This thesis describes a number of compositions in which the objective was to investigate whether, and how far, the organisation of light can function as an extension of musical expression in the non-figurative visual realm. I explore the extent to which sound and light are compatible as media, in the sense of both being able to communicate a common set of ideas. The thesis begins by placing the discussion in a historical context, with an overview of the history of analogies between sound and light from Antiquity to the 19th century, as well as the history of Light Art. The second part of the thesis describes synaesthesia as a historically developed aesthetic concept and as a field of research that reveals interesting facts about the neuronal processing of stimulations from the senses. The third part forms the core of the research. It leads from a general historic discussion to more specific problems that emerged in my own work with sound and light. Light is a medium strongly characterised by purity; at first, light therefore seemed an inappropriate medium in which to offer plausible translations of different degrees of sonic noise. However, because of the importance that the inclusion of noise has taken in music since the 20th century, this would have meant a severe handicap in looking for a homological relationship between sound and light in artistic contexts. From a discussion of the broad implications the idea of dirt has in social and cultural contexts, the focus is eventually reduced to the aesthetic problem at hand. By means of a classification of three different sorts of noise, a more differentiated understanding becomes possible of the various functions that noise can have. Corresponding forms of ‘dirty light’ eventually become conceivable and artistically applicable. In the fourth part, six compositions and one audiovisual installation are discussed. Each of these works explores different relationships between the visual and sonic component. When appropriate, the various concepts of ‘dirty light’ that have been derived in the third part are reflected in the form of concrete examples. After discussing each work individually, certain practical problems are addressed that surfaced repeatedly under different performance circumstances. In the fifth part I pose the question of how far events that are conceived to be musical have to be based on sonic events. Common definitions of music that describe sonic events as its exclusive concern are questioned and a number of examples of music are discussed where the sonic outcome is hardly audible or even completely silent. I propose a notion that conceives music as a larger field of activity in which visual manifestations form an integral part. The seven audiovisual works form the practical component of this dissertation. As a result of this research a more differentiated understanding of the nature of the coupling of sound and light has emerged, alongside a comprehension of the at times strongly differing views on the general nature of cross-disciplinary works.

Methods and ideas for the creation of ‘transparent’ music in the classroom The aims of this port-folio are as follows;  To provide a coherent sequence of pieces and methods which can be used to create music in an educational context and also encourage students and teachers to develop their own creativity.  To provide pieces which develop student’s confidence in their own ability to create music in a variety of ways including composition, improvisation and creative leadership.  To provide exercises and pieces which help to develop the listening and appreciation skills essential for ensemble musicmaking.  To provide methods that enable the creation of ‘transparent music’. This is music in which the some, or all, of the decision making involved in the creation of a piece is accessible and apparent to an audience during its performance. This submission consists of a teaching book containing thirteen pieces/exercises, instructions giving guidance on their possible use in a teaching context and recorded examples. Also included are separate instructions where appropriate for the use of pieces in a concert or other non-educational setting and two essays giving context and background information on the ideas behind the pieces.

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This dissertation interrogates the nature of composers as aesthetic agents re-orienting from the socio-cultural contexts of the Weimar Republic (1919-1932) to those of the Third Reich in Germany (1933-1945). Work in the sociology of culture, sociology of arts and sociology of music has focused on cultural consumption, including music, as bound up in the reflexive projects by individuals and groups to constitute and reconstitute their social reality. Within my research I focus on the creation of cultural artefacts, in this case ‘works’ in the Western art music tradition, as central to processes of aesthetic agency where composers are engaged in reflexive projects of constituting and reconstituting their social reality and acting within those constructs. To begin the opening historical chaper, ‘Mortification of Modernism’, uses Goffman’s work in Asylums (1968) to contextualize the cultural policies and activities of the Weimar Republic, considered the classical era of modernism, as a home world from which those involved in modernist ventures developed presenting cultures supported by bespoke institutions established in the early post WWI years. During the waning years of the Republic and the rise of National Socialism, these support structures, including the individuals that made up the cooperative networks of modernism, were destroyed removing most connections to the Weimar Republic modernist home world. In the first years of the Third Reich through numerous denunciations, dismissals, policies, etc. the presenting culture of Weimar modernists was mortified through abasements, degradations and humiliations. Having identified – through qualitative mapping of concert programmes, music reviews and festival participation – composers involved in modernist circles in the Weimar Republic, their career paths and compositional outputs were traced throughout the years of the Third Reich to interrogate the aesthetic agency of composers in light of significant situational and perspectival incongruity. The dissertation then considers each of five composers in depth in separate chapters – Paul Hindemith, Rudolf Wagner-Regeny, Ernst Pepping, Heinrich Kaminski and Wolfgang Fortner. The five were selected based on four criteria: a high degree of activity in Weimar modernist circles (festivals, concerts, societies); continued presence in Germany for a significant portion of the Third Reich; continued professional activity as composers during the Third Reich; access to relevant source material both secondary (biographies, reviews, stylistic analyses, etc.) and primary (scores, letters, diaries, authored texts, etc.) from the subjects. The data illumines complex repertoires of adaptive strategies these individuals engaged in – with, through and to musical products – and how music is not only shaped by wider socio-cultural contexts, but how its construction is a primary resource for agents to respond to and structure the socio-cultural contexts around them. Key findings include the constitution of music as resource for showing both complicity with and subversion against the Nazi Kulturpolitik; as a resource for proxy presence in multiple social spaces (private homes, concert halls, opera houses, etc.) affording the construction and dissemination of composer identity and philosophy; as a technology of self for personal therapy; and in total as a resource for weltanschauung - world-building activity where composers construct and re-construct their social realities through musical creation – music as an active tool in and reflexive resource for individual social reality.

Designs is an algorithmic composition for small orchestra. The main compositional process used involves the realization and implementation of various musical algorithms discussed in the book Composition with Pitch-Classes by theorist/composer Robert Morris.

Determining the eruption temperature of Io's dominant silicate lavas would constrain Io's present interior state and composition. We have examined how eruption temperature can be estimated at lava tube skylights through synthesis of thermal emission from the incandescent lava flowing within the lava tube. Lava tube skylights should be present along Io's long-lived lava flow fields, and are attractive targets because of their temporal stability and the narrow range of near -eruption temperatures revealed through them. We conclude that these skylights are suitable and desirable targets (perhaps the very best targets) for the purposes of constraining eruption temperature, with a 0.9:0.7-mu m radiant flux ratio <= 63 being diagnostic of ultramafic lava temperatures. Because the target skylights may be small - perhaps only a few m or 10 s of m across - such observations will require a future Io-dedicated mission that will obtain high spatial resolution (<100 mipixel), unsaturated observations of Io's surface at multiple wavelengths in the visible and near-infrared, ideally at night. In contrast to observations of lava fountains or roiling lava lakes, where accurate determination of surface temperature distribution requires simultaneous or near simultaneous (<0.1 s) observations at different wavelengths, skylight thermal emission data are superior for the purposes of temperature derivation, as emission is stable on much longer time scales (minutes, or longer), so long as viewing geometry does not greatly change during that time. (C) 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

As a first step in understanding the chemistry of toxic elements in sludged soil, this thesis presents a comprehensive model of their chemistry in the digester. A review of the literature had shown that heavy metals were likely to be held in 3 pools: as precipitated and detrital mineral phases 'Particulate'; as complexes with the flocculated biomass 'Biofloc'; and as complexes in solution 'Soluble'. A simple pragmatic fractionation procedure has been offered to separate these 3 pools based on their physical properties in water. A mass-balance between the pools showed that the 'Particulate' fraction held only 5-16% of the heavy metals but contained them in the highest concentration. The 'Biofloc' held 82-94% of the heavy metals. The 'Particulate' material was subdivided by density separation and examined by a combination of analytical SEM and XRD. Thirty-four minerals were identified by XRD, many of which were detrital. Secondary precipitates on the surface of detrital minerals were revealed by the SEM; of these only the sulphides were found to contain detectable levels of heavy metals. Eleven minerals were identified in the 'Biofloc', of which most were clays. The fractionation scheme defined 2 fractions that could hold heavy metals by complexation. The 'Soluble' had a CEC of 8.8 meq/gm and the 'Biofloc' 4 meq/gm. Complexation by the heavy metals and a few other important cations was measured. A thermodynamic model was built which describes the possible solution species, mineral phases and complexation by the biomass in terms of a set of 33 primary components. This model was solved by computer for an 'average' sludge based on published analyses, and considered 313 solution species, 42 exchange reactions and 129 possible minerals. The predicted speciation was broadly in line with observations and suggested that the majority of the heavy metals separating with the 'Biofloc' would have been held as fine enmeshed sulphide precipitates. The model may be used with existing programs such as MINEQL and GEOCHEM. Preliminary studies have shown that with a few additions the model may be used to describe the heavy metals in sludged soil.

La version intégrale de ce mémoire est disponible uniquement pour consultation individuelle à la Bibliothèque de musique de l’Université de Montréal (http://www.bib.umontreal.ca/MU). / Ce mémoire présente quatre œuvres musicales composées dans le cadre d'une exploration des musiques numériques. La description de leur contexte de création et leur analyse témoignent d’une démarche méthodologique inspirée par l’improvisation, la collaboration et l’interprétation des musiques. Une introduction précise d’abord mon parcours musical et mes sources d’inspiration en plus de décrire les origines et les objectifs de mon projet. Le premier chapitre présente le contexte de création des quatre œuvres qui composent mon corpus. De velours et d’acier est une pièce acousmatique inspirée de la musique métal qui s’organise autour de matériaux sonores référentiels. Un pied dans ma poubelle est une pièce musicale mixte composée expressément pour l'ensemble de jazz contemporain [iks]. Sa composition a grandement fait évoluer ma conception de l’improvisation. La pièce Enfant Robot au cœur fondant est une recherche sur l’intégration des composantes électroacoustique et instrumentale dans une même musique. Druckabfall est une musique acousmatique qui a vu le jour suite à une collaboration théâtrale. Un deuxième chapitre offre une discussion sur la musique mixte et ses implications dans le processus créatif. Un ultime chapitre aborde de façon critique mon corpus en plus d’en extraire certaines préoccupations. Je propose alors une méthodologie de composition en plus de discuter de l’improvisation et de la collaboration comme moyens de développer mon processus créatif. Cette discussion d’ordre esthétique me permet d'établir des perspectives d’avenir pour ma création musicale. / This Master's thesis presents four musical works composed whilst researching numeric music. The description of their context of creation and their analysis indicate a methodological approach inspired by improvisation, collaboration and interpretation of music. First, an introduction describes my musical background and sources of inspiration in addition to describing the origins and objectives of my project. The first chapter presents the context, within which the four musical works were created. De velours et d’acier is an acousmatic work inspired by metal music. It is organized around a set of referential sounds. Un pied dans ma poubelle is a mixed music work composed specifically for the contemporary jazz band [iks]. My understanding of improvisation has greatly evolved with the composition of this work. The piece called Enfant Robot au cœur fondant was made during my research for integrating electroacoustic and instrumental components within a united music. Druckabfall is an acousmatic work born after a collaboration within the world of theater. The second chapter provides a discussion on mixed music and its implications in the creative process. The final chapter looks critically across my corpus to extract some aesthetic concerns. I then propose a methodology of composition and discuss the improvisation and collaboration as means to develop my creative process. This discussion allows me to enunciate my future musical pratices.

Songs out of Sorrow is a seven-movement work for wind ensemble and soprano. The text and title come from the second chapter of American poet Sara Teasdale’s collection Love Songs. The methodical use of trichord combinations provides the primary harmonic and melodic language of the work, creating rising tension through the first four movements and subsequent resolution through the final three. Movement one, Spirit’s House, utilizes non-functional triadic harmonies with the addition of fourths and seconds. The second movement, Mastery, contains whole tone language. An instrumental interlude precedes the vocal music of the third movement, Lessons. When the soprano enters, the harmonic material of the interlude intermingles with the octatonic nature of the vocal line to create a folk music quality. Another instrumental interlude follows, utilizing a truncated and re-orchestrated version of the musical material featured in the first interlude. This leads directly into the climatic fourth movement, Wisdom, which is characterized by chromatic lines and tritones. A subdued fifth movement, In a Burying Ground, follows, undulating with a percussion ostinato, which is also a feature of the first movement. Wood Song, the sixth movement, begins with a stylized birdcall based loosely on Messiaen's transcription of the call of the wood thrush, which is referenced in opening line of the text. The harmonies of this movement contain augmented triads. The final movement, Refuge, features a return to the triadic harmonic material of the first movement, providing a sense of large-scale resolution.