Abstract Promotion of private participation is catalogized as concession model of construction means. The process is the authority to select the private sector that has the best professional knowledge and capability and to transfer the properties to the selected private sector and confer the private sector the concessionary. The private sector then is responsible to finance, construction, operation during the concessionary period. The revenue of the operation and the ancillary business that concessioned by the government will cover the cost of operations and construction. After the concession period, the rights and operations will be transferred to authority. The spirit of private participation is in the process of the private participation. The involvement of private sector injects the flexibility and energy that the government lack of. The private sector also shares the cost of construction that is some financial burden of the government. For this kind of approach, the private sector needs more flexibility and own operations freedom and shares most of the risks. As for the supervision of the government, in general, the less the better. Because the private sector makes its own construction and operations strategies and sales management. In other words, the private sector shall has the independence. The interference of the government shall be limited to minimum, even for the public interest, to prevent the incompatibility of the two sectors and the negative effect of the promotion of the public construction.. However, the supervision logic is excluding the cases that the government financing most of the cost and the interest of the public. This paper argues that the public construction with private participation approach shall be case dependent, from the administration point of view. For the high public interest and high financing project, The government based on his authority and responsibility shall be supervised intensively to ensure the quality and safety of the public construction. One of the issues that the paper raised is the supervision role of the authority. This paper argues how the authority to be a good supervisor. How the authority does his responsibility and accomplish his mission and take appropriate measures to ensure the good quality of the public service continuously. For research methodology, the reference analysis is adopted. The theory and system of private participation are discussed. As for case study, reference and interview are adopted. The supervision and management of private participation of Kaohsiung mass rapid transit by government is analysed to bridge the theory and practice. The characteristics of this project is low self-financing rate. The government financing the rest part of the cost, which is about 80%of the cost. In this project the government also guarantees the forced buy out price, which states clearly in the tri-party contract. This make the financial risk is all on government. The way of taking risk is more likely the OT approach. From the interview, the implementation of the project reveals that anti-supervision game, multi-supervision and management system. Also the different sectors has different understanding of the project. The legal position of the supervision role of the authority is the legitimate to supervise and take appropriate actions. The public sector acts according to laws and safeguards the public interest. The authority has the righteous to supervise, the legal stance. Another role of the authority is also the party of the contract to protect his interest in his investment, which is stemming from the contract, the legal rights from the private sector. During the construction and operations period, the authority shall review and supervised. The legal measures for authority includes the supervision of operations, the restrictions of concessionary, the dispositions of the assets of the construction and operations, The review of the operations fare and changes. The rights stemming from contracts includes setting the standards of the operations facility, the review of the design drawings and schedules and construction quality and subcontracting, the public tendering of parts of the governments financing. For the combinations of both supervision measures includes financial supervision and the acceptance of important contract subcontracting. If the delay of schedule, serious construction quality, serious operations problems, and breach of contract happens, the authority, for the public interest, shall coerce request the private sector to amend in due time, stop all or part of construction and operations abolish the permissions of construction and operations or coerce takeover operations or buyout to ensure the project. As for the rights stemming from contract includes risks sharing, the conditions that the intervention of the financing institutions, suspending all or part of the construction or operations, cease of contract, insurance and bond, mechanism of loyalty and fund. In this study, the legitimate of the supervision role of the authority is discussed and aims to have a robust structure of private participation of public construction system to achieve the goal of promoting public service standard and accelerating development of social economy when promoting privatization of public construction.

The subject of this diploma thesis is PPP projects in healthcare. The thesis is focused on assessment of relevance of PPP projects securing public services in the healthcare sector in the Czech Republic. It is intended to assess whether PPP projects are a suitable instrument for securing public services in the healthcare sector and if so, under what conditions and to what extent. The first part of this thesis inquires into the definition of public private partnership and PPP projects in a strict sense and describes individual types of PPP projects. Second part defines in more detail the legal and institutional framework for implementation of PPP projects and discusses the current status of PPP projects in the Czech Republic. Third part analyses in detail the assessment instruments for PPP and guidelines for such assessment concerning projects in healthcare. Fourth part is focused on analysis of implementation of PPP projects abroad and fifth part evaluates PPP projects in healthcare implemented in the Czech Republic. Sixth part reviews this actual experience and findings concerning PPP projects in healthcare. The conclusion summarises results of the assessment.

This document aims to expose some reflections on the dynamics of the concession contracts during the execution period, incomplete contracts that by its nature and by its long duration require an intensive work by the parties intended to interpret, define and / or clarify the agreed terms, as well as negotiation and signing of the new agreements to amend the text and, finally, the settlement of disputes. In addition to the characteristics of concession contracts described above, we also should take note of its unique and mixed nature, which is a consequence of the fact that this kind of contracts are rule by the public laws whose purpose is to safeguard the public interest through the implementation of infrastructure projects and public services - and also by the private laws- in which takes precedence the autonomy of the parties, consent and good faith. This article reviews how it is that these characteristics of the Concession Contract have been reflected in our legal system and, if necessary, make some kind of conformity and / or correction. / El presente documento tiene como objetivo exponer algunas reflexiones sobre la dinámica de los Contratos de Concesión durante la etapa de ejecución contractual, contratos que por su naturaleza incompleta y por su larga duración requieren de una labor intensa por las partes destinada a interpretar, precisar y/o aclarar los términos contractuales acordados, así como de negociación y suscripción de acuerdos de modificación del texto contractual y, por último, de solución de las controversias que se pudieran originar. En adición a las características de los contratos de concesión antes descritas, debe tenerse presente su singular carácter mixto derivado de la aplicación del régimen administrativo, cuya finalidad es salvaguardar el interés público a través de la ejecución de proyectos de infraestructura y servicios públicos, y, a su vez, de la aplicación del régimen civil, en el cual prima, la autonomía de las partes, el consentimiento y la buena fe. El presente artículo pretende revisar cómo es que dichas características del Contrato de Concesión han sido plasmadas en nuestroordenamiento jurídico y, si es necesario, realizar algún tipo de concordancia y/o corrección.

La définition historique de l'équilibre économique dans les contrats de concession s'est manifestée principalement au travers de la théorie générale des contrats administratifs. C'est pourtant réduire sa définition à la seule résolution des situations de déséquilibre nées lors de l'exécution du contrat. L'équilibre économique dépasse cette seule fonction de rééquilibrage des relations contractuelles tout comme il relativise le principe qui lui est rattaché du droit financier détenu par le concessionnaire à son maintien. Aussi, la définition de l'équilibre économique des concessions de service public a pu autrement se manifester par la définition d'un mode de rémunération ou encore par la présence de risques et périls. Mais le constat est celui de l'incapacité de définir en réalité l'équilibre économique de la concession de service public par une notion particulière. Cette insuffisance soulève la problématique de l'hétérogénéité des composantes de l'équilibre économique de ce contrat et de la nécessité de le définir par la mécanique permanente existant entre elles. Pour résoudre cette équation à plusieurs inconnues, il convient de reconsidérer l'équilibre économique comme un objet économique et d'en saisir les multiples incidences. Cette occasion est donnée avec la refonte substantielle du régime juridique applicable à toutes les concessions en droit européen et par l'imprégnation des considérations liées au marché. La rénovation de l'équilibre économique des concessions de service public a alors deux objectifs. Elle suggère d'abord une actualisation de la définition de l'équilibre économique à l'aune de la référence faite au risque d'exploitation. L'avènement du risque d'exploitation doit conduire à une définition de l'équilibre économique non exclusive d'autres composantes, mais au contraire révélant la complexité de leur constante interconnexion. Puis, elle impose de réintroduire positivement des données économiques telles que la rentabilité et le profit pour que les personnes publiques puissent en maitriser l'existence et en rationaliser les effets. / The economic equilibrium of concession contract’s historical French definition demonstrated through principals drawn from public contract theory. However, this definition reduced the influence of the equilibrium to the contract imbalances. The economic equilibrium definition goes beyond the co-contractor rights to exploit the public service. In addition, the economic equilibrium definition has related to a remuneration model or to co-contractor’s risk. Nevertheless, each time it occurs, it is an unsuccessful try to reveal a thorough definition of the economic equilibrium of concession contract. To resolve the complex equation, it is necessary to use the heterogeneous characteristics in concession contract and to notice the global mechanic among them. The recent concession contract reform in Europe is an opportunity to. First, the definition review should take into account the concept of operating risk and integrating so the interconnectedness of the many factors that characterize concession contract. Then, the definition review should require introducing the economics as aims to make profit and market conditions to streamline the use of the economic equilibrium of concession contract and its effects in contractual relationship.

Submitted by Filipe dos Santos (fsantos@pucsp.br) on 2018-08-17T13:20:54Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Sérgio Ludovico Martins.pdf: 11665130 bytes, checksum: 6f742e6ff0aa11ab7babe139d40a49d5 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-17T13:20:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Sérgio Ludovico Martins.pdf: 11665130 bytes, checksum: 6f742e6ff0aa11ab7babe139d40a49d5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-06-28 / The contractual celebration is a milestone in the expression of individual freedom. Private autonomy in the contractual scope is analyzed by the manifestation of the volitional element of the parties in comparison with the models of state intervention. The commercial concession agreement signed by automakers and dealers aims to regulate the dynamics of indirect distribution of motor vehicles, parts and services. The asymmetries of this contractual relationship are identified by the doctrine, Brazilian and foreign, for decades, including having motivated the edition of the Renato Ferrari Law. The intensification of competition in the national scenario, arising from the installation of new brands, has reduced the margin of profitability of the automotive segment. In this quadrant, the automakers began to carry out the closure of indirect distribution operations, regardless of the operating time, making possible the return of the capital invested by regional business groups. The asymmetry of the contractual link is expressed in the performance of the dominant firm, automakers, through the disproportionate increase in intra-brand competition, evasion of information and imposition of obligations, through internal communiqués devoid of contractual or negotiating ballast. In order to maintain the transfer to international headquarters, some automakers are imposing financial losses on indirect distributors through the stocking of products, considering the incidence of financial charges in the current account opened by the related floor plan contract. Public interest militates for the prohibition of holk-back and similar programs, with fictitious values being released to the invoices of invoicing new vehicles, considering the financial losses imposed on the dealers and the mockery to the due collection of taxes. The contractual asymmetries cause financial losses to business groups mostly of Brazilian capital, loss of capacity for development of the national economy, and worsening consumer service. The modernization of state intervention directs the prohibition of the stocking of products to the detriment of dealers, objective criteria for expanding intra-brand competition and restricting the relevance of internal communiqués issued by the automakers / A celebração contratual é um marco de expressão da liberdade individual. A autonomia privada no âmbito contratual é analisada pela manifestação do elemento volitivo das partes em cotejo com os modelos de intervenção estatal. O contrato de concessão comercial firmado por montadoras e concessionários visa regular a dinâmica de distribuição indireta de veículos automotores, peças e serviços. As assimetrias desta relação contratual são identificadas pela doutrina, brasileira e estrangeira, há décadas, inclusive tendo motivado a edição da Lei Renato Ferrari. O acirramento da concorrência no cenário nacional, oriundo da instalação fabril de novas marcas, diminuiu a margem de lucratividade do segmento automotivo. Neste quadrante, as montadoras passaram a levar a efeito o encerramento de operações de distribuição indireta, independente do tempo de funcionamento ter tornado possível o retorno dos capitais investidos por grupos empresários de atuação regional. A assimetria do vinculo contratual se expressa na atuação da firma dominante, montadoras, através do incremento desproporcional da concorrência intramarca, sonegação de informações e imposição de obrigações, mediante comunicados internos desprovidos de lastro contratual ou negocial. Objetivando manter os repasses às matrizes internacionais, algumas montadoras vêm impondo perdas financeiras aos distribuidores indiretos através da estocagem de produtos, considerando a incidência de encargos financeiros na conta corrente aberta pelo contrato coligado de floor plan. Interesse público milita pela proibição da prática do holk back e programas assemelhados, com lançamento de valores fictícios às notas fiscais de faturamento de veículos novos, considerando as perdas financeiras impostas aos concessionários e a burla ao devido recolhimento de tributos. As assimetrias contratuais ocasionam perdas financeiras a grupos empresários majoritariamente de capital brasileiro, tolhimento da capacidade de desenvolvimento da economia nacional, além de piora no atendimento ao público consumidor. A modernização da intervenção estatal orienta a vedação à estocagem de produtos em detrimento dos concessionários, critérios objetivos para ampliação da concorrência intramarca e restrição à relevância dos comunicados internos emitidos pelas montadoras

Peruvian Airport Company (en adelante PAC) es la empresa a la cual se le ha adjudicado la concesión del mantenimiento, ampliación y administración del Aeropuerto Internacional Kuntur (en adelante AIK). De acuerdo con el contrato de concesión y el Plan de Desarrollo mínimo para la modernización de la infraestructura aeroportuaria, PAC está obligado a cumplir con hitos de inversión y mejoras obligatorias relacionadas con el incremento de las operaciones aeroportuarias. Para poder cumplir con ello, se busca que para el año 2022 el sistema actual incremente su capacidad de procesamiento de equipajes de 1,735 a 3,229 equipajes/hora en horario de máxima demanda. Mediante la implementación del programa “Mejoras en el sistema de transporte de equipajes” se busca ampliar y mejorar el sistema actual y evitar “cuellos de botella” y picos de demanda que podrían generar reclamos por parte de las aerolíneas y multas por incumplimiento de parte del organismo regulador (OSITRAN – MTC). Este programa está conformado por cuatro proyectos: Upgrade del sistema de máquinas de rayos X, Mejoras en el sistema de transferencia, Trabajos de Infraestructura y Ampliación e instalación de fajas transportadoras. El proyecto objeto de estudio del presente trabajo de investigación, es la Ampliación e instalación de fajas transportadoras en las zonas 01 a la 07 y deberá ser ejecutado en 453 días, desde el 06/02/2017 hasta el 31/10/2018. Se proyecta un valor actual neto de U$ 1,679,821 utilizando la tasa de retorno WACC de 9.26% y un presupuesto de $. 4,744,521. / Peruvian Airport Company (PAC) is the company that has been awarded the maintenance, expansion and administration of Kuntur International Airport (AIK). In accordance with the concession contract and the Minimum Development Plan for the modernization of airport infrastructure, PAC is obliged to comply with investment milestones and mandatory improvements related to the increase airport operations. In order to comply with this, the current system should process approximately 3,229 bags/hour during peak demand hours by 2022; however, it currently only processes 1,735 bags/hour. The implementation of the "Improvements in the baggage transport system" program seeks to expand and improve the current system and avoid "bottlenecks" and spikes in demand that could lead to airline claims and fines for non-compliance by the regulatory body (OSITRAN – MTC). This program involves four projects: Upgrade of the X-ray machine system, Improvements in the transfer system, Infrastructure Works and Expansion and installation of conveyor belts. The project under study covers only the supervision of the expansion and installation of conveyor belts in zones 01 to 07 and should be implemented in 453 days, from 06/02/2017 to 29/10/2018. A net present value of $1,679,821 is projected using WACC return rate 9.26% and a budgeted amount of $. 4,744,521. / Trabajo de investigación

Submitted by Anna Carolina Morizot Tourinho (carolina.morizot@gmail.com) on 2018-02-27T19:15:21Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - O poder público inadimplente - Anna Carolina Morizot Tourinho - final.pdf: 1721569 bytes, checksum: 4c55d551921b55736287c03c1d2f815c (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Diego Andrade (diego.andrade@fgv.br) on 2018-03-02T12:08:12Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - O poder público inadimplente - Anna Carolina Morizot Tourinho - final.pdf: 1721569 bytes, checksum: 4c55d551921b55736287c03c1d2f815c (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-03-12T13:49:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - O poder público inadimplente - Anna Carolina Morizot Tourinho - final.pdf: 1721569 bytes, checksum: 4c55d551921b55736287c03c1d2f815c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-02-06 / Currently, in Brazil, there is a movement to change the relationship of the public and private sector from a supremacy of the Government status to a more consensual and collaborative relationship. That is because this extraordinary power system used in the concession agreement is proving to be inefficient, costlier, and is being used to support authoritarian practices from the Government. In that context, is urgent to reconsider this superior position that the Government exercise in concession agreements. This paper searched in the national and international doctrine the reasons why it was understood to be important for the Government to have these special powers in such contracts. It was searched in judicial precedents what is the most common forms of the Government´s default. It was analyzed several preventive and reactive mechanisms to avoid the default to happen, to respond to the non-compliance compelling the Government to act as established in the contract, and to compensate the private partner in case it is impossible to meet the agreement. It was understood that the best way to ensure the public interest is to reduce the extraordinary powers from the Government, ensuring legal certainty and reducing the costs to the Government as a partner / Hoje, no Brasil, há uma tendência de substituição no eixo de atuação da Administração com base na supremacia e na unilateralidade para uma ideia de consenso e bilateralidade. Entende-se que Administração e particular devem atuar em conjunto, de forma colaborativa e não em uma situação de subordinação do particular à Administração. Isto porque, cada vez mais, o regime de prerrogativas especiais acaba servindo de base para o estímulo à ineficiência da Administração, geração de contratos mais onerosos, legitimação de práticas autoritárias e facilitação de desvios em razão da flexibilidade de alteração de cláusulas contratuais. Diante deste contexto, é preciso rever a posição de supremacia que o poder concedente exerce em contratos de concessão de serviço público. Buscou-se através do presente trabalho explicações na doutrina nacional e estrangeira que pudessem justificar esse desequilíbrio e as peculiaridades que cercam essa relação entre poder concedente e concessionárias nos contratos de concessão comum. Em seguida, foram analisadas decisões dos Tribunais Regionais Federais para identificar quais são as possíveis formas de descumprimento contratual pela Administração Pública. Por fim, foram analisados mecanismos para evitar que o poder concedente incorra no inadimplemento, para o compelir a cumprir suas obrigações e, finalmente, para compensar o concessionário por eventuais danos sofridos em razão do descumprimento de cláusula contratual. Conclui-se, assim, que a melhor forma de garantir o interesse público é limitar o exercício dos poderes exorbitantes, que deve se dar apenas em situações excepcionais, de forma a garantir segurança jurídica e diminuir os custos de contratar com o poder público

Esta tese tem como propósito apresentar uma abordagem que justifique a vigência dos dois regimes jurídicos regulatórios presentes hodiernamente no ordenamento pátrio para a etapa de exploração e produção, segmento upstream, da indústria de petróleo e gás natural. Para tanto, abordaremos esses regimes sob o paradigma da segurança energética, que decorre, de um lado, da atual escassez de recursos naturais finitos, e, de outro, da importância estratégica que a indústria de hidrocarbonetos assumiu na economia capitalista, transformando-se, de uma commodity em um recurso estratégico ou de importância geopolítica para os países. Tendo em vista esse paradigma, trataremos da escolha do regime jurídico para o setor a partir do tradeoff incluindo, de um lado, o risco envolvidotr nesse segmento da referida indústria, e, de outro, a aquisição da propriedade dos hidrocarbonetos explotados. A justificativa em favor da mantença desses regimes tem como fulcro tornar as estruturas institucionais pátrias mais adaptadas: (i) de um lado, às díspares circunstâncias exploratórias encontradas, blocos envolvendo altos riscos exploratórios sendo explorados pelo regime calcado na Emenda Constitucional Nº 9 e Lei Nº 9.478/1997 e blocos com baixos riscos, por meio do regime disposto na Lei Nº 12.351/2010, Lei Nº 12.304/2010 e Lei Nº 12.276/2010, e, (ii) de outro, na importância que a propriedade sobre os hidrocarbonetos passou a assumir para os países em razão do paradigma da segurança energética. Nesse sentido, defendemos a tese de que o contrato ínsito ao regime regulatório de 2010, contrato de partilha de produção, uma combinação convexa entre os contratos de concessão e de serviços, figurando como um meio termo entre ambos, permite maior adaptação no tradeoff entre risco e propriedade. / This thesis aims to present an approach that justifies the validity of the two regulatory legal systems present in our times in the national order to step exploration and production, upstream segment, of the oil and gas industry. Therefore, we will address these schemes under the paradigm of energy security, which takes place on the one hand, the current shortage of finite natural resources, and on the other, the strategic importance of the oil industry took in the capitalist economy, transforming herself, a commodity, in a strategic or geopolitical resource for countries. Given this paradigm, we will treat the choice of the legal framework for the sector from the tradeoff involving, on the one hand, the risk involved in this segment of that industry, and on the other, the acquisition of ownership of hydrocarbons exploited. The reason in favor of keeping these schemes is to make institutional structures best suited to: (i) the different circumstances encountered in blocks involving high exploration risks, being exploited by the regime framed on Constitutional Amendment Nº 9 and Law Nº 9.478/1997, or blocks with low risks through the regime framed in Law Nº 12.351/2010, Law Nº 12.304/2010 and Law Nº 12.276/2010; (ii) the importance of ownership of the hydrocarbons has assumed for countries, due to the energy security paradigm. In this sense, we defend the thesis that the contract itself to the regulatory regime of 2010, production sharing contract, is a convex combination of concession contracts and services, appearing as a middle term between the two, allowing greater adaptation in the tradeoff between risk and property.

This thesis evaluates transparency in the context of water utilities’ regulation by comparing legal frameworks in three jurisdictions: Victoria (Australia), England (United Kingdom) and Jakarta (Indonesia). Each of these jurisdictions is selected because of their particular ownership and regulatory model. The thesis analyses whether specific ownership or regulatory models will have implications for transparency. The terms “transparency” and “water utilities’ regulation” are first defined and form the thesis’ analytical framework. This is then applied against the three jurisdictions compared. By evaluating each of the three jurisdictions, the thesis expects to provide explanation on how transparency is enabled or inhibited by the legal frameworks. The thesis recommends a solution by comparing the three jurisdictions and generating “lessons learned”.

The diploma thesis deals how public sector co-opete with private one. The are explain the types of cooperation and the reasons why they are used or not. In the beginning are defined the main terms used later in this thesis, those definitions are based on the datas from the books. The second part, practical part, is focused on evaluation of the respondents’s answers, which have been gotten from questionnaire. There are used also my personal opinions and experience in the practical part. In the final part there is decribed current cooperation those sectors and there are given the recommendations for improving their relationships.