Dairy products are a primary source of c9, t11-CLA, an anti-carcinogenic agent, in the diet of humans. The t10, c12-CLA isomer, typically in trace amounts in bovine milk fat, also may benefit human health. Four cows received abomasal infusions of c9, t11-CLA or t10, c12-CLA to obtain milk fat used to prepare butter and yogurt with enhanced c9, t11-CLA or t10, c12-CLA content. Human subjects (3 males, 3 females, ages 22 to 29) received CLA-enhanced butter and yogurt (14% of total kcal) in a crossover study with 2-wk periods. Prior to the study (2 wk) and during a 2-wk washout period between the experimental periods, subjects received butter and yogurt without enhanced CLA content. Blood samples were obtained at 0, 2, 4, 6, and 8 wk relative to the start of the first experimental period. The t10, c12- CLA isomer was detected in plasma (1.32 ug/mL) only when dairy products with enhanced t10, c12-CLA was consumed. Baseline c9, t11-CLA was 6.94 ug/mL plasma during control periods, but increased to 8.95 ug/mL when dairy products with enhanced c9, t11-CLA content were consumed. Results indicated concentrations of CLA isomers in human plasma respond to small changes in daily intake of the isomers in dietary sources. / Master of Science

Les déterminants de l’exposition aux substances per- et polyfluoroalkyliques (PFAS) chez les enfants sont mal connus. Cette étude visait à analyser les concentrations sériques de 9 PFAS chez 204 enfants participant à l’étude MIREC-Endo ; évaluer les associations entre ces concentrations et celles dans le sérum maternel (grossesse) et le lait maternel ; évaluer les déterminants des concentrations. Nous avons effectué des statistiques descriptives des concentrations et évalué leurs associations à l’aide de corrélations de Pearson et de tests de comparaisons de moyennes. Des analyses de régression ont été faites pour quantifier l’influence de l’allaitement sur les concentrations sériques. Les moyennes géométriques de PFOS, PFOA, PFHxS, PFNA et PFDA (détectés dans >67% des échantillons) étaient de 1,37 ; 1,21 ; 0,55 ; 0,42 et 0,13 µg/L, respectivement. Les concentrations sériques de certains PFAS étaient corrélées avec les concentrations sériques maternelles (r=0,315 [PFOS], 0,314 [PFOA], 0,328 [PFHxS]) et les concentrations dans le lait (r=0,273 [PFOA], 0,509 [PFHxS], 0,237 [PFNA]). Les concentrations sériques de certains PFAS chez les enfants étaient négativement associées avec l’âge maternel à l’accouchement (PFOS, PFHxS, PFDA), le tabagisme durant la grossesse (PFNA, PFDA), l’emploi de la mère (PFOS), alors qu’elles étaient positivement associées avec le niveau d’éducation maternel (PFNA) et le revenu familial (PFOA). Nous avons observé une augmentation de 2,8% (PFOS) et 1,85% (PFOA) dans les concentrations sériques par mois d’allaitement exclusif. En conclusion, les concentrations sériques de certains PFAS chez les enfants étaient associées aux expositions périnatales, à l’âge de la mère, au revenu familial et à la durée d’allaitement. / The determinants of exposure to per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in children are unclear. The objectives of this study were to analyze serum concentrations of 9 PFAS in 204 children aged 7.5 to 11.8 years participating in the MIREC-Endo study, to assess associations between these concentrations and those in maternal serum (during pregnancy) and breast milk; and to evaluate the determinants of these concentrations. We performed descriptive statistics of the concentrations and assessed their associations using Pearson correlations and comparison tests. Regression analyses were performed to quantify the influence of breastfeeding on serum concentrations. The geometric means of PFOS, PFOA, PFHxS, PFNA, and PFDA (detected in >67% of samples) were 1.37, 1.21, 0.55, 0.42, and 0.13 µg/L, respectively. Serum concentrations of selected PFASs were correlated with maternal serum concentrations (r=0.315 [PFOS], 0.314 [PFOA], 0.328 [PFHxS]) and milk concentrations (r=0.273 [PFOA], 0.509 [PFHxS], 0.237 [PFNA]). Serum concentrations of children PFAS were negatively associated with maternal age at delivery (PFOS, PFHxS, PFDA), smoking during pregnancy (PFNA, PFDA), maternal employment (PFOS), whereas they were positively associated with maternal education level (PFNA) and family income (PFOA). We observed an increase of 2.8% (PFOS) and 1.85% (PFOA) in serum concentrations per month of exclusive breastfeeding. In conclusion, serum concentrations of selected PFAS in children were associated with perinatal exposures, maternal age, family income, and duration of breastfeeding.

L’application des règles de concurrence de l’Union européenne au secteur de l’aviation présente un caractère spécial. Les rapprochements des compagnies aériennes sous formes d’alliances ou concentrations sont à première vue indispensables, afin de garantir leur viabilité et mieux desservir les besoins des voyageurs. La pression concurrentielle exercée par les différents moyens de transports et la globalisation des échanges conduisent vers cette voie. Or, la consolidation du marché aérien peut avoir des conséquences néfastes au détriment des consommateurs. Structure oligopolistique, organisation des gros opérateurs en réseaux (hub-and-spoke system), insuffisance des infrastructures, coûts énormes d’exploitation ainsi que protectionnisme au niveau international, constituent des barrières considérables à l’entrée de nouveaux concurrents et peuvent conduire à des pratiques abusives. La transparence tarifaire et les accords de coopération peuvent favoriser les cartels entre transporteurs aériens. La Commission évalue la position des parties et les risques à la concurrence sur des liaisons déterminées (paires de villes). Cette méthode de délimitation du marché pertinent au transport aérien suscite une polémique de la part notamment des compagnies aériennes qui soutiennent une approche fondée sur la concurrence entre réseaux. Ce débat, montre l’évolution du secteur de l’aviation et la nécessité de prendre toujours en compte les nouvelles données. Le maintien d’une concurrence efficace au secteur de l’aviation n’est pas un objectif en soi, mais un instrument de la politique européenne pour la création du « ciel unique européen ». L’intervention des autorités de l’Union européenne au secteur de l’aviation ne se limite pas à une application rigoureuse des règles de concurrence mais vise à éliminer préalablement les phénomènes anticoncurrentiels par l’adoption d’un cadre législatif. / The application of European Union’s competition rules to the aviation sector presents a special character. The rapprochement of air companies either by the formation of alliances or mergers seem to be necessary. Indeed, it can guarantee the existence of a company as well as it serves the needs of travellers. The competitive pressure exercised by the different existing means of transportation and the globalisation of exchanges lead to this behaviour. But this consolidation of the air market can have harmful consequences for consumers. Oligopolistic structures, the hub-and-spoke system, insufficiency of infrastructures, enormous costs of exploitation along with protectionism at an international level, constitute considerable barriers for new competitors and could lead to abusive practices. Tariff transparency and cooperative agreements can furtherer cartels in between air transporters. The Commission assesses the position of the parties and competitive risks on specific routes (city pairs). This method of delimitation of the market for air transport has created a polemic, especially from the airline companies supporting an approach based on competition between networks. This debate shows the evolution of the aviation sector and the necessity of always taking into consideration new data. The upholding of an efficient competition system within the aviation sector is not an objective in itself, but means of European politic for the creation of a “Single European Sky”. The intervention of European authorities within the aviation sector is not limited to a rigorous application of competition rules but aims first at eliminating anticompetitive phenomenon by adopting a legislative framework.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:03:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 RoseCPA.pdf: 565962 bytes, checksum: 1a689250021861f92b149a94b8da62bb (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005-03-09 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / The vitamin A is essential to animals because of its participation in a great number of biological functions. The investigation of this vitamin s concentrations is important to serve as reference to normality parameters. This study had as aim to analyse the serics and hepatics concentrations of vitamin A in two groups of bovines and to compare the hepatics concentrations to the present requeriments of vitamin A for pregnant women. It was also appraised the consume habit of bovine liver by pregnant women through of the alimentary frequency quest. Two groups of bovine were studied and the first was formad by Nelore bovine breed and the second by bovine without defined breed (WDB). It was analysed 120 samples: 60 of liver and 60 of serum. The method used to dose retinol was High Performance Liquid Cromatography (HPLC). The average (+ sd) of retinol concentrations in Nelore breed bovine and WDB liver were 16947,8 + 6866,9 and 5213,1 + 2517,2 ?g of retinol/100g and at serum 39,6 + 17,9 e 28,6 + 9,4 ?g of retinol/dL, respectively. No statistically significant correlation was found between hepatic and the serum retinol. The bovines in this study had adequate vitamin A levels. Independently of animal breed, the daily ingestion of bovine liver is not advised for pregnant women who show adequate support of vitamin A. The consume of bovine liver by pregnant women consulted on school maternity hospital Janu?rio Cicco, UFRN, Natal RN, was considered high / A vitamina A ? essencial aos animais devido sua participa??o em uma s?rie de fun??es biol?gicas. A investiga??o das concentra??es desta vitamina ? importante para servir como refer?ncia para par?metros de normalidade. O objetivo do presente estudo foi analisar as concentra??es s?ricas e hep?ticas de vitamina A em dois grupos de bovinos e comparar as concentra??es hep?ticas com os atuais requerimentos desta vitamina para gestantes. Avaliou-se tamb?m o h?bito de consumo de f?gado bovino por mulheres gestantes atrav?s do question?rio de freq??ncia alimentar. Dois grupos de bovinos foram estudados sendo o primeiro formado por bovinos da ra?a Nelore e o segundo por bovinos sem ra?a definida (SRD). Analisou-se 120 amostras: 60 de f?gado e 60 de soro. O m?todo utilizado para dosar retinol foi a Cromatografia L?quida de Alta Efici?ncia (CLAE). As m?dias (+ dp) das concentra??es de retinol no f?gado dos bovinos da ra?a Nelore e SRD foram 16947,8 + 6866,9 e 5213,1 + 2517,2 ?g de retinol/100g e no soro 39,6 + 17,9 e 28,6 + 9,4 ?g de retinol/dL, respectivamente. N?o foi encontrada correla??o estatisticamente significativa entre o retinol hep?tico e o s?rico. Os bovinos do presente estudo se encontravam com aportes adequados de vitamina A. Independentemente da ra?a do animal, a ingest?o di?ria de f?gado bovino ? desaconselhada para mulheres gr?vidas que apresentam aportes adequados de vitamina A. O consumo de f?gado bovino por mulheres gestantes atendidas na Maternidade Escola Janu?rio Cicco, UFRN, Natal RN, foi considerado alto

Owing to their non-selective nature, anti-cancer drugs affect both cancerous and non-cancerous cells and present a major health risk to healthcare staff working with them. This project was conducted at Derriford Hospital, Plymouth, to investigate the extent of contamination with anti-cancer drugs on work surfaces and the environmental emissions of these drugs. In the Isolator study, surface contamination arising from the preparation of five anticancer drug infusions (epirubicin, fluorouracil, cisplatin, oxaliplatin and carboplatin) in a pharmaceutical isolator and external surfaces of infusion bags and syringes using a conventional syringe and needle technique was investigated and compared with that obtained using a closed system drug transfer device (Tevadaptor). Wipe samples were taken for a period of one week from pre-defined areas in a pharmaceutical isolator and from the surface of prepared Intra-Venous (IV) infusion bags and pre-filled syringes to obtain baseline data. Gloves and preparation mats used during this period were also collected. Following a one-week operator familiarisation period, the Tevadaptor device was then introduced for cytotoxic preparation and wipe-sampling of surfaces and collection of consumables was continued for a further week (intervention period). The samples obtained were then analysed by HPLC and ICP-MS. The baseline contamination data from Tevadaptor isolator study was undetected to 0.9 ng cm-2 (epirubicin), undetected to 3.58 ng cm-2 (5-FU) and 0.05-0.92 ng cm-2 (Pt) in the wipe samples from the pharmaceutical isolator surfaces; amounts on glove samples were 1100-6100 ng/glove (epirubicin), 300-8100 ng/glove (5-FU) and 1-6 ng/glove (platinum). During the intervention phase isolator surface contamination was not detected in all samples for 5-FU and epirubicin and platinum was detected on the isolator surfaces in the range of 0.002-0.09 ng cm-2. The use of Tevadaptor resulted in a reduction of contamination on external surfaces by a factor of 10 or more for all marker drugs. A ward study investigated the surface contamination in the oncology out-patient department caused by cisplatin, oxaliplatin, carboplatin and gemcitabine. The study compared the effect of using the Tevadaptor to prepare and administer anticancer drugs infusions on ward surface contamination to the current UK standard practice. A questionnaire was also distributed to participating staff members to assess the user-friendliness of Tevadaptor. Wipe samples were taken from pre-defined areas from the oncology out-patients department and gloves used by nursing staff for assembly and administration of the above drugs were also collected. Sample collection followed a similar schedule to the Tevadaptor isolator study. The baseline ward surface contamination ranged from undetected to 4.97 ng cm-2 (gemcitabine) and 3.1 ng cm-2 (platinum). In the case of gloves used by nursing staff the levels of contamination ranged from undetected to 1251 ng/glove (gemcitabine) and 405.4 ng/glove (platinum). The contamination on ward surfaces during the intervention phase ranged from undetected to 3.21 ng cm-2 (gemcitabine) and 2.69 ng cm-2 (platinum) and contamination levels on gloves ranged from undetected to 9252 ng/glove (gemcitabine) and 1319 ng/glove (platinum). During the intervention phase there was a reduction in frequency of contamination, even though the total amount of surface contamination by anticancer drugs did not always decrease in comparison to baseline data, presumably due to unaccounted spillages. A drain study investigated the presence of platinum in hospital wastewater as a measure of contamination caused by the excretion of platinum-based anticancer drugs by patients. Platinum was measured over a three week period in one of the main drains and in the effluent of the oncology ward. The study showed the presence of measurable quantity of platinum which ranged from 0.02 to 140 μg L-1 in the oncology effluent and 0.03 to 100 μg L-1 in the main drain. Data from this study was coupled with published measurements on the removal of the drugs by conventional sewage treatment and then concentration of platinum arising from each drug was predicted in recipient surface waters as a function of water flow rate. Although predicted concentrations were below EMEA guidelines warranting further risk assessment, the presence of potentially carcinogenic, mutagenic and teratogenic substances in surface waters is cause for concern. The results showed that a closed system drug transfer device (CSTD) used in conjunction with an isolator is highly efficient in reducing surface contamination with anti-cancer drugs. However, despite current best practice contamination on ward surfaces remained even after the use of a CSTD. Nursing as well as healthcare staff should be educated of these results and the risks of occupational exposure to low levels of anti-cancer drugs and the use of PPE should be emphasised. Results of the drain study form the basis of preliminary estimates of the likely concentrations of platinum-based drugs in surface waters and their potential environmental impacts.

The primary aim was to validate and implement a urinary pharmacokinetic method for terbutaline to determine the relative lung and systemic bioavailability following inhalation and to measure the in-vitro characteristics of the emitted dose by these inhalation methods. Two new robust, accurate and sensitive high performance liquid chromatography methods for the determination of terbutaline in aqueous and urine samples were validated in accordance with the FDA and ICH guidelines. Terbutaline was extracted using solid phase extraction with salbutamol and bamethane as internal standards. The accuracy, precision, lower limit of detection and recovery for both methods were within recognized limits. The in-vitro characteristics of terbutaline sulphate inhalers were measured according to standard compendial methodology as well as adaptation of this methodology to simulate routine patient use. The dose emission of terbutaline sulphate from a Bricanyl Turbuhaler was determined using an inhalation volume of 4 L at inhalation flows of 10-60 L min-1. The particle size distribution was measured using an Anderson Cascade Impactor (ACI) with a mixing inlet valve to allow measurement at different flows. A steady increase in total emitted dose (TED) and the fine particle dose (FPD) was observed as the inhalation flow increased thereby highlighting the flow dependent dose emission characteristics of the Turbuhaler. The in-vitro dose emission characteristics of terbutaline sulphate from Bricanyl MDIs were measured according to the standard compendial methodology at a flow of 28.3 L min-1 using a 4 L inhalation volume. The TED and particle size distribution of terbutaline sulphate from the Bricanyl MDI were determined alone and with different spacers [AeroChamber Max (AMAX), AeroChamber Plus (APLUS), Fisonair and Nebuhaler]. The TED from the MDI alone was significantly higher than all MDI+spacers (p<0.001). The MDI with APLUS resulted in the smallest mass median aerodynamic diameter (MMAD) and the highest fine particle fraction (FPF). The MDI with AMAX resulted in the highest FPD. The in-vitro characteristics of terbutaline sulphate from Bricanyl respules using the Aeroneb Pro (vibrating mesh) and Sidestream jet nebulisers were determined by the CEN methodology and the Next Generation Impactor (NGI) methodology. The Aeroneb Pro was found to have significantly better aerodynamic properties than the Sidestream. The results from the NGI method were significantly different from the CEN method suggesting further evaluation of both methods. Cooling the NGI decreased the evaporation effect. Twelve healthy volunteers (6 females) completed in-vivo urinary terbutaline pharmacokinetic studies to determine the relative bioavailability following inhalation. The differences between the amounts excreted 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 6 and 24 hour post inhalation from a Bricanyl MDI (I) and oral (O) dosing of 500 µg terbutaline sulphate and with the co-administration of oral charcoal (IC and OC, respectively) were studied. No terbutaline was found in OC samples. The amount of terbutaline excreted 30 minutes post I and IC were significantly (p<0.001) higher than post O suggesting that the amount of terbutaline excreted 30 minutes post dosing can be used as an index of the lung deposition. The amount of terbutaline excreted 24 hour post I was significantly (p<0.01) higher than post O suggesting that the amount of terbutaline excreted 24 hour post dosing can be used as an index of the relative systemic bioavailability. The dose response relationships and the low inter and intra-subject variability studies confirm the feasibility of this method. To demonstrate the application of the method the effect of inhalation technique on the lung and systemic bioavailability following inhalation from a dry powder inhaler was evaluated. The effect of different spacers on the dose emitted from the Bricanyl MDI and the effect of different nebulisers on the dose emitted were also studied using twelve healthy volunteers (6 females) for each study. A fast inhalation flow using the Bricanyl Turbuhaler resulted in significantly higher amounts of terbutaline excreted 0.5 and 24 hour post dosing (2 doses of 500µg terbutaline sulphate from Bricanyl Turbuhaler) than slow inhalation flow (p<0.001). The Bricanyl MDI alone resulted in a significantly higher amount of terbutaline excreted 24 hour post dosing (2 doses of 250µg terbutaline sulphate from Bricanyl MDI) and significantly lower amounts excreted 30 minutes post dosing than the MDI+Spacers. The AMAX provided a greater amount of urinary terbutaline excreted 30 minutes post dosing than the APLUS and Nebuhaler. The Aeroneb Pro resulted in significantly higher amounts of terbutaline excreted 0.5 and 24 hour post dosing (1 dose of 5mg/2ml terbutaline sulphate from Bricanyl respule) than a Sidestream Jet nebuliser (p<0.001). Further application of the method was demonstrated by 12 (6 female) COPD non-invasive mechanically ventilated patients. One dose of 2mg in 0.8ml terbutaline sulphate respiratory solution from Aeroneb Pro and one dose of 5mg in 2ml terbutaline sulphate respiratory solution from Sidestream jet nebuliser resulted in a similar amounts of urinary terbutaline excreted 0.5 and 24 hour post dosing. The results were consistent with the results of the ex-vivo study performed on the same patients. The thesis highlights extension of the urinary pharmacokinetic method following inhalation to terbutaline and its application in volunteer and patient studies.

<p>Trafik utgör en stor föroreningskälla av tungmetaller i vägnära jordar och särskilt är det koppar (Cu), bly (Pb) och zink (Zn) som associeras med fordonstrafik. I ett historiskt perspektiv härrör blyutsläpp främst från bränsleförbränning, medan kopparemissioner (i första hand från slitage av bromsbelägg) och zinkutsläpp (från däck) från trafik står för så mycket som hälften av det urbana utsläppet av koppar och zink till omgivningen.</p><p>Koppar-, bly- och zinkkoncentrationer i vägnära jord och sediment undersöktes inom avrinningsområdet för Grand River North West i Mauritius. Eftersom totalmetall utgör en dålig indikator på den mängd metall som finns potentiellt tillgänglig för biota användes extraktion med hjälp av 0.5 M HCl tillsammans med totalkoncentrationer.</p><p>Den rumsliga variationen längsmed transekt vinkelrätt mot vägar undersöktes liksom variationen med djupet. Observerade kopparkoncentrationer var jämförbara med bakgrundsnivåer. Till skillnad från Cu var koncentrationer av Pb och Zn förhöjda i den omedelbara närheten till vägar med relativt stor trafikintensitet, men halterna minskade snabbt med avståndet. Resultat från platserna för jordreferenser visar på storskalig förorening av Pb på ön. Uppmätta kopparkoncentrationer kunde inte knytas till trafikens påverkan.</p><p>Vid regn kan metaller som finns i förorenat vägdamm och förorenad jord övergå till löslig form, eller sköljas bort i partikulär form, och transporteras till närliggande vattendrag. I Mauritius är det här av speciell vikt eftersom flodsediment till slut kommer att deponeras i de känsliga kustområdena som omger ön. Dock tyder inte resultaten på förhöjda metallhalter i sediment nära de studerade vägarna.</p><p>Även om erhållna resultat av Cu inte visar på någon förhöjning och zonen med hög förorening av Pb och Zn är relativt smal, är det angeläget att följa utvecklingen eftersom antalet fordon växer snabbt i Mauritius, vilket kan förändra dagens situation och ge upphov till större miljöpåverkan. För att undvika eventuella ekologiska skador är det därför av stor vikt att i fortsättningen övervaka situationen längs landets vägar.</p> / <p>Traffic has been identified as a significant heavy metal polluter of roadside soils, and copper (Cu), lead (Pb) and zinc (Zn) in particular are associated with road travel. In a historic perspective, the Pb contribution from anthropogenic sources to nature has predominantly been a result of fuel combustion. There are indications that Cu (mainly through braking system) and Zn (emissions from tires) released from traffic give rise to as much as half of the total urban contribution of copper and zinc to the environment.</p><p>Concentrations of Cu, Pb and Zn in roadside soils and sediment have been determined at selected roads within the Grand River North West watershed in Mauritius. As total metal concentrations are not a suitable indicator of the metal concentrations that are potentially available to biota, metals extractable in 0.5 M HCl have been determined along with total concentrations. The spatial variation in metal concentration along soil transects perpendicular to roads were investigated, as was the variation with depth.</p><p>Observed Pb and Zn concentrations exhibited elevated levels in topsoil in the immediate vicinity of roads with relatively large traffic densities, but the decrease in concentration with distance was rapid. Results from soil reference sites pointed to a large scale Pb pollution on the island. In comparison, observed Cu concentrations could not be assigned any influence from traffic at the selected study sites.</p><p>In the event of rain, metals contained in polluted road dust and soil may be released into soluble form, or flushed from roadways as particulate matter, and transported to nearby water courses. In Mauritius, this is of particular importance as sediment in rivers eventually may be deposited in the sensitive coastal areas of the island. However, results do not indicate that there were any elevated levels of heavy metals in sediment close to roads that were investigated in this study.</p><p>Although Cu concentrations in roadside soils did not show any enrichment and the zone of elevated Pb and Zn concentrations was not wide, there is a concern that the continuing rapid increase in the number of vehicles in Mauritius will change the situation, possibly resulting in greater impact on the surrounding environment. Hence, in order to avoid any ecological damage, it is desirable to continue monitoring the situation along highways in the country.</p>

Nutrients are of critical concern in water quality assessment. The development of empirical models to estimate mean nutrient concentrations, based on satellite derived land use, could aid water resource managers. Models using land use acreages outperformed those using percentages, and discrete urban land uses were superior to lumped urban. Regressions of the combinations of two, three and four of the eight possible land use variables were investigated. Sensitivity analyses, with one stream deleted each series, identified robust combinations of variables at each level. Although uncertainty exists regarding the final regression coefficients, five of the six actual measured nitrate and total phosphorus mean concentrations were within the 95 percent confidence limits.

Competition law - control of concentrations between undertakings Abstract The subject of this thesis is the control of mergers as it is regulated by Czech laws. Control of mergers is one of the cornerstones of competition law. Competition is an important attribute of the market oriented economies all over the world. Since it is not capable of self-regulation it is necessary to set limits for the behavior of the subjects that are taking part in this competition. These limits are set by competition law. The topic is divided into three chapters. The first chapter contains definition of the term competition, in the second there are described basic terms common to all areas of competition law, while at the end of this chapter there is a description of these areas. In the last chapter focus is on control of concentrations itself in the ambit of Czech law. The aim of this work is to describe merger control as it is provided by Act No. 143/2001 on Protection of Competition (ZOHS). The emphasis is on describing different forms of merger and their characteristics which must be met so that a certain transaction could be classified as a merger. Furthermore, this work provides information on conditions that must be fulfilled so that a merger, division of a company and termination of the company accompanied by transfer...

The subject of this thesis is the control of mergers as it is regulated by Czech laws. Control of mergers is one of the cornerstones of competition law. Competition is an important attribute of the market oriented economies all over the world. Since it is not capable of self-regulation it is necessary to set limits for the behavior of the subjects that are taking part in this competition. These limits are set by competition law. The topic is divided into three chapters. The first chapter contains definition of the term competition, in the second there are described basic terms common to all areas of competition law, while at the end of this chapter there is a description of these areas. In the last chapter focus is on control of concentrations itself in the ambit of Czech law. The aim of this work is to describe merger control as it is provided by Act No. 143/2001 on Protection of Competition (ZOHS). The emphasis is on describing different forms of merger and their characteristics which must be met so that a certain transaction could be classified as a merger. Furthermore, this work provides information on conditions that must be fulfilled so that a merger, division of a company and termination of the company accompanied by transfer of assets to its partner - according to the Czech law on...