimental solutions. In the continuation of our research, the Lemaître-Chaboche ductile damage model has been included to the study of elasto-plastic behavior in composite through the IMS homogenization. This latest investigation demonstrates the capability of the IMS model to capture damage effects in the material. However, the issue on the loss of ellipticity was not addressed. Finally we develop a numerical homogenization tool based on computational homogenization. This novel numerical tool works with 2D and 3D structure and is fully integrated in the conventional finite element code ABAQUS through its subroutine UMAT. The (FE2) method offers the advantage of being extremely accurate and allows the handling of more complex physics and geometrical nonlinearities. Linear and non-linear cases were studied. In addition, its combination with ABAQUS allows the use of major resources provided by this software (a panel of toolbox for various mechanical, thermomechanical and electrical analysis) for the study of multi-physics problems. This work was validated in the linear case on a two-scale analysis in bending and compared to the multi-scale method ANM (Nezamabadi et al. (2009)). Extensive work will be needed later with applications on non-linear problems to highlight the value of the developed tool

L’enjeu du projet MATTE est de proposer à terme un mode de transformation novateur utilisant des technologies parfaitement maîtrisées, pour la production haute cadence de structures composites hautes performances à fibres continues et résines thermoplastiques (composites TPFC) ou thermodure. Ce système fait partie des techniques dites Heat&Cool, bien connues dans le domaine de l’injection plastique. Il s’agit ici d’étendre ces techniques au domaine des matériaux composites structuraux. Par rapport aux moyens existant, ce procédé permettra d’intégrer en production : de nouvelles fonctions de contrôle, de réduire les consommations énergétique de l’ordre de 80%, les investissements périphériques de 30% et de tendre vers un temps de cycle complet inférieur à 3 minutes. Le procédé similaire dans les composite déjà existant est le RTM lourd, cependant il est très énergivore et ne permet de faire que de la moyen cadence dû à des cycles de cuisson assez long. Il est donc la référence pour quantifier les performances de la technologie MATTE / The issue of MATTE project is to propose an innovative process using perfectly controlled technologies for the production of structural composites high speed high performance with continuous fibers and thermoplastic resins (composites TPFC) or thermoset. This system is one of the techniques known as Heat & Cool, well known in the field of plastic injection. The aim of this technology is to extend these techniques to the field of structural composites. Compared to existing resources, this process will integrate in production: new monitoring functions, reduce energy consumption by about 80%, peripheral investments by 30% and to pursue a complete cycle time of less than 3 minutes. The similar method in the existing composite is the RTM, however, it is high energy consumption technology and do not allow high production rate. It is therefore the reference to quantify the performance of the MATTE technology

Several modifications have been implemented to numerical simulation codes based on blade element momentum theory (BEMT), for application to the design of ocean current turbine (OCT) blades. The modifications were applied in terms of section modulus and include adjustments due to core inclusion, buoyancy, and added mass. Hydrodynamic loads and mode shapes were calculated using the modified BEMT based analysis tools. A 3D model of the blade was developed using SolidWorks. The model was integrated with ANSYS and several loading scenarios, calculated from the modified simulation tools, were applied. A complete stress and failure analysis was then performed. Additionally, the rainflow counting method was used on ocean current velocity data to determine the loading histogram for fatigue analysis. A constant life diagram and cumulative fatigue damage model were used to predict the OCT blade life. Due to a critical area of fatigue failure being found in the blade adhesive joint, a statistical analysis was performed on experimental adhesive joint data. / Includes bibliography. / Thesis (M.S.)--Florida Atlantic University, 2016. / FAU Electronic Theses and Dissertations Collection

Uma das alternativas para aumentar a participação das fontes renováveis na matriz energética brasileira é a utilização do etanol. Este pode ser obtido a partir de diversas matérias primas, que no Brasil destaca-se a produção a partir da cana de açúcar. No processo de produção de etanol há vários resíduos que já vem sendo utilizados como co-produtos. De acordo com a literatura é reduzido o volume de estudos acerca do aproveitamento da palha da cana de açúcar como elemento de viabilização para cadeia produtiva. Uma das alternativas para sua utilização seria a fabricação de novos materiais compósitos. Esses materiais são uma alternativa interessante para a substituição dos materiais sintéticos amplamente utilizados pela sociedade atual, pois, além de apresentarem menor custo de produção pode reduzir a poluição causada pelos materiais sintéticos. Diante do exposto, este trabalho propõe a produção de materiais compósitos confeccionados a partir de um resíduo agroenergético da produção de etanol, a palha da cana-de-açúcar, juntamente com resina. Foram produzidos materiais com diferentes proporções de palha/resina (50/50, 30/70 e 10/90). Para a caracterização do novo material obtido foram realizados testes de densidade, umidade, absorção de água e inchamento, ensaios de compressão e flexão estática. Os resultados mostraram que os materiais obtidos apresentam propriedades físicas satisfatórias. Quanto às propriedades mecânicas, a tensão de ruptura atingiu valores entre 0,21 e 1,3 MPa, o módulo de elasticidade variou entre 760,77 e 2.500,20 MPa e o módulo de ruptura entre 1,19 a 4,17 MPa / One of the alternatives for increasing the participation of renewable sources in the Brazilian energy matrix is the use of ethanol. This can be obtained from various raw materials, which in Brazil is the production from sugarcane that stands out. In the ethanol production process there are several waste which has been used as co-products. According to the literature about GMPs, practically no studies exist on sugarcane straw as an element of feasibility to production chain. One of the alternatives for its use would be the manufacture of new composite materials. These materials are an interesting alternative to the replacement of synthetic materials widely used by current society, because, besides having a lower cost of production, it can also reduce pollution by synthetic materials. Given the above, this paper proposes the production of composite materials made from a agroenergy residue in the production of ethanol from sugarcane straw, along with resin. Materials were produced with different proportions of straw/resin (50/50, 30/70 and 10/90). For the characterization of the new material obtained were performed tests of density, humidity, water absorption and swelling, compression and bending. The results showed that the materials obtained have satisfactory physical properties. Regarding mechanical properties, the breakdown voltage reached values between 0.21 and 1.3 MPa, the modulus of elasticity ranged between 2,500 and 760.77 MPa and the modulus of rupture between 1.19 to 4.17 MPa.

Guadua angustifolia Kunth (Guadua) is a bamboo species native to South and Central America that has been widely used for structural applications in small and large-scale buildings, bridges and temporary structures. Currently, its structural use is regulated within seismic resistant building codes in countries such as Peru and Colombia. Nevertheless, Guadua remains a material for vernacular construction associated with high levels of manual labour and structural unpredictability. Guadua buildings are limited to two storeys due to the overall flexibility of the slender and hollow culms and its connection systems. Its axial specific stiffness is comparable to that of steel and hardwoods, but unlike wood, Guadua’s hollow structure and lack of ray cells render it prone to buckling along the grain and to transverse crushing. As a result, Guadua’s mainstream use in construction and transformation into standard sizes or engineered Guadua products is scarce. Therefore, this work focussed on the development of standardised flat industrial structural products from Guadua devising replicable manufacturing technologies and engineering methods to measure and predict their mechanical behaviour. Cross-laminated Guadua panels were developed using thermohydro-mechanically modified and laminated flat Guadua strips glued with a high performance resin. Guadua was subjected to thermo-hydro-mechanical (THM) treatments that modified its microstructure and mechanical properties. THM treatment was applied to Guadua with the aim of tackling the difficulties in the fabrication of standardised construction materials and to gain a uniform fibre content profile that facilitated prediction of mechanical properties for structural design. Densified homogenous flat Guadua strips (FGS) were obtained. Elastic properties of FGS were determined in tension, compression and shear using small-clear specimens. These properties were used to predict the structural behaviour of G-XLam panels comprised of three and five layers (G-XLam3 and G-XLam5) by numerical methods. The panels were assumed as multi-layered systems composed of contiguous lamellas with orthotropic axes orientated at 0º and 90º. A finite element (FE) model was developed, and successfully simulated the response of G-XLam3 & 5 panels virtually loaded with the same boundary conditions as the following experimental tests on full-scale panels. G-XLam3 and G-XLam5 were manufactured and their mechanical properties evaluated by testing large specimens in compression, shear and bending. Results from numerical, FE predictions and mechanical testing demonstrated comparable results. Finally, design and manufacturing aspects of the G-XLam panels were discussed and examples of their architectural and structural use in construction applications such as mid-rise buildings, grid shells and vaults are presented. Overall, this research studies THM treatments applied to Guadua in order to produce standardised engineered Guadua products (EGP), and provides guidelines for manufacturing, testing, and for the structural analysis and design with G-XLam panels. These factors are of key importance for the use of Guadua as a mainstream material in construction.

Materiais compósitos laminados possuem uma alta eficiência estrutural, mas que é comprometida pela baixa resistência a cargas de impacto. O objetivo deste trabalho é o desenvolvimento de uma metodologia de simulação numérica para a estimativa de danos causados por cargas de impacto a baixas velocidades em placas de material compósito laminado. Ensaios experimentais foram realizados em placas reforçadas com tecidos de fibra de carbono e matriz de resina epóxi. Foram avaliadas três espessuras. Os carregamentos de impacto com uma massa em queda livre foram pontuais e transversais à placa, com intervalos de energia variando entre 5J e 94J, com velocidades inferiores a 6 m/s. As simulações numéricas utilizaram um programa comercial de elementos finitos com integração explícita. Foram avaliados dois critérios de falha da lâmina. O primeiro é o critério de máxima tensão. O segundo é uma proposta de modificação no critério de falha de Hashin, para sua aplicação em laminados reforçados com tecidos bidirecionais. Também foram avaliados quatro diferentes critérios de degradação da lâmina. As evoluções das forças de contato entre o impactador e a placa foram muito bem representadas numericamente. As áreas e os comprimentos dos danos numéricos foram similares ou maiores que os medidos nos resultados experimentais. / Laminate composite materials have high structural efficiency, however it is jeopardized due the low strength to impact loads. The objective of this work is to develop a numerical simulation methodology that estimates the damage in laminate plates caused by low velocity impact. Experimental tests were performed on laminate plates reinforced with weaven carbon fibers and epoxi resine. Three thickness plates were evaluated. The impact loads were transversal and punctual. They were done with drop-test, the impact energy range is between 5J and 94J, and the velocities were lower than 6m/s. The numerical simulations were done with FEM commercial code with explict integration. Two lamina failure criteria were evaluated. The first is the maximum stress. The second is a proposed modification of the Hashin failure criterion in order to be applied on the fabric laminates. Four lamina degradation criteria were evaluated too. The numerical contatct loads between the plate and impactor were well represented. The numerical damaged areas and lengths were similar or greater than the experimental results.