Compartment fire scenarios are of great interest due to the large loss of life and property that occurs annually in such fires. Due to the current move towards performance-based building code standards and the increasing acceptance by the regulatory system of model results, there is a growing need for detailed compartment fire data to demonstrate the accuracy of such engineering tools as they are used to ascertain performance. A series of carefully designed full-scale room/corner tests on two vinyl ester resin composite systems have been conducted in a heavily instrumented compartment to provide compartment fire data for the calibration of engineering tools. The two composite systems were chosen based on their thermal behavior. A nominally thermally-thick glass-reinforced plastic (GRP) skin was desirable, as many analytical formulations have been developed using semi-infinite assumptions. A "thermally-thin" skin panel typical of that used in fast ferry construction, consisting of a GRP skin over a balsa core, was also tested. The test protocol used throughout the room/corner experiments was a modification of the ISO 9705 standard where the HRR of the ignition fire was varied according to the Critical Ignition Source Strength concept. To date, there has been little work done where heat fluxes from compartment fires have been measured. Therefore, one of the key data components developed in this series of tests are heat flux measurements from thin skin calorimeters. A total of twenty-five thin skin calorimeters, constructed of Inconel plates, were located throughout the room: the spatial distribution of net and incident heat fluxes within compartment for both pre- and post-flashover conditions have been determined. Additionally, rakes of bare-bead thermocouples were placed in the vent and the corner of the room coincident with the thin skin calorimeter arrays. A third rake was placed in the center of the room. The thermocouple arrays provide data regarding layer temperatures and interface heights as well as a limited determination of temperature spatial distribution within the compartment. The thermocouple rakes also permit calculation of pressure gradients across and mass flows through the vent, thus providing information regarding wall lining fire entrainment rates, of use in corner fire algorithm validations and for globally evaluating the accuracy of CFD codes. Bench-scale cone calorimeter (ASTM E1354, ISO 5660) tests have been carried out on the two composite systems to gather material fire properties necessary as model inputs for fire spread algorithms. The present study developed material properties including heat release rate, species production, and ignition data for the two composite systems. Included are uncertainty bands that account for calculation and instrument uncertainty.

Submitted by Fabricia Fialho Reginato (fabriciar) on 2015-07-17T00:54:53Z No. of bitstreams: 1 GuilhermeBorges.pdf: 4510537 bytes, checksum: dc5e56dcec51dae169af4d154ba5edd5 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-07-17T00:54:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 GuilhermeBorges.pdf: 4510537 bytes, checksum: dc5e56dcec51dae169af4d154ba5edd5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-12-27 / Nenhuma / A geração de resíduos está diretamente relacionada com o equilíbrio ecológico e com a própria sobrevivência do homem. A sociedade de consumo atual ainda tem o vício de extrair da natureza à matéria prima a qual é transformada em diversos produtos, e depois de usá-la, os resíduos são descartados, muitas vezes, em áreas inapropriadas, caracterizando uma relação predatória com o meio ambiente. Assim, uma grande quantidade de materiais recicláveis que poderiam ser reciclados e/ou reaproveitados, a partir dos resíduos gerados, são inutilizados ou desvalorizados em função de seu destino final em aterros industriais. Neste contexto, o setor da agroindústria é um grande gerador de resíduos através da casca de arroz (CA) quando esta é transformada em energia gerando como excedente a cinza de casca de arroz (CCA). Frente a esta realidade é proposto um estudo da utilização da CCA, oriunda da queima de CA, na confecção de compósitos utilizando termorrígidos como matrizes, promovendo a sua reciclagem para a elaboração de novos produtos que tenham utilidade comercial e valor agregado. Assim pensando, procurou-se ressaltar a utilidade contida na confecção de compósitos de CCA, como matéria prima, por exemplo, para encapsulamento de semicondutores. Neste sentido, as propriedades químicas e físicas do compósito de Epóxi com CCA foram avaliadas em comparação com o compósito de Epóxi contendo sílica natural, na qual é matéria prima para encapsulamento de semicondutores. De acordo com os resultados dos ensaios realizados na matéria prima, compósitos da CCA e a sílica natural conclui-se que as propriedades dos dois materiais são semelhantes, apresentando algumas diferenças como a viscosidade, absorção de água, tração e flexão em que os valores da CCA para estes ensaios são maiores comparados com a sílica natural. Estas propriedades poderiam resultar em um produto não compatível com as exigências estabelecidas para o encapsulamento de semicondutores. O controle destas propriedades, como uma granulometria adequada da CCA para obter uma viscosidade próxima da sílica natural, a utilização de CCA na forma de estrutura cristalina o que favorece uma forma mais compacta, diminuindo a tendência de absorção de água são formas de aproximar as características da CCA com a sílica natural, o que indica a possibilidade de utilização da CCA em substituição a sílica natural como matéria prima para compósitos de engenharia, por exemplo, no encapsulamento de semicondutores. / The generation of waste is direct related with the ecological balance and with man own survival. The present consumer society of today also has the habit to extract raw material which is transformed in different products and after used the exceeding they are discarded in appropriate areas, attributing a predatory relation with the environment. Then, these big quantities of recycled products that could be useful from the waste generation are useless or worthless in its end. In this context it worth to remind that the agricultural and industrial sectors are big generators of waste throughout of the Rice Husk (RH), when this becomes energy generating exceed for Rice Husk Ashes (RHA). On the face of this reality is propose a study about the utilization of the (RHA), natural residual originated from the burn of Rice Husk (RH), in the production of “composites” using “thermoset” like matrixes, simplifying its recycling and in simultaneously promoting the production of new products has commercial use and value associated. Assuming so, we aim to point out the utility of using “composites” (RHA) to elaborate a study aimed the use of “composites” as raw material to cover semiconductors. For this aspect of the study, it worth to, of the chemical and physical properties of the composites of “Epoxy” with natural “silica, which is raw material to cover semiconductors. According to the test results of raw materials and of composites CCA and natural silica and concluded that the properties of the two materials are similar, with some differences as viscosity, water absorption, tensile and flexural wherein the of CCA for these assays are larger compared to natural silica. The control of these properties, such as a particle size suitable for CCA a viscosity close to natural silica, the use of CCA in the form of crystalline structure which favors a more compact form, thus reducing the tendency for water absorption are ways of approximating the characteristics CCA with natural silica, resulting in the possibility of using silica CCA substituting natural raw materials for semiconductor encapsulation.

Contraint de respecter les réglementations environnementales concernant les émissions de CO2, les industriels du secteur automobile se doivent de lever certains verrous technologiques associés à l’allègement des structures au sein de leur véhicule. L’introduction des matériaux composites dans le développement et la production de pièces structurantes est envisagée comme étant une des solutions les plus efficaces à moyen et long terme. L’optimisation des coûts matière, caractéristique de cette industrie de masse, nécessite de maîtriser le comportement physique de matériaux composites à matrice thermoplastique et à fibres de verre continues tissées. En termes de coût et de variétés d’applications, ces derniers sont considérés aujourd’hui comme une alternative pertinente aux onéreux composites utilisés dans l’aéronautique. Un renfort de porte pour crash latéral a été ainsi développé et les travaux présentés dans cette thèse sont une contribution à la compréhension, la caractérisation et à la prédiction numérique du comportement jusqu’à rupture de cette pièce, qui lors d’un crash est soumise à de forts gradients de vitesses. Au regard de l’absence de normalisation ou de consensus liés aux essais dynamiques sur matériaux composites, nous proposons une procédure expérimentale robuste, garantissant la représentativité de la caractérisation du comportement sur un spectre de vitesses quasi-statiques et dynamiques. La validation des étapes de la procédure et l’utilisation d’un montage d’essais dynamiques développé dans ces travaux permettent d’aboutir à une base de données riche, et utile à une procédure d’identification des paramètres d’un modèle phénoménologique prenant en compte l’influence de la vitesse sur l’évolution des phénomènes dissipatifs jusqu’à rupture. Fort d’une identification majoritairement directe, la précision de la réponse numérique issue de la loi de comportement identifiée est évaluée et validée à l’aide de calculs de structures faisant intervenir d’importants gradients matériels et structurels. / Car manufacturers are looking for solutions to lighten their vehicles in order to meet pollutant emission requirements – for thermal engines – or to extend their range – for electric vehicles. Composite materials, among other solutions, offer excellent strength and durability. However increased per unit cost and manufacturing time are among the main drawbacks material producers have to overcome in order to make composite solutions viable for mass-market production. In that prospect, woven glass fibers and thermoplastic matrices respectively are more serious contenders than aeronautic-grade composites. The objective application is a door reinforcement module, whose main function is to act as a safety net, adding its own stiffness and strength to that of the steel door and preventing any foreign object from entering the passenger compartment. A main preoccupation is therefore the constitutive behavior of that material under strain rates varying from 10-3 s-1 to approximately 50 s-1. The study objective is to develop a physically-based constitutive law modelling in order to take into account strain-rate sensitivity on behavior. A new and consistent experimental procedure aiming at capturing the influence of speed solicitation on non-linear internal mechanisms is developed and allows identifying non-linear constitutive law parameters over a wide range of strain rates until failure. Resulting mainly from direct evaluations and direct identification procedure, the accuracy of the implemented constitutive law is guaranteed through numerical computations involving effects of material and structural heterogeneities.

Ce travail se propose de caractériser thermiquement des composites à microstructures complexes. Il s’agit de développer des méthodes d’estimation permettant d’identifier les propriétés thermiques des différentes phases en présence, ainsi que celles associées à leurs interfaces, à partir de mesures issues de la thermographie infrarouge. Cette estimation paramétrique nécessite la connaissance au préalable de la structure géométrique de l’échantillon. Le premier objectif concerne donc l’identification de la structure de l’échantillon testé par la discrimination des différentes phases et interfaces. Une fois la structure de l’échantillon connue, le second objectif est l’identification des paramètres thermiques des différents constituants ainsi que ceux de leurs interfaces. On se propose d’exploiter deux tests spécifiques utilisant le même dispositif expérimental. Deux méthodes mathématiques différentes ont été développées et utilisées pour exploiter les mesures de champ issues du premier test et permettre de retrouver la microstructure de l’échantillon. La première est fondée sur la décomposition en valeurs singulières des données de températures recueillies. Il est montré que cette méthode permet d’obtenir des représentations de la microstructure de très bonne qualité à partir de mesures même fortement bruitées. La seconde méthode permet de raffiner les résultats obtenus à l’aide de la méthode précédente. Elle repose sur la résolution d’un problème d’optimisation sous contraintes en exploitant la technique dite Level-Set pour identifier les frontières des différents constituants de l’échantillon. L’étape d’identification des propriétés thermiques des constituants et des interfaces exploite les mesures de champs issues du second test expérimental. La méthode développée, la SVD-FT combine des techniques de décompositions en valeurs singulières avec desfonctions tests particulières pour dériver des estimateurs linéaires des propriétés recherchées.Cette méthode permet de limiter les effets du bruit de mesure sur la qualité de l’estimation et de s’affranchir des opérations de filtrage des données. / This work reports on the thermal characterization of composites with a complex microstructure. It aims at developping mathematical methods to identify the thermal properties of the constituants and thoses associate at their interfaces. The first step consistsin discriminating the microstructure of the sample to be tested. Then, when the sample structure is known, the second step consists in estimating the thermal parameters of the different phases and those at their interfaces. One experimental device has been set up to realize those two steps. Two mathematical methods have been developped and used to discriminate the microstructure based on the images of the sample recorded bu an infrared camera. The first method is based on the singular value decomposition of the temperature data. It has been shown that this method gives a very good representation of the microstructure even with very noisy data. The second method allows to refine the results obtained by the first one. This method is based on the resolution of an optimization problem under constraints and use a Level-Set technic to identify the boundary of each phase. To estimate the thermal properties of each phase and its interface, the infrared images of the second experiment have been used. The SVD-FT method developed in this work combines the singular values decomposition technic with particular tests functions to derive linear estimat or for the thermal properties. As a result, a significant amplification of the signal/noise ratios is reached.

The success of harnessing energy from ocean current will require a reliable structural design of turbine blade that is used for energy extraction. In this study we are particularly focusing on the fatigue life of a 3m length ocean current turbine blade. The blade consists of sandwich construction having polymeric foam as core, and carbon/epoxy as face sheet. Repetitive loads (Fatigue) on the blade have been formulated from the randomness of the ocean current associated with turbulence and also from velocity shear. These varying forces will cause a cyclic variation of bending and shear stresses subjecting to the blade to fatigue. Rainflow Counting algorithm has been used to count the number of cycles within a specific mean and amplitude that will act on the blade from random loading data. Finite Element code ANSYS has been used to develop an S-N diagram with a frequency of 1 Hz and loading ratio 0.1 Number of specific load cycles from Rainflow Counting in conjunction with S-N diagram from ANSYS has been utilized to calculate fatigue damage up to 30 years by Palmgren-Miner's linear hypothesis. / by Mohammad Wasim Akram. / Thesis (M.S.C.S.)--Florida Atlantic University, 2010. / Includes bibliography. / Electronic reproduction. Boca Raton, Fla., 2010. Mode of access: World Wide Web.

Organic electronics is the study of organic materials with electronic functionality and the applications of such materials. In the 1970s, the discovery that polymers can be made electrically conductive led to an explosion within this field which has continued to grow year by year. One of the attractive features of organic electronic materials is their inherent mechanical flexibility, which has led to the development of numerous flexible electronics technologies such as organic light emitting diodes and solar cells on flexible substrates. The possibility to produce electronics on flexible substrates like plastic or paper has also had a large impact on the field of printed, electronics where inks with electronic functionality are used for large area fabrication of electronic devices using classical printing methods, such as screen printing, inkjet printing and flexography. Recently, there has been a growing interest in the use of cellulose in organic and printed electronics, not only as a paper substrate but also as a component in composite materials where the cellulose provides mechanical strength and favorable 3D-microstructures. Nanofibrillated cellulose is composed of cellulose fibers with high aspect-ratio and diameters in the nanometer range. Due to its remarkable mechanical strength, large area-to-volume ratio, optical transparency and solution processability it has been widely used as a scaffold or binder for electronically active materials in applications such as batteries, supercapacitors and optoelectronics. The focus of this thesis is on flexible devices based on conductive polymers and can be divided into two parts: (1) Composite materials of nanofibrillated cellulose and the conductive polymer PEDOT:PSS and (2) patterning of vapor phase polymerized conductive polymers. In the first part, it is demonstrated how the combination of cellulose and conductive polymers can be used to make electronic materials of various form factors and functionality. Thick, freestanding and flexible “papers” are used to realize electrochemical devices such as transistors and supercapacitors while lightweight, porous and elastic aerogels are used for sensor applications. The second focus of the thesis is on a novel method of patterning conductive polymers produced by vapor phase polymerization using UV-light. This method is used to realize flexible electrochromic smart windows with high-resolution images and tunable optical contrast.

Les structures constructives de type Gridshells sont réalisées à partir d'une grille régulière plane que l'on déforme élastiquement, puis que l'on rigidifie dans la position souhaitée. Les Gridshells en matériaux composites ont été développés et étudiés depuis plusieurs années au laboratoire Navier. La thèse propose, à travers un historique des réalisations Navier, un retour d'expérience. Elle identifie également les aspects à mieux maîtriser, d'un point de vue simulation numérique ou d'un point de vue matériau et technologie. La thèse détaille alors des développements numériques nouveaux permettant l'analyse ultime de la structure, prise en compte des ruptures de barres (robustesse), et permettant la prise en compte de la torsion dans des poutres anisotropes, c'est-à-dire à section quelconque. Dans le premier chapitre on traite ainsi du contexte dans lequel s'inscrivent les travaux sur les gridshells. La conception des gridshells au laboratoire Navier y est détaillée. En particulier, la méthode numérique historiquement utilisée, à savoir la méthode de relaxation dynamique, est présentée. Le second chapitre présente les réalisations du laboratoire Navier. Plusieurs prototypes ont été réalisés durant les dix dernières années. Les deux dernières structures, le gridshell de Solidays et la Cathédrale Ephémère de Créteil, ont été conçues et fabriquées pour accueillir du public. Les choix importants de conception et de fabrication de ces gridshells sont détaillés, avec un accent sur les avancées technologiques et sur les retours d'expérience. Le troisième chapitre traite du comportement des gridshells en matériaux composites. La démarche a été d'investiguer le comportement du gridshell pour comprendre les processus d'endommagement des gridshells. On montre que le flambement conditionne la robustesse des gridshells. En effet, les résultats de l'étude montrent que lorsque le gridshell a été bien dimensionné et que les risques de flambement de la structure sont écartés, la structure se comporte de manière robuste, du fait de sa forte redondance. Finalement, le dernier chapitre traite d'un nouveau modèle de poutre permettant de prendre en compte la torsion dans les poutres de section quelconque. Dans les précédents chapitres, il est souligné que la non prise en compte de la torsion peut-être préjudiciable pour diverses raisons, sous-estimation des contraintes, méconnaissance des efforts de jonctions, erreur sur la géométrie. Dans ce chapitre, le modèle de poutre est un modèle à quatre degrés de liberté, à la manière des travaux de Basile Audoly et Ethan Grinspun. La simulation numérique, à nouveau réalisée à l'aide d'un algorithme de relaxation dynamique, permet d'obtenir les configurations d'équilibre de structures fortement réticulées telles que les gridshells. Une des particularités de ce travail est que le modèle de poutre est développé en continu jusqu'à l'obtention des efforts intérieurs. Le modèle est ensuite discrétisé et implémenté de manière à pouvoir être utilisé. Une sous-étape permet d'ajouter des forces et des moments extérieurs. Pour des poutres de section rectangulaire, les résultats du modèle sont comparés à un logiciel élément fini et donnent de bons résultats en termes de précision et de temps de calcul. Finalement la méthode numérique est appliquée à des structures composées de poutres connectées. La transmission des efforts au niveau des connexions est implémentée. L'excentricité des connexions est également modélisée ce qui permet d'obtenir de précieuses informations sur les efforts transitant au sein des connexions. Grâce à ces travaux, il devient possible d'utiliser la richesse de forme que peuvent offrir les poutres élancées présentant deux inerties en flexion différentes / The structures like gridshells are structures made of a plane regular grid which is elastically deformed and then stiffened in the wished configuration. The composite materials gridshells have been developed and studied for several years at Navier laboratory. The thesis offer a feedback, through a history of Navier realisations. It also precise the points to improve, in numerical simulation or about materials or technological aspects. Then, the thesis explains the new numerical developments that make possible the ultimate analysis of the structure, taking account the ruptures of beams (robustness), and that makes possible the consideration of the torsion in anisotropic beams, that is to say beams with any cross-section. In the first chapter the context of the work is presented. This chapter explains how the Navier laboratory designs and builds gridshells. In particular, the numerical method historically used - the dynamic relaxation method - is presented. The second chapter presents the gridshell realisations of the Navier laboratory. Several prototypes have been built during the past ten years. The two last ones, the Solidays gridshell and the Ephemeral Cathedral of Creteil, have been designed to shelter public. The important choices during design and fabrication are detailed with an accent on technological progresses and feedbacks. The third chapter deals with the behaviour of composite materials gridhsells. The approach was to investigate the behaviour of the gridshell to understand the processes of damage. It is shown that buckling is particularly dangerous for the gridshell. The results of the study shows that when the gridshell has been well designed and in particular if buckling is avoided, the gridshell behave in a robust manner, thanks to its redundancy. Finally the last chapter deals with a new beam model, able to take into account torsion, for beams with any section. In the previous chapters it was underlined that the consideration of torsion aspects was lacking and has various consequences – incorrect estimation of stress, ignorance of forces and moments in connections, imprecision in geometry. In this chapter, the model of beams used is a four degrees of freedom model, similar to the ones presented by Basile Audoly and Ethan Grinspun. The numerical simulation, performed once again thanks to a dynamic relaxation algorithm, is able to provide equilibrium configurations of highly reticulated structures as gridshells. One of the particularity of this work is the fact that the model is a continuous model, only discretized for numerical simulations. The external forces and moments can be implemented. For beams with rectangular cross-section, the results of the model are compared to finite element modelling simulations. The results are satisfying in term of accuracy and computational time. Finally the numerical method is applied to structures made of interconnected beams. The connections are modelled and the efforts through them are provided by the model. This provides important information about how to design the connections. Thanks to these work it become possible to use the large possibility of shapes offered by slender beams whose flexural inertias are different

L’industrie aéronautique est basée sur le compromis entre les performances et les prix. L’objectif principal est de réduire la masse dans le but d’augmenter le rayon d’action ou la masse utile. Ce document présente une façon innovante de concevoir des matériaux composites basée sur une nouvelle technologie textile et par conséquent une nouvelle stratégie de conception. Je vais me focaliser sur deux applications industrielles qui consistent à ajouter de nouvelles fonctions à des matériaux composites pour réduire le nombre de pièce et donc la masse globale. La seconde application est orientée vers les pièces aux surfaces non développables. Dans cette application, je montrerai comment il est possible d’ajouter des propriétés mécaniques à de nouvelles architectures textiles dans le but d’obtenir un meilleur rapport masse/performance. / Aeronautical industry is made of compromises between the performances and the costs. The main goal is to reduce the mass in order to increase either the flight range or the useful mass. This document presents the innovative way to design composite materials based on a new textile technology and as a consequence a new way of design strategy. I’ll focus on two industrial applications which consist in adding new features to composite materials in order to reduce the number of parts and so on the global mass. The first application is the conception of a thermally conductive composite material which could allow a new way to design on flight computers andelectronic devices. The second application is focused on the non developable shape parts. In this application, I’ll show how we have added mechanical properties to new textile architectures in order to obtain a better mass/performance factor.

A Mecânica do Dano Contínuo (MDC) teve importante desenvolvimento desde os trabalhos iniciais de Kachanov e Rabotnov sendo uma ferramenta prática para considerar processos de danificação em materiais e estruturas em nível de contínuo macroscópico. Neste trabalho, apresenta-se uma aplicação da teoria do dano anisotrópico baseada em teorias desenvolvidas a partir dos trabalhos de Murakami. Nas formulações apresentadas, o tensor de dano de quarta ordem M (que relaciona tensões aplicadas e tensões efetivas) é determinado com base no tensor Ω (densidade de área tridimensional devida ao dano) que, por sua vez, pode ser determinado com base em dados experimentais. São propostas três formulações teóricas que são transformadas em formulações incrementais e incorporadas em um programa computacional de elementos finitos (para placas e cascas laminadas em material compósito) que considera efeitos geométricos não-lineares. A primeira e segunda formulação são casos particulares da terceira formulação que é um modelo termodinâmico tridimensional. As forças termodinâmicas associadas à evolução do tensor de dano são deduzidas a partir da expressão da dissipação intrínseca. Um critério fenomenológico para o dano é proposto. Em consistência com a positividade da dissipação intrínseca é adotada uma regra de normalidade para a evolução da força termodinâmica. Também é proposta, baseada em dados experimentais, uma lei para o encruamento associada ao processo de dano. Os modelos são validados comparando resultados numéricos a soluções analíticas ou a resultados experimentais. A formulação viscoelástica é definida do dano elástico e por componentes viscoelásticas representadas no formato de variáveis de estado e, posteriormente, validadas através de resultados experimentais. / The Continuum Damage Mechanics (CDM) had important development since the initial works of Kachanov and Rabotnov and constitutes now a practical tool to account for macroscopic damage in materials and structures. In this work, an application of an anisotropic damage theory based in Murakami theory is presented. In the formulations presented here, the fourth order damage tensor M (that relates Cauchy stress and effective stress) is determined on the basis of the tensor Ω (damaged three-dimensional area density) that, can be determined through experimental data. The three theoretical formulations presented here are transformed into incremental formulations and implemented in a finite element program (for plates and shell structures in composite material) taking account of geometrically non-linear effects. The first and second formulations are particular cases of the third formularization that is a tridimensional model for continuous damage formulated. The thermodynamic force associated with the evolution of the damage tensor is deduced from the expression of the intrinsic dissipation. A phenomenological criterion for damage yielding is proposed. In consistence with the positivity of the intrinsic dissipation, a normality rule is adopted for the evolution of the thermodynamic force. In addition, a hardening law associated with the damage process is identified from available experiment results. The models are validated by comparison with closed-form solutions or with experiment results. The viscoelastic formulation is defined through damage elastic and viscous components and set in a state variables format and then validated by comparison with experimental creep tests.

La mise en forme des pièces composites par Resin Transfert Molding (RTM) nécessite de maîtriser, en autre, deux étapes clés : la déformation à sec du renfort et l’injection de la résine. Dans une démarche d’optimisation du procédé, la simulation numérique est un outil incontournable. Ces travaux de thèse s’inscrivent dans cette thématique avec deux contributions essentielles : Mésomécanique : les renforts textiles sont des milieux poreux périodiques. Ces caractéristiques incitent à les modéliser à l’échelle mésoscopique, où le modèle géométrique se réduit à un Volume Elémentaire Représentatif (VER). A cette échelle, le problème de référence à résoudre est fortement non linéaire : comportement non linéaire des mèches, grandes transformations et contact entre mèches. La résolution par une méthode élément fini se heurte à une problématique : la formation de surfaces de contact entre le VER et ses voisins. Une partie de la déformation provient de ce contact formé aux frontières de la période. Aucune solution robuste ne permet à l’heure actuelle de prendre en compte ce contact. Le premier objectif de cette thèse est d’apporter une solution à cette problématique. Etude de perméabilité : la qualité des pièces composites en fin de chaîne de production dépend en partie du processus d’assemblage matrice/renfort. L’un des paramètres qui conditionne le bon déroulement de cet assemblage est la perméabilité du renfort. Expérimentalement, c’est une propriété très difficile à estimer. La simulation numérique est un moyen alternatif d’y accéder, avec la possibilité d’imposer des conditions aux limites parfaites au sens mathématique. De nombreuses études ont été réalisées dans le cas 2D. Le second objectif de cette thèse est de proposer en parti une méthode pour estimer par le calcul la perméabilité d’un renfort 3D. / The manufacture of composite parts by Resin Transfert Molding (RTM) requires to control two main phases: the shaping of the dry reinforcement and the injection of the matrix. Numerical simulation is a powerful tool when it comes to find the right set of parameters needed to obtain a part without non conformity. These research works where performed in this specific field with two main contributions: Mesomechanic: textile fabrics are periodic porous media. Modelling these materials at the mesoscale permit to reduce the geometrical model to a Representative Volume Element (RVE). At this scale the boundary value problem to solve is highly nonlinear: non linear behavior of the yarns, large deformations and contact. Solving this problem with a Finite Element Method include dealing with contact surface generation between the RVE and its neighbors. Part of the RVE yarns deformation is coming from these multiple contacts at the borders. There is no methods yet that solve this issue. The first objective of this thesis is to produce one. Permeability: the quality of the composite part at the end of the manufacturing process depends also of the matrix/reinforcement assembly. One of the parameters that influence the efficiency of this linkage is the permeability of the reinforcement. Measuring permeability throughout experiments is not easy. Numerical simulation offers another way to estimate the permeability of a textile fabric. Numerous works have been performed in this subject especially on 2D textiles. The second objective of this thesis is to propose a method for the numerical estimation of the permeability tensor of 2D and 3D textiles.