Settlement of International Investment Disputes The purpose of my thesis is to introduce the basic types of settlement of international investment disputes while focusing especially on arbitration proceedings conducted by tribunals of the International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes, hereinafter referred to as ICSID. The main purpose of the thesis in this respect is to critically evaluate the situation that currently exists in international investment arbitration due to the absence of an appellate review mechanism in ICSID system and to suggest solutions to this problem. The evaluation includes both a description of current possibilities of review and a proposal of an appellate body along with alternatives thereto. The thesis is composed of three chapters. The first chapter is introductory and concerns the basic terminology of international investment law. It focuses on defining the terms investment and investor, i.e. terms that are essential for comprehension of the nature of international investment disputes. It defines the terms using mainly the ICSID case law. The second chapter deals with the individual methods of settlement of investment disputes. First it mentions diplomatic protection as a method used especially in past. It also mentions conciliation proceedings and describes the role...

International Dispute Settlement - selected aspects Abstract This diploma thesis deals with selected aspects of the international dispute settlement not only in current international public law but also in its history. The thesis is divided into five chapters which are also further divided into a number of subchapters depending on the complexity of each topic. The first chapter is dedicated to the definition of international dispute. Apart from that the chapter also deals with the obligation of states to settle their disputes and to settle them by peaceful means. The historical background of the international dispute settlement is described in the second chapter. Important events such as Hague Peace Conferences, founding of the League of Nations, the Briand-Kellog Pact and founding of the United Nations among others are all mentioned in this chapter because of their impact on the course of this field of international relations. The third chapter focuses on the analysis of the principle of the peaceful settlement of disputes and its link to other related principles of international law. The fourth chapter is dedicated to individual means of peaceful settlement. Every method is described individually, with a brief historical background, comparison to other methods and analysis of the application on specific...

A Lei n° 9.433/1997 que institui a Política Nacional de Recursos Hídricos (PNRH) congrega as principais diretrizes de planejamento do uso da água a partir da incorporação de importantes Princípios como o do gerenciamento integrado dos recursos hídricos, gestão participativa, integralidade da bacia hidrográfica como interconexão de sistemas de águas superficiais e subterrâneas para gestão interna, resolução pacífica de conflitos, dentre outros. No contexto transfronteiriço, os contornos da cooperação podem ser tanto um instrumento facilitador como complicador das políticas hídricas a serem executadas, uma vez que à luz do Direito Internacional, as intervenções no território de um Estado devem seguir os Princípios da não intervenção, independência e soberania o que demanda uma política de coordenação internacional entre eles. Para estabelecer os contornos internacionais a respeito do que se pretende acerca de recursos naturais transfronteiriços, é usual o surgimento de regimes específicos, com tratado próprio, muitas vezes excetuado do regramento geral internacional. A fim de analisar o quadro jurídico aplicável no contexto hídrico transfronteiriço amazônico a presente tese parte do ordenamento jurídico brasileiro em matéria de gerenciamento de recursos hídricos e aplica, a partir da dimensão internacional, três esferas de análise dos Princípios da troca de informações e estudos prospectivos, solução pacífica dos conflitos, e da participação pública, nas seguintes perspectivas: 1. multilateral, no âmbito da OTCA; 2. bilateral/trilateral, na formação de instâncias ad hoc para a solução de conflitos; 3. local, na formação de Comitês de bacia internacional. / The Brazilian statute n. 9.433/1997 institutes the National Policy of Water Courses, which contains the most important parameters to set policies in this regard and is widely based on international principles, such as the principles of the integrated management of transboundary basins, integrality of the basins, interconnection between ground and surface water, as well as the peaceful settlement of disputes. Transboundary situations may foster or obtrude cooperation to set and execute water policies, since, accordingly to the international law, a state are not allowed to intervene in the territory of other states, because they are independent and sovereign. The only way to harmonize policies is international cooperation. In order to establish the international limits to the use of natural transboundary resources some international regimes usually arouse and are, sometimes, established by treaties which differ from general international law. Aiming to analyze the legal framework applicable to the Amazon transboundary waters, this thesis starts with a study of the Brazilian legal system regarding water resources management and employs, departing from an international perspective, three levels of analysis of principles that refer to exchange of information, prospective studies, peaceful settlement of disputes, and public participation, from the following perspectives: 1. multilateral, under the ACTO regime 2. Bi- and trilateral, when ad hoc instances are created to settle the disputes 3. Local, through the creation of International Basin Committees

This document aims to expose some reflections on the dynamics of the concession contracts during the execution period, incomplete contracts that by its nature and by its long duration require an intensive work by the parties intended to interpret, define and / or clarify the agreed terms, as well as negotiation and signing of the new agreements to amend the text and, finally, the settlement of disputes. In addition to the characteristics of concession contracts described above, we also should take note of its unique and mixed nature, which is a consequence of the fact that this kind of contracts are rule by the public laws whose purpose is to safeguard the public interest through the implementation of infrastructure projects and public services - and also by the private laws- in which takes precedence the autonomy of the parties, consent and good faith. This article reviews how it is that these characteristics of the Concession Contract have been reflected in our legal system and, if necessary, make some kind of conformity and / or correction. / El presente documento tiene como objetivo exponer algunas reflexiones sobre la dinámica de los Contratos de Concesión durante la etapa de ejecución contractual, contratos que por su naturaleza incompleta y por su larga duración requieren de una labor intensa por las partes destinada a interpretar, precisar y/o aclarar los términos contractuales acordados, así como de negociación y suscripción de acuerdos de modificación del texto contractual y, por último, de solución de las controversias que se pudieran originar. En adición a las características de los contratos de concesión antes descritas, debe tenerse presente su singular carácter mixto derivado de la aplicación del régimen administrativo, cuya finalidad es salvaguardar el interés público a través de la ejecución de proyectos de infraestructura y servicios públicos, y, a su vez, de la aplicación del régimen civil, en el cual prima, la autonomía de las partes, el consentimiento y la buena fe. El presente artículo pretende revisar cómo es que dichas características del Contrato de Concesión han sido plasmadas en nuestroordenamiento jurídico y, si es necesario, realizar algún tipo de concordancia y/o corrección.

A Lei n° 9.433/1997 que institui a Política Nacional de Recursos Hídricos (PNRH) congrega as principais diretrizes de planejamento do uso da água a partir da incorporação de importantes Princípios como o do gerenciamento integrado dos recursos hídricos, gestão participativa, integralidade da bacia hidrográfica como interconexão de sistemas de águas superficiais e subterrâneas para gestão interna, resolução pacífica de conflitos, dentre outros. No contexto transfronteiriço, os contornos da cooperação podem ser tanto um instrumento facilitador como complicador das políticas hídricas a serem executadas, uma vez que à luz do Direito Internacional, as intervenções no território de um Estado devem seguir os Princípios da não intervenção, independência e soberania o que demanda uma política de coordenação internacional entre eles. Para estabelecer os contornos internacionais a respeito do que se pretende acerca de recursos naturais transfronteiriços, é usual o surgimento de regimes específicos, com tratado próprio, muitas vezes excetuado do regramento geral internacional. A fim de analisar o quadro jurídico aplicável no contexto hídrico transfronteiriço amazônico a presente tese parte do ordenamento jurídico brasileiro em matéria de gerenciamento de recursos hídricos e aplica, a partir da dimensão internacional, três esferas de análise dos Princípios da troca de informações e estudos prospectivos, solução pacífica dos conflitos, e da participação pública, nas seguintes perspectivas: 1. multilateral, no âmbito da OTCA; 2. bilateral/trilateral, na formação de instâncias ad hoc para a solução de conflitos; 3. local, na formação de Comitês de bacia internacional. / The Brazilian statute n. 9.433/1997 institutes the National Policy of Water Courses, which contains the most important parameters to set policies in this regard and is widely based on international principles, such as the principles of the integrated management of transboundary basins, integrality of the basins, interconnection between ground and surface water, as well as the peaceful settlement of disputes. Transboundary situations may foster or obtrude cooperation to set and execute water policies, since, accordingly to the international law, a state are not allowed to intervene in the territory of other states, because they are independent and sovereign. The only way to harmonize policies is international cooperation. In order to establish the international limits to the use of natural transboundary resources some international regimes usually arouse and are, sometimes, established by treaties which differ from general international law. Aiming to analyze the legal framework applicable to the Amazon transboundary waters, this thesis starts with a study of the Brazilian legal system regarding water resources management and employs, departing from an international perspective, three levels of analysis of principles that refer to exchange of information, prospective studies, peaceful settlement of disputes, and public participation, from the following perspectives: 1. multilateral, under the ACTO regime 2. Bi- and trilateral, when ad hoc instances are created to settle the disputes 3. Local, through the creation of International Basin Committees

Au-delà des limites économiques (dues à la libéralisation des échanges commerciaux), scientifiques (dues aux risques incertains) et juridiques (dues aux instruments non-contraignants), l'encadrement juridique international des mouvements transfrontières des organismes génétiquement modifiés (OGM) est-il approprié pour la protection de la santé humaine, la santé animale et la protection de l'environnement, dans son contenu et sa mise en œuvre ? Le contenu du cadre juridique quant aux mouvements transfrontières des OGM est incomplet avec des instruments légaux directement applicables et des instruments indirectement applicables. Pour combler ces lacunes dans le sens d'une meilleure gouvernance des mouvements transfrontières des OGM, la réglementation de catégories additionnelles des mouvements transfrontières des OGM est primordiale ainsi que la mise en place d'un dispositif harmonisé d'identification, de traçabilité et d'étiquetage. Un système de biovigilance internationale est également recommandé, comprenant la vigilance par une évaluation harmonisée des risques, le suivi par un système de gestion harmonisée des risques et l'information par un système harmonisé de communication des risques. Le cadre juridique quant aux mouvements transfrontières des OGM est aussi limité dans ses effets, de par l'absence d'un régime international de responsabilité et de réparation quant aux dommages résultant des OGM car le récent Protocole additionnel de Nagoya-Kuala Lumpur sur la responsabilité et la réparation des dommages résultant des mouvements transfrontières, ne visent que les organismes vivants modifiés (OVM). Il y a également un manque de consensus dans les approches, l'application et le règlement des différends. Dans ce contexte, la mise en place d'un système de compensation collective ou encore d'un fonds d'indemnisation et de régime d'assurance, sont un accompagnement nécessaire à ce régime de responsabilité incomplet, afin de pouvoir indemniser les victimes potentielles et les dommages environnementaux résultant des mouvements transfrontières des OGM. / Beyond economic (due to trade liberalisation), scientific (due to uncertain risks involved) and legal boundaries (due to soft law instruments), is the international legal framework for transboundary movements pertaining to Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs), adequate for the protection of human and animal health as well as environmental protection, content-wise and in its implementation? The content of this framework is incomplete with direct and indirect legal instruments. In order to fill in the gaps for a better governance of transboundary movements of Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs), it is of utmost importance to regulate additional categories of transboundary movement of GMOs and to devise a harmonised system of identification, traceability and labelling. A three-pronged international system of “bioalertness” is highly recommended, with the need for a harmonised risk assessment system, an effective risk management system and a harmonised system of communication of information on biotechnological risks. The legal framework pertaining to transboundary movements of GMOs is limited in its effects, in as much as there is no liability regime for the reparation of damages resulting from transboundary movements of GMOs since the Nagoya-Kuala Lumpur Additionnal Protocol targets only damages resulting from LMOs and it still has to be ratified by States Parties and enter into force. Its implementation is limited to the extent that there is a lack of consensus on the approaches, implementation and dispute resolution procedures. In this context, the setting-up of a collective system of compensation or a compensation fund as well as an insurance regime are a must, to be able to indemnify potential victims and repair environmental damage resulting from transboundary movements of GMOs.

Le contrat d’assurance est un contrat synallagmatique. L’éthique en la matière impose l’exécution loyale de la convention par la fourniture des prestations réciproques incombant aux parties. Il s’agit, pour le souscripteur, de verser une prime en échange de la garantie, et pour l’assureur de garantir les conséquences de l’événement aléatoire prévu au contrat. Le prix de l'assurance est de ce fait la contrepartie de la garantie du risque pris en charge par l'assureur. Vu sous cet angle, l’assureur est le partenaire privilégié de l’assuré dans sa protection contre les risques de la vie quotidienne. Mais il peut arriver que, sans justification, l’une des parties ne fournisse pas la prestation pour laquelle elle s’est engagée. Dans ce cas, elle se rend coupable de manquement contractuel, autrement qualifié d’inexécution du contrat.Le droit camerounais des assurances issu de la réforme du 10 juillet 1992 qui met sur pied la Conférence Interafricaine des Marchés d’Assurances ne dispose pas d’un régime unifié de l’inexécution du contrat d’assurance. Toutes les violations de l’engagement ne sont pas toujours sanctionnées. Les solutions existantes sont, soit limitées, soit exposées sans véritable hiérarchie entre remèdes de premier rang et solutions subsidiaires. De plus, la répartition des pouvoirs tend à accentuer l’inégalité entre la compagnie d’assurance et l’assuré. De ce point de vue, la réforme, qui a pourtant relativement modernisé les règles jusque là applicables, n’a pas totalement mis fin aux problèmes que soulève l’exécution des contrats d’assurance dans les États parties. La jurisprudence elle-même ne fournit pas toujours des solutions adéquates pour compléter l’œuvre du législateur. Cette situation qui est une véritable source de difficultés tant pour les cocontractants que pour les juges pouvant être appelés à trancher les différends, rend incertain le régime de traitement de l’inexécution.La question mérite alors d’être profondément repensée afin de trouver les meilleures solutions pouvant permettre de garantir les intérêts des parties en présence et, par voie de conséquence, favoriser le développement de l’industrie nationale, voire sous-régionale, des assurances. / The insurance contract is a bilateral contract. Ethics in this matter requires the fair execution of the agreement through the provision of reciprocal services incumbent upon the parties. For the subscriber, this means paying premiums in exchange for the guarantee and for the insurer to guarantee the consequences of the random event provided for in the contract. The price of the insurance is therefore the counterpart of the guarantee for the risk assumed by the insurer. Seen from this angle, the insurer is the insured's privileged partner in its protection against the risks of daily life. But it can happen that, without justification, one of the parties does not provide the service for which it has committed itself. In this case, it is guilty of contractual breach, also known as breach of contract.The Cameroonian insurance law resulting from the reform of July 10, 1992 which sets up the Inter-African Conference of Insurance Markets does not have a unified regime of non-performance of the insurance contract. Not all breaches of the commitment are always punished. Existing solutions are either limited or presented without any real hierarchy between first-tier remedies and subsidiary solutions. Moreover, the distribution of powers tends to accentuate the inequality between the insurance company and the insured. From this point of view, the reform, which has, however, relatively modernized the rules hitherto applicable, has not completely put an end to the problems raised by the implementation of insurance contracts in the States Parties. The case-law itself does not always provide adequate solutions to complete the work of the legislator. This situation, which is a source of difficulties both for contracting parties and for judges who may be called upon to settle disputes, makes the regime for dealing with non-performance uncertain.The issue then deserves to be thoroughly rethought in order to find the best solutions that can guarantee the interests of the parties involved and, consequently, promote the development of the national, even sub regional insurance industry.

Cette thèse porte sur le statut de l'Etat justiciable en droit international. L'étude de l'Etat, sujet de droit international et justiciable des juridictions internationales, conduit à l'analyse de sa personnalité juridique internationale. Pour connaître le statut juridique de l'Etat et sa possible mise en cause devant une juridiction internationale, il a fallu donner un essai de définition du concept d'Etat et de celui de souveraineté. C'est à partir de la variante souveraineté que se décline le phénomène de justiciabilité de l'Etat en droit international. Dans cette étude, le nouveau droit international tel que proposé par la Charte des Nations en 1945, maintient l'Etat dans son rôle classique de sujet principal du droit des gens, en lui étant tout de même le statut de souverain absolu et inaccessible. En plus du contentieux interétatique classique, le souverain étatique est devenu depuis cette date un acteur contentieux presque banal devant les nouvelles juridictions internationales. C'est ainsi que l'émergence de nouveaux acteurs de la société internationale comme les individus, les entreprises et les ONG, a donné lieu à un nouveau développement conventionnel dans des espaces juridiques qui échappent au contrôle étatique. La protection internationale des droits de l'homme fait passer l'individu de la sphère nationale à la sphère internationale. Le nouveau droit international économique institutionnalisé par le CIRDI en 1965, le nouveau droit de la mer matérialisé par la Convention de Montego Bay de 1982 et le développement des juridictions pénales internationales (lutte contre l'impunité) sont la preuve d'une transformation de l'environnement juridique international où l'Etat n'est plus l'unique centre d'intérêt des rapports internationaux. / This thesis examines the status of the defendant State in international law. The study of State, subject of international law and immune from international courts, led to the analysis of its international legal personality. To know the legal status of the State and its possible questioned before an International Court, it took to give a definition of the concept of sovereignty and state test. It is from the variant sovereignty comes the phenomenon of justiciability of the State under international law. In this study, new international law as proposed by the Charter in 1945, maintains the State in his classic role as main subject of the law of Nations, by taking away all the same absolute and inaccessible sovereign status. In addition to the classical inter-State disputes, the sovereign State has become since that date an almost banal litigation player before the new international courts. It is as well as the emergence of new actors in the international society as individuals, businesses and NGOS, gave rise to a new conventional development in legal spaces that are outside State control. The international protection of human rights puts the individual in the national sphere to the international sphere. The new international economic law, institutionalized by the ICSID in 1965, the new law of the sea, materialized by the Montego Bay Convention of 1982 and the development of international criminal courts (Fight against impunity) are evidence of a transformation of the international legal environment where the State is no longer the only main interest of international reports.

L'arbitrage est considéré comme l'un des principaux moyens alternatifs de règlement des contentieux nés des contrats de commerce international, dont notamment les contrats d'investissements pétroliers. Il bénéficie en effet de la confiance et du soutien des sociétés étrangères opérant dans le secteur de la mise en valeur des richesses pétrolières. On observe un regain d'intérêt pour l'arbitrage aux plans international et étatique. Au plan international, de nombreuses conventions relatives à l'arbitrage ont été conclues et des institutions d'arbitrage à caractère international ont été créées avec pour mission de régler les contentieux que les parties concernées sont convenues de résoudre par voie d'arbitrage. Ces institutions ont élaboré leurs règlements d'arbitrage en tant que cadres juridiques offert au règlement des contentieux qui leur sont soumis. Elles mettent à jour leurs règlements de façon régulière afin de se conformer aux évolutions constantes que connaît l'arbitrage. Au plan national, la plupart des législateurs s'efforcent, dans les États qui se préoccupent du développement de la justice arbitrale, d'en accompagner les évolutions, en promulguant des lois nouvelles ou en mettant à jour celles qui régissent déjà l'arbitrage. Il en va de même pour les tribunaux étatiques qui partagent cette préoccupation et qui s'efforcent de pallier les manques ou de remédier par l'interprétation aux ambiguïtés qui obscurcissent le sens des dispositions législatives relatives à l'arbitrage. Nous avons donc choisi d'aborder certaines des problématiques que soulève l'arbitrage, et de le faire en prenant pour illustration de cette étude les contrats d'investissements pétroliers. Ces derniers comptent en effet parmi les contrats de commerce international les plus importants, du fait du caractère stratégique du pétrole lui-même qui est une denrée tout autant politique que commerciale. L'objectif de cette recherche est de cerner la définition des contrats d'investissements pétroliers, en caractérisant leur nature juridique et les formes juridiques qu'ils prennent. D'autre part, il conviendra de se pencher sur les principales questions soulevées par l'arbitrage relativement à ces contrats, - que ce soit à la phase de conclusion de l'accord sur l'arbitrage, en déterminant la relation qu'entretient la convention d'arbitrage avec le contrat principal ainsi que les effets juridiques produits par la convention d'arbitrage ainsi que les conséquences qu'il faut tirer de la présence, parmi les parties, de l’État producteur ou de l'un de ses démembrements,- ou à la phase de l'instance arbitrale en examinant, entre autres problématiques centrales, la question de la détermination du droit applicable à la procédure arbitrale et celle de la détermination du droit applicable au fond du litige. / Arbitration is considered a major alternative means of dispute settlement born of international trade agreements, including the oil investment contracts. It benefits from the trust and support of foreign companies operating in the sector of the development of oil wealth. There is renewed interest in international arbitration and state plans. Internationally, many conventions were concluded arbitration and arbitration in international institutions were created with the task of settling disputes that the parties have agreed to resolve by arbitration. These institutions have developed their arbitration rules as legal frameworks offered to the settlement of disputes submitted to them. They update their regularly regulations to conform to the constant developments affecting the arbitration. Nationally, most legislators are working in the States concerned with the development of arbitral justice, to support changes, by enacting new laws or updating those that already govern the arbitration. It's the same for state courts who share this concern and striving to fill the gaps or correct the interpretation ambiguities that obscure the meaning of the statutory provisions relating to arbitration. We have therefore chosen to address some of the issues raised by arbitration, and do so by taking for illustration of this study the oil investment contracts. These have indeed among the contracts of international trade the most important, because of the strategic nature of oil itself is a commodity just as much political as commercial. The objective of this research is to identify the definition of oil investment contracts, characterizing their legal nature and the legal forms they take. On the other hand, should be to address the main issues raised by the relatively arbitration to these contracts,- Whether the phase of concluding the agreement on arbitration, determining the relationship of the arbitration agreement with the main contract and the legal effects of the arbitration agreement and the consequences to be drawn from the presence among the parties, the producer State or one of its branches,- Or phase of the arbitration proceedings by examining, among other central issues, the question of determining the law applicable to the arbitration proceedings and that of determining the law applicable to the substance of the dispute.

The commercial and investment relations between Thailand and the Czech Republic are longstanding. Currently, the Czech Republic imports a number of agricultural products and food from Thailand, and Thailand imports industrial technology from the Czech Republic. As a result, there are opportunities for Czech companies to invest in and establish business cooperation with Thai businesses with agreements to guarantee stable commercial investment relations between Thailand and the Czech Republic. Because of this, the Bilateral Investment Treaty (BIT) between both countries facilitates further development. The dissertation deals with research about the Protection of Investments under the Bilateral Investment Treaty between Thailand and the Czech Republic. The first BIT between Thailand and the Czech Republic was the 'Agreement between the Government of the Czech and Slovak Federal Republic and the Government of the Kingdom of Thailand for the Promotion and Protection of Investments (1991)' which was replaced by the 'Agreement between the Government of the Kingdom of Thailand and the Government of the Czech Republic for the Promotion and Protection of Investments (1994) (BIT between Thailand and the Czech Republic 1994), and this BIT is still in force and has not been modified or amended. The object of...