Recent scholarship demonstrates that the metaphor of taste, which represents aesthetic discernment as gustatory sensation, foregrounds ideologically laden questions of individual and cultural identity across a wide swath of literary history. But critics have yet to discover that taste is but one component of a much broader network of metaphors that figure the mind as a human body that eats and digests the world of objects and ideas. Using two approaches to metaphor from cognitive science, Lakoff and Johnson’s Conceptual Metaphor Theory and Fauconnier and Turner’s theory of "conceptual blending," I relate metaphors like reading-is-eating, ideas-are-food, and contemplation-is-digestion within a metaphor system that I call "the digesting mind." Applying this insight to organic aesthetics, I argue that poets expand organicism's metaphorical basis beyond the familiar poem-as-plant by introducing a mind that consumes plantlike poems. Coleridge, Wordsworth, Emerson, Whitman, and William Carlos Williams link writers and readers in an ideational economy figured as nutritional exchange. As each poet negotiates questions of creativity and literary influence, his biological, philosophical, political, and aesthetic beliefs converge in metaphors of the digesting mind. After introducing my approach in chapter one, I examine the digesting mind's importance in the evolution of organic aesthetics from English romanticism to American modernism. In chapter two, the digesting mind destabilizes Coleridge's influential distinction between mechanism and organicism by revealing, in Biographia Literaria, his anxiety that a diet of mechanistic literature will reduce the organic mind to a machine. Chapter three reads Wordsworth's Prelude in similar terms, as an allegory representing mental development as nutritional growth, in which the imagination requires an organic diet of poetry and nature. In chapter four, Whitman’s Leaves of Grass Americanizes the digesting mind with an Emersonian aesthetic that locates power in the poet’s present transformation of the literary past into future mental nourishment. In chapter five, Williams adapts Emerson's digesting mind with a pragmatic aesthetics of experience. By representing his Objectivist poems as fruit, as in "This is Just to Say," Williams relocates the organic ideals of vitality and unity from the poem, as aesthetic object, to the audience's felt experience of reading-as-eating. / 2017-11-04T00:00:00Z

Диссертация нацелена на рассмотрение концептуальных метафор в публицистических текстах экологического дискурса. В качестве материала исследования использованы публикации на сайте международной неправительственной природоохранной организации «Greenpeace». Исследование проведено в русле когнитивно-дискурсивного подхода с помощью метода построения фреймов и интерпретационного семантического анализа. В ходе анализа выявлены метафорические модели «компоненты окружающей среды – живые существа» (её фреймы «организм и действия человека» и «здоровье/нездоровье живых существ») и «компоненты окружающей среды – война/борьба» (фреймы «причины войны», «участники военных действий» и «военные действия и вооружение»). Полученные результаты расширяют научный фонд экологической лингвистики и лингвокогнитологии. / The thesis deals with conceptual metaphors used in publicistic texts of ecological discourse. The articles published on “Greenpeace International” were used in the study. The methods of cognitive-discourse analysis along with the framing method and interpretive semantic analysis were used to study the metaphors. The analysis revealed metaphorical models "environment - a living organism" (its frames are "human organism and actions" and "health/disease of a living creature") and "environment - war/fight" (frames "causes of a war," "participants of hostilities," and "military operations and armament"). The results confirm the perception of environmental problems as vital, directly affecting human life and health.

Работа посвящена анализу метафорического моделирования образа действующего президента Франции и кандидата на второй срок, Эммануэля Макрона, в период предвыборной кампании. Объектом исследования являются метафорические словоупотребления в текстах французских СМИ, актуализирующие концептуальную сферу-мишень «Эммануэль Макрон». Предметом исследования являются особенности метафорического моделирования образа политика во французских СМИ. Цель исследования заключается в классификации наиболее употребимых метафорических моделей и описании особенностей развертывания метафорических моделей в данном контексте. Материал исследования составили 128 метафорических словоупотреблений, выявленных в текстах французских СМИ, опубликованных в период предвыборной кампании 2022 года. Методом сплошной выборки были отобраны фрагменты из наиболее читаемых французским СМИ: «Aujourd'hui en Frаnсe», «Libérаtion», «Politis», «Le Point», «Le Figаro», «Pаris Mаtсh», «L’Express», «Le nouvel observаteur», «Сhаrlie Hebdo», «Le Pаrisien», «Mаriаnne», «Le Journаl du Dimаnсhe», «Libérаtion» и «Le Figаro». Классификация и анализ отобранных текстовых фрагментов осуществлялся с помощью информационной систeмы экспeртного анализа «Лингвистика». Взятая за основу классификация А. П. Чудинова была значительно уточнена и дополнена в ходе работы. Для достижения поставленных целей использовался метод метафорического моделирования, дающий возможность выявить специфику доминантных метафорических моделей. Как показал анализ полученной статистики, чаще всего образ Э. Макрона концептуализируется с помощью метафор, относящихся к субсфере «Человек и социум» (по классификации А.П. Чудинова). Наиболее продуктивной в этой субсфере является монархическая метафора. Предполагается, что выявленное распределение метафор с большим перевесом в социальной субсфере обусловлено определением (метафорической номинацией) Э. Макрона через приписываемые ему социальные роли. Среди других доминирующих разрядов метафор можно назвать зооморфную метафору (субсфера «Природа»), физиологическую и морбиальную метафоры (субсфера «Человек»). Отдельное внимание в работе уделяется описанию и интерпретации выявленных метафорических моделей. Настоящая работа актуальна для понимания механизмов политической коммуникации в медиадискурсе и превалирующей роли метафоры как способа познания, категоризации, концептуализации и оценки мира политики. / The study analyzes the metaphorical modeling of the Emmanuel Macron’s political image in the modern French media and political discourse. The object of the study is the amount of metaphors that were found in French printed media and were used by the authors to conceptualize the target domain «Emmanuel Macron». The subject of research is the specifics of metaphorical modelling applicable for Emmanuel Macron’s political image. The objective of the research is to classify the most used metaphorical models and to describe the functioning of metaphorical models in the given context. The research material consists of 128 metaphors, found in the French press that came out in the period of 2022 electoral campaign. The metaphor usages were selected (in the mode of continuous sampling method) from the most read French media such as : «Aujourd'hui en Frаnсe», «Libérаtion», «Politis», «Le Point», «Le Figаro», «Pаris Mаtсh», «L’Express», «Le nouvel observаteur», «Сhаrlie Hebdo», «Le Pаrisien», «Mаriаnne», «Le Journаl du Dimаnсhe», «Libérаtion» and «Le Figаro». The selected textual fragments were classified and analyzed with the use of “Lingvistica”, the system of expert analysis. The study is based on the classification of metaphors by the Russian linguist A. P. Chudinov. It was significantly specified and increased in the process. Attaining the goals of the study was made possible due to the method of metaphorical modeling, which helps identify the specifics of dominant metaphorical models. The analysis showed that the image of Emmanuel Macron is preferably conceptualized with social metaphor (according to Chudinov’s classification). In this group of metaphors, the one prevailing is the monarchical metaphor. It is assumed that the apparent proportioning of metaphors within the metaphors’ groups is due to the social roles attributed to Emmanuel Macron. Among the other prevailing categories of metaphors there are the animalistic metaphor, physiological and morbial metaphors. The study gives particular attention to the description and interpretation of the discovered metaphorical models. The present study is of particular interest for those who search to understand the mechanisms of political communication in media discourse and the prevailing role of metaphor as a method of cognition, categorization, conceptualization and assessment of the world of politics.

No description available.

Магистерская диссертация посвящена исследованию фреймо-слотовой структуры концептуальной метафоры ДЕНЬГИ – ВОДА. В опоре на методику описания концептуальных метафор выделены три ключевых фрейма, отражающих устойчивые метафорические переносы: «Агрегатные состояния воды», «Водные и гидротехнические объекты и явления», «Свойства воды». На богатом текстовом материале из российских газет и журналов последних 30 лет описаны 11 слотов данной концептуальной метафоры. Кроме того, представлены семантические и оценочные варианты реализации концептуальной метафоры ДЕНЬГИ – ЖИДКОСТЬ: ДЕНЬГИ – КРОВЬ, ДЕНЬГИ – СЛЕЗЫ, ДЕНЬГИ – ЖИДКОЕ ЛЕКАРСТВО / ЖИДКИЙ НАРКОТИК; ДЕНЬГИ – МОЛОКО. / The master's thesis is devoted to the study of the frame-slot structure of the conceptual metaphor MONEY – WATER. Based on the methodology of describing conceptual metaphors, three key frames reflecting stable metaphorical transfers are identified: "Aggregate states of water", "Water and hydraulic engineering objects and phenomena", "Properties of water". 11 slots of this conceptual metaphor are described on the rich text material from Russian newspapers and magazines of the last 30 years. In addition, semantic and evaluative options for the implementation of the conceptual metaphor MONEY – LIQUID are presented: MONEY – BLOOD, MONEY – TEARS, MONEY – LIQUID MEDICINE / LIQUID DRUG; MONEY – MILK.

Text in Afrikaans / A study of the philosophical and historical foundations of infinity highlights the problematic development of infinity. Aristotle distinguished between potential and actual infinity, but rejected the latter. Indeed, the interpretation of actual infinity leads to contradictions as seen in the paradoxes of Zeno. It is difficult for a human being to understand actual infinity. Our logical schemes are adapted to finite objects and events. Research shows that students focus primarily on infinity as a dynamic or neverending process. Individuals may have contradictory intuitive thoughts at different times without being aware of cognitive conflict. The intuitive thoughts of students about both the actual (at once) infinite and potential (successive) infinity are very complex. The problematic nature of actual infinity and the contradictory intuitive cognition should be the starting point in the teaching of the concept infinity. / Educational Studies / M.Ed. (Mathematic Education)

Since the publication of the seminal work by Lakoff and Johnson (1980a), Metaphors we live by, countless research has been done on metaphor. This research was conducted because, in the past, metaphor was considered a deviant and poetic device that could be used only by those who were skilful. These scholars offered another view: metaphor is a matter of thought. They showed that linguistic metaphor is the manifestation of conceptual metaphors that are in our subconscious mind and are found in every day language. In other words, metaphors are a revelation of how we think. Linguists and translation scholars claim that it is a challenge to translate metaphor. The main objective of this study is to determine how conceptual metaphor theory can contribute towards the development of translation in African languages. The study seeks to identify conceptual metaphors in Nelson Mandela’s autobiography, Long Walk to Freedom, which was written in English, and then analyse how these were translated into isiXhosa and isiZulu. This implies that this study involves a corpus. In identifying metaphors from the source text a Metaphor Identification Procedure Vrije Universiteit (MIPVU), which was conceived by Steen and his colleagues at the Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, was used (Steen et al 2010). ParaConc concordancer was used to investigate and compare how the metaphors were translated. The results showed that most metaphors were translated the same way in isiXhosa and isiZulu, which implies that the translators conceptualised the metaphors in the same way. These results revealed that the translators’ styles were similar. This confirms the fact that the two languages are related. As scholars in earlier research indicated, metaphors in translation pose a problem, yet the translators of Mandela’s book successfully met this challenge. They were able to render the metaphors in their respective languages in an acceptable manner. They tried to adhere to the style of the source text writer, but traces of their own style are evident in the texts. / Linguistics and Modern Languages

<p>The aim of this study has been to investigate whether metaphors in terms of fire and heat in rock lyrics can be interpreted figuratively as well as literally. The terms for these latter two categories are internal and external metaphors.</p><p>Many rock lyrics are about love, a theme often described with the use of metaphors. One common type of metaphorisation for describing love is to use what in this study has been called “fire and heat metaphors”. These are metaphors that as their source use FIRE and HEAT/WARMTH and map some of these qualities on to the metaphorical target LOVE, which results in metaphorical constructions like I am on fire.</p><p>Internal and external metaphors are terms coined by Alm-Arvius (2003:78) and they serve the purpose of separating the metaphors that cannot be taken literally from those that can also be given a literal meaning in another context. The main aim of this study has been to investigate whether a set of chosen metaphorical constructions taken from different rock songs can also be interpreted literally in relation to another universe of discourse. Moreover, the semantic and syntactic structures of the metaphor examples have been outlined, and some theories why the constructions should be regarded as internal or external metaphors have been presented.</p><p>A number of related underlying cognitive structures (conceptual metaphors) were identified in this study, and (BEING IN) LOVE IS (EXPERIENCING) HEAT/WARMTH is a structure that allows external metaphorical constructions. Some cognitive scientists see this cognitive structure as metonymy. However, it seems more adequate to connect it to the occurrence of external metaphors, since the language constructions relating to it can be literal as well as figurative. However, the distinction between internal and external metaphors is not always clear, it is difficult to make a clear distinction. Therefore, a continuum has been presented in this study which shows both the distinction and the occasional overlap between the categories of internal and external metaphors.</p>

Éminent naturaliste du XIXe siècle, Charles Darwin publie en 1859 ce qui s'avérera être l’un des textes fondateurs des sciences de la vie : On the origin of species by means of natural selection, or the preservation of favoured races in the struggle for life (ou OS). Ce volumineux ouvrage pose les assises conceptuelles de la théorie darwinienne de l'évolution. Cette dernière suscite encore de nos jours la controverse : certains la nient (créationnisme, dessein intelligent, etc.) alors que d'autres la poussent à l'extrême (eugénisme, darwinisme social, etc.). Vu la grande portée de l'OS, le problème de sa traduction en français se présente de lui-même. Ce champ d'étude reste pourtant largement inexploré. Nous avons donc choisi, dans le présent travail, d’étudier les traductions françaises de l’OS. Notre étude s’inscrivant dans un axe de recherche qui s’intéresse aux modes de conceptualisation métaphorique en usage dans les domaines biomédicaux, ainsi qu’aux problèmes de traduction qu’ils soulèvent, nous avons choisi de nous concentrer plus particulièrement sur les modes de conceptualisation métaphorique présents dans le texte de l'OS, et sur la manière dont ils ont été traduits en français. Pour mener à bien ce projet, nous avons élaboré une méthodologie à partir de celle déjà utilisée avec succès dans des études antérieures menées au sein du même axe de recherche que le nôtre. En plus de l’annotation et l’interrogation informatisée de notre corpus, cette méthodologie consiste en la mise en relation, au plan informatique, de plusieurs traductions d’un même texte. De par sa complexité technique, son élaboration constitue l’un des objectifs majeurs de notre étude. Les résultats obtenus nous ont permis de confirmer deux de nos trois hypothèses : 1) la totalité des modes de conceptualisation identifiés dans notre corpus anglais se retrouvent également dans chacune des traductions, et 2) aucun mode de conceptualisation métaphorique ne peut être dégagé des traductions françaises qui n’est pas déjà présent dans l’original anglais. En plus de nous permettre de comparer chaque traduction à l’original anglais, ces résultats nous ont également permis de comparer entre elles les différentes traductions françaises de l’OS. Ce mémoire de maîtrise comporte six chapitres, qui correspondent tour à tour à : notre cadre théorique, l'état de la question, nos hypothèses et nos objectifs, notre méthodologie, nos résultats et la discussion de ces résultats. / In 1859, prominent British naturalist Charles Darwin published On the origin of species by means of natural selection, or the preservation of favoured races in the struggle for life (OS). In this book, Darwin introduces his theory of evolution. Since its inception, however, the Darwinian theory of evolution has been shrouded in controversy, rejected outright by some (proponents of creationism, intelligent design, etc.) or highjacked by others (proponents of eugenics, social Darwinism, etc.). Yet the profound impact of the theory extends well beyond the English-speaking world. Despite this, the French translations of this important book have rarely been studied. Therefore, in the current study, we have chosen to fill this gap and study the French translations of the OS. Our study is conducted within a framework that is mainly concerned with conceptual metaphors in biomedical discourse, as well as the problems they cause in the process of translation. We have thus chosen to focus on the identification of conceptual metaphors in the OS, and the ways in which they were translated into French. For this project, we developed a methodology involving the electronic annotation and interrogation of our corpus, namely the OS and its French translation. It also involves the creation of electronic links between a translation and its source text. This methodology is based on a previous one, already used successfully in other studies. Due to its complexity, its development constitutes one of the major objectives of our study. The results thus obtained have made it possible to confirm two of our three hypotheses: 1) all conceptual metaphors identified in the original English text of the OS can be found in each of the French translations, and 2) no conceptual metaphor can be found in any of the French translations that is not already present in the original English text. The results obtained allowed us to compare each translation to the original text, but also to compare the translation amongst themselves. This Master’s thesis includes six chapters, which correspond in turn to our: theoretical framework, literature review, hypotheses and objectives, methodology, results, and discussion.

Since the publication of the seminal work by Lakoff and Johnson (1980a), Metaphors we live by, countless research has been done on metaphor. This research was conducted because, in the past, metaphor was considered a deviant and poetic device that could be used only by those who were skilful. These scholars offered another view: metaphor is a matter of thought. They showed that linguistic metaphor is the manifestation of conceptual metaphors that are in our subconscious mind and are found in every day language. In other words, metaphors are a revelation of how we think. Linguists and translation scholars claim that it is a challenge to translate metaphor. The main objective of this study is to determine how conceptual metaphor theory can contribute towards the development of translation in African languages. The study seeks to identify conceptual metaphors in Nelson Mandela’s autobiography, Long Walk to Freedom, which was written in English, and then analyse how these were translated into isiXhosa and isiZulu. This implies that this study involves a corpus. In identifying metaphors from the source text a Metaphor Identification Procedure Vrije Universiteit (MIPVU), which was conceived by Steen and his colleagues at the Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, was used (Steen et al 2010). ParaConc concordancer was used to investigate and compare how the metaphors were translated. The results showed that most metaphors were translated the same way in isiXhosa and isiZulu, which implies that the translators conceptualised the metaphors in the same way. These results revealed that the translators’ styles were similar. This confirms the fact that the two languages are related. As scholars in earlier research indicated, metaphors in translation pose a problem, yet the translators of Mandela’s book successfully met this challenge. They were able to render the metaphors in their respective languages in an acceptable manner. They tried to adhere to the style of the source text writer, but traces of their own style are evident in the texts. / Linguistics and Modern Languages