Cette étude vise à évaluer la qualité de la relation d'attachement parent-enfant chez les enfants préscolaires qui manifestent un trouble d'adaptation de type extériorisé/intériorisé. Elle s'intéresse également à vérifier ce qui différencie spécifiquement les quatre groupes d'enfants au plan de la relation d'attachement parent-enfant, soit le groupe d'enfants présentant un trouble intériorisé/extériorisé, le groupe d'enfants présentant un trouble intériorisé, le groupe d'enfants présentant un trouble extériorisé et le groupe d'enfants compétents. Le groupe de sujets se compose de 146 mères qui ont complété le Q-sort sur la qualité de la relation d'attachement (Waters et Deane, 1985) lors de leur visite au laboratoire de recherche alors que leurs enfants, âgés de 3 et 5 ans, sont regroupés selon le profil socioaffectif (PSA; LaFreniere, Janosz, Capuano et Dubeau, 1992) évalués par les éducatrices de garderie. Des analyses de variance ont été réalisées afin de vérifier l'hypothèse d'une relation d'attachement plus insécurisante chez le groupe d'enfants présentant un trouble intériorisé/extériorisé. L'examen des données confirme partiellement notre hypothèse. [Résumé abrégé par UMI]

The purpose of this thesis has been to study vocabulary elicited from ten different areas of subject matter by means of limited time testing on mixed control-groups comprising ninety-nine students in the 16-17-18 year-old age range, of which 33 were monolinguals in Spanish (from Monterrey, Mexico), 33 were monolinguals in English (from Houston, Texas), and 33 were bilinguals (also from Houston). The history of such testing and its recent evolutions; important pre-testing discoveries; the manual and technological methods used in carrying out the actual testing; its rationale, and how vocabulary studies may be classified are important properties of the techniques and analyses of this study. The practical applications of lexical availability are seen in relation to what lexical availability is and how it may be measured. The testing was divided into distinct areas of subject matter and for each, the students gave, by means of a free association type response, words which they related directly or indirectly to one stimulus at a time. The participants were required to write down their responses as pretesting experimentation uncovered some severe disadvantages in using oraltype recording devices. Each stimulus was allowed two minutes. Lexical homogeneity to the highest degree possible was desirable; therefore, subject matters were selected on a basis of universality. The socioeconomic and sociocultural backgrounds of the Spanish speaking monolinguals was seen to be advantaged over that of the English speaking monolinguals and the bilinguals, based on the occupational statuses of their families and types of city districts wherein their homes are found. The analytical development of the results brought to light some surprising findings. The English speaking monolinguals ranked first in production of total lexical items (6,/140); the Spanish speaking bilinguals ranked second in total production (5,672); English speaking bilinguals ranked third (5,572) and Spanish speaking monolinguals totaled 4,696 items, ranking fourth. As to different items, Spanish speaking bilinguals produced 2,539, ranking first; English speaking monolinguals elicited 2,454, ranking second; English speaking bilinguals ranked third with 2,384 and Spanish speaking monolinguals yielded 1,904 different items, ranking fourth. Females consistently outranked the males in lexical production-by 11.59% in total items and 10.89% in different items. Of the 22,380 total items produced, girls elicited 13,404 to the males' production of 8,976 (weight-corrected figure: 10,145). That portion of the entire corpus which yielded items of 8 occurrences or more comprised 44.81%. Significant to the study of lexical availability is cognitive concomitance; that is, the degree of universal agreement to be found concurrent to the participating group. In the case of this study, the fact that 45% (rounded figure) of the lexical items were shared by and dispersed to such a substantial degree among all informants was confirmation of lexical homogeneity.

An integral concern across care settings is the prompt intervention for patients suffering with pain. Long-term care (LTC) settings present with unique challenges to assess and manage pain in resident populations. Pain assessment is especially challenging, because residents have varying degrees of cognition to communicate their pain, and clinician/staff knowledge of pain symptoms may be lacking. The purpose of this research was to improve the measurement of pain and outcomes of care for the elderly residing in skilled nursing care, especially those with cognitive-impairment. The specific aims of this study were to: 1) Determine the magnitude of the relationship between pain behaviors and a measurement model hypothesized for pain; 2) Test the construct validity of a pain measurement model; 3) Examine the concomitance of pain and cognition in a three-year longitudinal analysis. The research questions answered: 1) Is there a difference in the prevalence of pain in cognitively intact versus cognitively-impaired residents; 2) Can a theoretically derived model of pain aid in detecting pain across all cognitive levels; and 3) Do pain and cognitive status concomitantly correlate? The goal was to examine the covariance model of concomitance of pain and cognition to more accurately construct theoretical models of pain to then include additional resident care factors in future research. Traditional self-reports of pain are often under-assessed and under-treated in the cognitively-impaired (CI) elderly resident. Having additional measures to detect pain beyond self-reports of pain intensity and frequency increases the likelihood of detecting pain in populations with complex symptom presentation. Data collected from skilled nursing facilities offer exceptional opportunities to study resident demographics, characteristics, symptoms, medication use, quality indicators, and care outcomes. The Minimum Data Set-Resident Assessment Instrument (MDS-RAI) 2.0, a nationally required resident assessment tool, must be completed on every resident in a Medicare LTC facility within 14 days of admission, quarterly, annually and with significant changes in resident status. Because the MDS is widely used and recognized in LTC settings, core items from MDS [i.e., pain frequency (J2a) and pain intensity (J2b)] along with additional MDS items hypothesized to signify pain were analyzed in the pilot measurement model. Ten core items from MDS were used: 1) Inappropriate behavior frequency (E4da); 2) Repetitive physical movements; 3) Repetitive verbalizations (E1c); 4) Sad facial expressions (E1l); 5) Crying (E1m); 6) Change in mood (E3); 7) Negative statements (E1a); 8) Pain frequency (J2a); 9) Pain intensity (J2b); and 10) Cumulative pain sites scores. All indicators of pain were significant at the <.01 level. A longitudinal cohort design was used to answer if a concomitance exists between pain and cognition. Data were collected from MDS annual assessments from 2001, 2002 and 2003 for residents across the United States. The sample consisted of 56,494 residents age 65 years and older with an average age of 83 [plus or minus] 8.2 years. Descriptive statistics, ANOVA and a covariance model were used to evaluate cognition and pain at the three time intervals. ANOVA indicated a significant effect (<.01) for pain and cognition with protected t-tests indicating scores decreased significantly over time with resident measures of pain and cognition. Results from this study suggest that: 1) Using only pain intensity and frequency, pain prevalence was found in 30% of the pilot population, while 47.7% of cognitively intact residents had documented pain and only 18.2% of the severely CI had documented pain, supporting previous research that pain is potentially under-reported in the CI; 2) Parsimonious measurements models of pain should include dimensions beyond self-reports of pain (i.e., cognitive, affective, behavioral and inferred pain indicators); 3) Model fit was improved by using specific MDS items in the pain construct; 4) Longitudinal analysis revealed relative stability for pain and cognition measures over time (e.g., larger stability or consistency was found in cognitive measures than the measures of pain over the three-year period); 5) Crossed-legged effects between pain and cognition were not consistent; 6) A concomitant relationship was not found between pain and cognition. The relationship was significant (<.01), but associations were weak (r=0.03 to 0. 08). Pain or cognition should not be used as a predictor of the other in theoretical models for similar populations. The MDS is a reliable instrument to follow resident attributes, quality of care, and patient outcomes over time. The development of more accurate assessments of pain may improve resident care outcomes. Ineffectively intervening on the pain cycle is posited to cause secondary unmet needs that affect the resident's quality of life. Findings support the importance of improving clinical outcomes in the management of pain in the elderly residing in long-term care. Deficits in the treatment of pain highlight the impetus to support health policy change that includes pain treatment as a top health priority and a quality indicator for federally funded programs supporting eldercare.

Nous étudions dans notre thèse les marqueurs non-verbaux du temps et de l’aspect en arabe et en français. Nous distinguons cinq grandes notions (en nous appuyant notamment sur le cadre théorique de J.-P. Desclés) : le référentiel temporel, les différents aspects, la durée et l’itération, la localisation par rapport à un moment et la localisation par rapport à un procès. Dans chacun des cinq chapitres, nous étudions le rôle des marqueurs non-verbaux. Ainsi, le premier chapitre sera consacré aux référentiels temporels qui sont un élément nécessaire pour identifier la temporalité d’un procès. Ce dernier peut être un évènement, un processus ou un état. Il peut d’ailleurs être télique ou atélique, saisi avant ou après sa limite initiale ou sa limite finale (chapitre 2). Le procès peut durer pendant un certain temps avec une seule occurrence ou plusieurs. Il peut être localisé par rapport à un moment ou par rapport un autre procès. Nous avons enfin consacré trois chapitres à étudier le rôle des marqueurs non verbaux dans l’expression de ces différents cas. Notre problématique est d’évaluer le rôle des marqueurs non-verbaux dans l’expression du temps et de l’aspect et dans la levée d’ambiguïté de l’énoncé. Ce faisant, nous comparons les deux langues, l’arabe et le français, en ce qui concerne leur emploi de ces marqueurs dans l’expression du temps et de l’aspect. En nous appuyant sur un corpus de quatre ouvrages et de leurs traductions, nous avons établi un inventaire des marqueurs arabes et de leurs équivalents français et évalué leur rôle dans l’expression du temps et de l’aspect. / We study in our dissertation the non-verbal markers of the time and of the aspect in Arabic and French. We generally distinguish five broad notions (based on the whole on J.-P. Desclés’s theoretical frame): the temporal frames of references, the different aspects, the duration and the iteration, the location in relation to a time and the location in relation to a situation. In each of the five chapters, we study the role of non-verbal markers. The first chapter will be devoted to the temporal references, a necessary element to identify the temporality of a situation. It may be an event, a process or a state. It may also be telic or atelic, entered before or after its initial limit or its final limit (chapter 2). The situation may last for a certain time with a single occurrence or more. It can be located according to a moment or another situation. Finally, we have devoted three chapters to study the role of non-verbal markers in the expression of these different cases. The problem is to evaluate the role of non-verbal markers in the expression of the time and of the aspect, and in the lifting of ambiguity in the statement. In doing so, we compare the two languages, Arabic and French, with regards to their use of these markers in the expression of the time and of the aspect. Based on a corpus of four books and their translations, we have established an inventory of Arab markers and their French equivalents and evaluated their role in the expression of the time and of the aspect.

Ce livre réfléchit à un aspect discursif et gestuel du personnage dans les deux romans de Julien Green, Moïra et L'Autre. Le personnage, bien qu'étant inventé par l'auteur, assume un rôle autonome par rapport à la voix du narrateur. Sous cet angle, nous pouvons faire des analyses sur le discours direct ainsi que le discours indirect libre ; ce sont les formes langagières par lesquelles le sujet origine fictif dont relève le personnage exprime son idée individuelle qui contredit souvent l'intention première du sujet énonciateur que sont le narrateur et l'auteur implicite. Ce phénomène résulte de la conception romanesque de l'auteur qui essaie de représenter le sujet conscient vivant pour le lecteur. <br />Ce dont il fait l'expérience dans le roman se manifeste par celle d'un rêve ou d'un dédoublement psychologique. Ils sont dus à la souffrance morale du sujet fictif qui commet une action immonde envers un autre sujet, mais qui est inévitable pour qu'il puisse se rendre compte qu'il est un homme pécheur : il n'est qu'un être de chair voué à la mort. Le péché commis par le sujet fictif est une étape ouvrant une voie à une connaissance expérimentale pour l'auteur. Ainsi l'écriture du péché devient un leitmotiv du roman. Finalement, la mort de l'héroïne de L'Autre ainsi que de Moïra peut être interprétée comme une conséquence de l'être en péché. Ils arrivent à reconnaître leur existence éphémère. Mais la mort qu'ils subissent éclaire d'une manière réflexive leur être de finitude voué dès le début à sa disparition. C'est le moment où se croisent la mort de l'héroïne et la fin de sa narration fictionnelle.

Thèse numérisée par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

[pt] Partindo da relação entre Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) e Franz Brentano (1838-1911), respectivamente aluno e professor durante o intervalo que se estendeu de 1874 a 1876, o presente trabalho trata dos possíveis frutos teóricos decorrentes deste encontro, visíveis na obra posterior do inventor da psicanálise. A articulação conceitual se constrói por meio dos conceitos freudianos de concomitância dependente, representação e pulsão, não se limitando à obra pessoal do filósofo, mas procurando abarcar, sempre que possível, o contato com toda uma tradição filosófica, por sua vez permitido pelos ensinamentos do neoescolástico. / [en] From the relationship between Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) and Franz Brentano (1838-1917), respectively student and professor during the interval that extended from 1874 to 1876, the present work deals with the possible theoretical fruits resulting from this encounter, visible in the later work of the inventor of psychoanalysis. The conceptual articulation is constructed through the Freudian concepts of dependent concomitance, representation and drive, not limiting itself to the personal work of the philosopher, but seeking to cover, whenever possible, the contact with an entire philosophical tradition, in turn allowed by the teachings of the neo-scholastic.