Despite the fact that oil and gas companies invest heavily in training, there are considerable evidences to show that evaluation of the training is seldom undertaken, which leads to failure in determining the effectiveness of training. Kirkpatrick's four levels model (1959) sets out to be the key evaluation criteria to measure the effectiveness of training which has been used for more than 50 years to assess training effectiveness. This study focuses on the evaluation and improvement of Kirkpatrick's four levels model. It argues that Kirkpatrick's four levels model (1959) fails to account for factors such as work environment, individual factors, training characteristics, and their impact on training effectiveness. Accordingly, this study aims to investigate the moderating variables of training characteristics and evaluate their subsequent impacts on Kirkpatrick's four training outcomes (reaction, learning, behaviour and results) and on intention to transfer learning. The objective of this study is to identify those training variables (pre-training interventions and activities, trainee readiness, training environment, training methods, trainer performance and behaviour, training content and objectives) and their effect on improving employee performance. In this study, training characteristics are referred to as pre-training interventions and activities, trainee readiness, training environment, training methods, trainer performance and behaviour, training content and objectives. To achieve the aim of this study, quantitative research was adopted. The study was conducted at three separate times (pre-training, immediately after completion and post-training 2-3 months). The hypotheses were tested by selecting a sample of n1 = 406, n2 = 402, n3 = 391 trainees in health and safety training working in national oil and gas companies located in Oman by using convenience sampling. Structural equation model (AMOS) software is used to validate the research model. The study has contributed to the field of training evaluation by developing Kirkpatrick's four levels model through an the examination of the impact of training characteristics on Kirkpatrick's four levels (reaction, learning, behaviour and results) and on intention to transfer learning in the national oil and gas industry in Oman before and after training was completed. The findings indicated that pre-training intervention and practices were positively and significantly related to expectations of training outcomes, and only trainee readiness was found to be positively and significantly related to the expectations of training environment and expectations of trainer performance and behaviour. The result confirmed the positive and significant correlation between reaction and learning, and between behaviour and results. Moreover, the results indicated that trainer performance and behaviour were positively and significantly related to the two training outcomes: reaction and learning; and in addition, training environment had a strong and positive impact on learning. Training content and objectives were positively and significantly related to behaviour. ii Nevertheless, pre-training interventions and activities had an insignificant effect on expectations for the training outcomes. Further, trainee readiness had an insignificant effect on expectations for the training environment and on expectations of trainer performance and behaviour. Learning had an insignificant effect on intention to transfer learning. The training environment and training methods were not found to be positively and significantly related to reaction. Training methods were not found to be positively and significantly related to learning. Further, the training characteristics, such as the training environment, training methods and trainer performance and behaviour had an insignificant impact on intention to transfer learning. The findings did not support that training characteristics had a moderating role on the relationship between training outcomes. This research has empirically investigated the moderating effects of training characteristics on the relationship between reaction, learning, intention to transfer learning, behaviour and results. This study has contributed to the literature empirically by showing that pre-training interventions and activities were the strongest factor contributing to expectations of the training environment, as well as to expectations of trainer performance and behaviour. Trainee readiness was the strongest factor contributing to expectations of the training outcomes. Furthermore, this study has contributed to the extant literature empirically by showing that trainee reaction is related significantly to trainee learning. This study has contributed to the literature by showing that trainer performance and behaviour was the strongest factor contributing to reaction. Furthermore, the training environment (followed by trainer performance and behaviour) was the strongest factor supporting learning. This study has further contributed to the extant literature empirically by showing that behavioural change is related significantly to results. This study also shows that training objectives (followed by training content) was the strongest factor affecting behaviour. From a practical perspective, the findings of this research have significant and practical implications for instructors, training designers, managers and supervisors when creating effective training programmes. In addition, this study contributes a framework for the practice of evaluating training effectiveness.

Four hundred seventy nine Peruvian students (188 mal e and 291 female) rated the frequency of negative social emotions in themselves, in their neighborhood, and in the Peruvian society; and the frequency of anomalous daily situations. Verbal aggressions and gossiping obtained the highest averages in the evaluations of affects in the neighborhood, but solidarity was rated as high than the negative affects. In the Peruvian society, envy and physical aggression were rated asthe highest, and the positive affects obtained the smallest averages. To be a victim of an assault,to be cheated, and to be insulted obtained the highest averages in anomalous situations. Resentment and anger were the most salient negative affects. / Se investigó a 479 universitarios peruanos (188 hombres y 291 mujeres) a través de una autoevaluación sobre la frecuencia de afectos y conductas negativas en ellos mismos, en su vecindad y en la sociedad peruana, y la de situaciones anómalas en su vida cotidiana. Agresiones verbales al otro y hablar mal de los demás obtuvieron los promedios más elevados en la valoración de los afectos y las conductas negativos en el barrio, pero la solidaridad fue asimismo vista como muy elevada. En la sociedad peruana, la envidia y la agresión verbal fueron evaluadas como las más altas y los promedios de los afectos positivos (solidaridad y confianza en los demás)f ueron los más bajos. Ser víctima de un robo, ser víctima de un engaño y ser insultado obtuvieron los promedios más altos en situaciones anómalas. El resentimiento y la cólera fueron los afectos negativos de mayor magnitud.

La sécrétion de vasopressine (AVP) et de corticolibérine (CRH) déclenchent la sécrétion d'ACTH via leurs récepteurs V1B et CRF1, puis celle des catécholamines et des corticostéroïdes, résultant dans les effets physiologiques induits par le stress. Trois mutations résultant de variants non-synonymes affectant le récepteur V1B (K65N, R364H et G191R) ont été associées chez l'homme à des troubles psychiatriques tels que la phobie, l'hyperactivité et le comportement suicidaire. Nous avons étudiés les propriétés pharmacologiques de ces variants V1B qui pourraient être la cause de ces pathologies. Après construction de chacun des plasmides codant pour chaque variant, nous les avons exprimés dans des cellules HEK293 et avons établi les caractéristiques de chaque récepteur telles que son affinité de liaison, ses couplages à la PLC, à la MAP kinase et la mobilisation du Ca2+. Nous avons observé que le variant R191 avait un couplage à la PLC et à la MAP kinases fortement augmenté (+50%), alors que les autres variants montraient un baisse de ces couplages. Les différences n'étant pas dûes à des constantes d'activation (Kact) pour l'AVP différents. L'association avec les β-arrestines n'est pas équivalente pour tous les variants, le R191 montrant une forte association aux β-arrestines 1 et 2 alors que le variant N65 ne s'associe plus. Ces données indiquent que le déficit en ERK-phosphorylée peut être dû à la fois à une baisse de la production d'Inositol-P et de DAG via la voie Gq et à une baisse de signalisation directe via les β-arrestines. Nous avons également examiné les propriétés d'internalisation de ces variants en utilisant des lignées cellulaires stables exprimant chacun des récepteurs couplés à une EGFP. Nous avons observé, par microscopie confocale, que la cinétique et le taux d'internalisation étaient similaires pour tous les variants. Par contre, la voie du traffic intracellulaire est modifiée pour certains. Les variants possédant la mutation C terminale H364 (H364 et N65/H364) sont préférentiellement adressés à la voie de dégradation lysosomiale alors que les autres utilisent la voie classique de recyclage endosomial comme le récepteur sauvage, ainsi que le révèlent les marquages spécifiques de ces compartiments. En conclusion, les résultats obtenus durant cette thèse révèlent que les variants du récepteurs V1B trouvés chez des patients atteints de troubles affectifs ont des propriétés pharmacologiques de couplage et de trafic intracellulaire modifiées. Ces mutations pourraient participer à une plus grande vulnérabilité des patients au stress. Ainsi, elles pourraient être recherchées, à titre de marqueurs génétiques, chez des patients considérés comme à risque.Cette thèse translationnelle a été financée par un contrat doctoral CHRU/UM1. / The release of vasopressin (AVP) and corticoliberin (CRH) triggers the release of ACTH by the mean of V1B and CRF1 receptors, releasing catecholamines and corticosteroids and regulating stress. Genetic modifications of either element may produce severe consequences. Three non-synonymous variants of the V1B receptor gene were found in patients with phobia, hyperactivity or suicidal conducts (respectively K65N, R364H and G191R). To explore the pharmacological properties of these V1B variants, we generated and expressed in HEK293 cells cDNA constructs of each variant. We evaluated ligand affinity, PLC coupling, MAP kinase activation, Ca2+ mobilization. The capacity of R191 variant to accumulate inositol phosphates and to activate MAP kinase under AVP activation was higher as compared to N65 and H364 variants. However, all variants exhibited the same Kact for AVP. V1B variants were not similar in β-arrestin interaction either, with N65 variant impaired for this function, indicating that the deficit in ERK phosphorylation measured previously may result of 2 additional mechanisms, one due to a lower IP/DAG production with impaired coupling to Gq, and the other due to a decrease in β-arrestin interaction. Finally, we compared internalization properties using stable cell lines expressing EGFP–tagged V1B variants and confocal microscopy. First, we observed no difference neither in the internalization kinetics nor in amplitude (70% of total receptors internalized). However, H364 variant showed a different trafficking as compared to K65/G191/R364 (“wt”) and N65, with less cytoplasmic recycling endosomes and more lysosomial addressing as revealed by Lamp1 co-labelling.Altogether, these data reveal that V1B receptor variants in phobic and suicidal patients display modified coupling and/or desensitization processes. These mutations could participate to a predisposition to depression and could be used as diagnosis genetic markers in risky patients.M Manière's Ph.D Scholarship was granted on a translational CHRU/UM1.

As profundas mudanças trazidas pela sociedade da informação, em especial o advento da Internet, tiveram enorme impacto sobre as interações humanas, modificando a forma como as pessoas se relacionam e consomem bens e serviços. Nesse contexto, surgem inúmeros serviços prestados por empresas baseadas na rede mundial de computadores. Características destes novos mercados como o uso de plataformas de múltiplos lados, o uso intensivo de novas tecnologias, a presença de efeitos ou externalidades de rede, a interligação entre serviços distintos, o oferecimento de serviços de forma gratuita ao consumidor e o entrelaçamento entre os diversos serviços prestados, desafiam conceitos tradicionais do direito concorrencial como mercado relevante, poder de mercado e venda casada. Faz-se necessária, assim, a adaptação da metodologia de análise antitruste, por meio da analise dos fundamentos teóricos que dão suporte à sua aplicação, considerando-se as particularidades presentes nesses mercados. O presente estudo tem por objetivo analisar o controle de condutas nesses novos setores de Internet por meio da análise das particularidades econômicas desses novos setores e as consequências desse enfoque sobre a análise antitruste. / The deep changes brought by the information society, especially the rising of the Internet, caused an enormous impact over human interactions, changing the way people relate and the way people consume goods and services. As a consequence of this new reality, services provided by web based companies emerged. Some characteristics of those new markets, such as the use of multiple side platforms, the intensive use of new technologies, the existence of network effects or network externalities, the connection of distinct services, the offer of zero price services and the deep connection between the services, challenge traditional concepts of antitrust law, like relevant market, market power and tying. Therefore, traditional antitrust analysis and its theoretical foundations must be reviewed, considering the particularities of those markets. The main objective of this study is to analyze the conduct control on these new Internet sectors, considering its economic particularities and the consequences of these view on antitrust analysis.

La thèse, composée de deux grands ensembles, explicite d’abord la trajectoire de la notion de « gouvernementalité » dans les cours de Michel Foucault au Collège de France de 1976 et 1984 afin d’établir un nouveau cadre théorique d’analyse du conflit politique à partir de l’étude des rapports de réciprocité entre les pratiques étatiques et les contre-conduites. Dans un deuxième temps, elle met ce cadre théorique à l’épreuve d’ensembles empiriques afin de tracer une généalogie de l’État au XXème et XXIème siècles à partir d’une ethnologie du dire-vrai dans la pratique sociale. Sur des aires, des temps et des populations variables, elle identifie quatre régimes différents de véridiction/juridiction des pratiques gouvernementales logiquement articulés les uns aux autres par des rapports de réciprocité successifs :1 / le régime libéral social de la res socialis en France des années 1890 aux années 1960 ; 2/ le régime de la res nullius dans les comités d’action en France dans les années 68 ; 3/ le régime néolibéral de la res economica à l’échelle mondiale depuis les années 1970 ; 4/ le régime de la res communis dans la Coordinadora del agua et les comités de l’eau boliviens dans les années 2000. Chacun de ces régimes implique une expérience différente de l’État en termes de degré et d’espaces de gouvernementalité, d’effets des politiques étatiques sur le niveau des inégalités et la structuration des rapports entre classes sociales ou sur le degré de démocratisation de la vie publique. C’est donc à une évaluation historiquement différenciée de l’État qu’invite la méthode foucaldienne d’analyse des formes de véridiction sur lesquelles sont indexées les pratiques gouvernementales. / The thesis is made of two parts and analyzes at first the trajectory of the notion of “governmentality” in Michel Foucault’s courses at the Collège de France between 1976 and 1984 to develop a new analytical framework of political conflict through the reciprocal relationships between state practices and counter-conducts. Secondly, it puts this theoretical framework to the test of a series of empirical data to draw a genealogy of the State in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries from the viewpoint of an ethnology of truth telling within social practices. On variable areas, times and populations, it identifies four different regimes of veridiction/jurisdiction for governmental practices logically articulated some in the others by successive and reciprocal relationships: 1/ the social liberal regime of the res socialis in France from the 1890 to 1960s; 2/ the regime of the res nullius for the action committees in France in the 1968s ; 3/ the neoliberal regime of the res economica at the global scale since the 1970s; 4/ the regime of the res communis for the Coordinadora del agua and bolivian water committees in the 2000s. Each of these regimes involves a different experiment of the State in terms of degree and spaces of governmentality, of effects of state policies on the level of social inequalities between classes or on the degree of democratization of public life. It is thus to a historically differentiated evaluation of the State that invites the foucaultian method of analyzing the veridictions to which are indexed the governmental practices.

As profundas mudanças trazidas pela sociedade da informação, em especial o advento da Internet, tiveram enorme impacto sobre as interações humanas, modificando a forma como as pessoas se relacionam e consomem bens e serviços. Nesse contexto, surgem inúmeros serviços prestados por empresas baseadas na rede mundial de computadores. Características destes novos mercados como o uso de plataformas de múltiplos lados, o uso intensivo de novas tecnologias, a presença de efeitos ou externalidades de rede, a interligação entre serviços distintos, o oferecimento de serviços de forma gratuita ao consumidor e o entrelaçamento entre os diversos serviços prestados, desafiam conceitos tradicionais do direito concorrencial como mercado relevante, poder de mercado e venda casada. Faz-se necessária, assim, a adaptação da metodologia de análise antitruste, por meio da analise dos fundamentos teóricos que dão suporte à sua aplicação, considerando-se as particularidades presentes nesses mercados. O presente estudo tem por objetivo analisar o controle de condutas nesses novos setores de Internet por meio da análise das particularidades econômicas desses novos setores e as consequências desse enfoque sobre a análise antitruste. / The deep changes brought by the information society, especially the rising of the Internet, caused an enormous impact over human interactions, changing the way people relate and the way people consume goods and services. As a consequence of this new reality, services provided by web based companies emerged. Some characteristics of those new markets, such as the use of multiple side platforms, the intensive use of new technologies, the existence of network effects or network externalities, the connection of distinct services, the offer of zero price services and the deep connection between the services, challenge traditional concepts of antitrust law, like relevant market, market power and tying. Therefore, traditional antitrust analysis and its theoretical foundations must be reviewed, considering the particularities of those markets. The main objective of this study is to analyze the conduct control on these new Internet sectors, considering its economic particularities and the consequences of these view on antitrust analysis.

Les systèmes juridiques d’aujourd’hui diffèrent passablement de ceux en vigueur il y a quarante ans. L’affirmation est applicable notamment aux domaines économiques qui se trouvent sous l’empire de ce qu’on connaît comme régulation. En effet, un simple regard sur le droit contemporain montre, d’une partie, un éclatement d’entités nouvelles qui ont pour mission la création, la surveillance, voire l’application du droit, et, d’une autre partie l’existence des aménagements dans la conception et l’application des normes qui régissent une certaine activité ; le développement de la soft law, de l’autorégulation, des normes internationales, parmi d’autres exemples, font partie desdits aménagements. Ce phénomène, nommé nouvelles formes de régulation, fortement plébiscité par une partie de la doctrine juridique il y a quelques années, est désormais remis en cause. Même si la régulation constitue un phénomène à vocation universelle, nous avons décidé de mettre les marchés financiers au centre de notre analyse. Cela parce que les secteurs régulés présentent une diversité de situations, de modalités d’action et de fondements qui empêchent une analyse d’ensemble. On a dit dans ce sens, que la légitimité de la régulation et des règles qu’elle pose ne peut pas être envisagée de manière abstraite ; elle doit être appréciée dans les rapports entre ses normes et l’objet régulé. Les marchés financiers sont, dans ce contexte, un laboratoire privilégié concernant l’expérimentation des nouvelles formes de régulation, ils se trouvent aux origines de leur usage et c’est précisément dans ces marchés que la remise en cause des nouvelles formes de régulation s’est posée. Notre étude concerne l’usage des nouvelles formes de régulation dans l’encadrement des marchés financiers dans six pays : la France, l’Angleterre, les États-Unis et trois pays latino-américains : le Mexique, la Colombie et le Chili. Les raisons de ce choix sont les suivantes. D’abord, il nous semble légitime d’aborder les législations qui se trouvent à l’origine des phénomènes ici analysés. Le modèle américain s’impose, mais aussi le modèle anglais, car il a été, pendant un moment, l’exemple le plus poussé du libéralisme économique, donc, des origines des nouvelles formes de régulation. La France était aussi une référence indispensable. En effet, comme nous voulons le montrer, la France est l’exemple le plus parfait de la quête d’un aboutissement de la logique de la régulation et de la systématisation, même si inachevée, du droit régulateur. Nous avons choisi le Mexique à cause de la taille de son marché financier, la Colombie, parce qu’elle a entrepris des réformes juridiques remarquables, et le Chili, car il est le pays le plus stable politiquement et économiquement dans le sud de l’Amérique latine. / The legal systems of today are different than those that came into force 40 years ago. The assertion is applicable particularly to the economic areas under that a kind of law, known as regulatory systems. Indeed, a simple look at the contemporary law shows first; a rise in new entities which have the power of creation, the monitoring and the application of law and second; the existence of adjustments in the design and implementation of the standards that govern an activity, the development of soft law, self-regulation and standards, among other examples. This phenomenon, named new forms of regulation, which a few years ago was strongly praised by a part of legal doctrine, is now being questioned. Even if the regulation constitutes a universal phenomenon, we decided to focus in the financial markets. This is because the economic sectors under the regulatory systems have a diverse situations in terms of action and their fundamentals that hinders a comprehensive analysis. In this sense, it has been said that the regulatory systems rules legitimacy cannot be considered abstractly. This must be assessed by the relations between its standards and regulated objects. Financial markets are, in this context, a privileged test case concerning the experimentation of new forms of regulation. In these markets we found the origins of the use of soft law, self-regulation and other new forms of regulation, and it is precisely in the financial markets where that the disputes about the efficacy and the legitimacy arise about new forms of regulation. Our study concerns the use of new forms of regulation within the framework of the financial markets in six countries: France, England, the United States and three Latin American countries: Mexico, Colombia and Chile. The reasons for this choice are as follows. Firstly, it seems valid to look at the legislation where the new forms of regulation came from. The American model is needed, but also the English model, because it was, for a while, the more thorough example of economic liberalism, therefore a source of new forms of regulation. France is also an indispensable reference. Indeed, as we want to show it, France is the most perfect example of the quest for a culmination of logical regulation and systematization of regulatory law. We have chosen Mexico because of the size of its financial market; Colombia because it has undertaken remarkable legal reforms linked with the new forms of regulation and Chile, because it is the most stable country both politically and economically in the South of Latin America.

A teoria nemo potest venire contra factum proprium visa a coibir condutas contraditórias que rompam as legítimas expectativas geradas em terceiros. Não se trata de vedar qualquer contradição, mas apenas aquelas de que decorra ruptura da confiança gerada por comportamento anterior. O instituto é objeto de estudos aprofundados no âmbito do Direito Civil, mas na seara processual poucos trabalhos foram desenvolvidos. Não obstante, a experiência jurisprudencial revela a importância de sua aplicabilidade ao Processo Civil, porque os comportamentos processuais também são capazes de gerar expectativas que merecem ser protegidas quando frustradas pela adoção de condutas processuais contraditórias. Ao Processo Civil se aplicam os princípios da boa-fé objetiva e da cooperação, exigindo de todos os sujeitos processuais condutas pautadas na observância desses dois postulados. Uma vez rompida essa exigência, por meio da adoção de comportamentos processuais contraditórios, surge espaço para a incidência do venire, cuja finalidade reside em obstar os efeitos da contradição, bem como incentivar a reflexão prévia dos sujeitos processuais sobre as possíveis consequências de seus atos. Destaca-se como finalidade do presente trabalho delimitar as bases jurídicas para aplicação do instituto ao processo, definir seus principais requisitos e consequências jurídicas. / The nemo potest venire contra factum proprium theory aims to stop contradictory conducts that break legitimate expectations entrusted by third parties. It is not about avoiding any contradiction, but only those which violate the trust originated by previous behavior. The institute was object of further investigation in the Civil Law field of research, however in the Civil Procedure Law there are only few studies about it. Nevertheless, jurisprudence experience reveals the importance of its applicability in Civil Procedure, once procedural conducts also are able to create expectations that deserve to be preserved when frustrated by contradictory behavior. The good-faith and cooperation principles are applied to Civil Procedure, demanding that all parties involved act in accordance with those principles. Once the parties involved take contradictory conducts ignoring this demand, the nemo potest venire contra factum proprium can be invoked in order to withhold contradictory effects, and also to stimulate previous thoughts, avoiding contradictory conducts. This essay proposes to set legal basis to apply the nemo postet venire contra factum proprium theory in the Civil Procedure disputes, and also to define its main structures and legal consequences.

A teoria nemo potest venire contra factum proprium visa a coibir condutas contraditórias que rompam as legítimas expectativas geradas em terceiros. Não se trata de vedar qualquer contradição, mas apenas aquelas de que decorra ruptura da confiança gerada por comportamento anterior. O instituto é objeto de estudos aprofundados no âmbito do Direito Civil, mas na seara processual poucos trabalhos foram desenvolvidos. Não obstante, a experiência jurisprudencial revela a importância de sua aplicabilidade ao Processo Civil, porque os comportamentos processuais também são capazes de gerar expectativas que merecem ser protegidas quando frustradas pela adoção de condutas processuais contraditórias. Ao Processo Civil se aplicam os princípios da boa-fé objetiva e da cooperação, exigindo de todos os sujeitos processuais condutas pautadas na observância desses dois postulados. Uma vez rompida essa exigência, por meio da adoção de comportamentos processuais contraditórios, surge espaço para a incidência do venire, cuja finalidade reside em obstar os efeitos da contradição, bem como incentivar a reflexão prévia dos sujeitos processuais sobre as possíveis consequências de seus atos. Destaca-se como finalidade do presente trabalho delimitar as bases jurídicas para aplicação do instituto ao processo, definir seus principais requisitos e consequências jurídicas. / The nemo potest venire contra factum proprium theory aims to stop contradictory conducts that break legitimate expectations entrusted by third parties. It is not about avoiding any contradiction, but only those which violate the trust originated by previous behavior. The institute was object of further investigation in the Civil Law field of research, however in the Civil Procedure Law there are only few studies about it. Nevertheless, jurisprudence experience reveals the importance of its applicability in Civil Procedure, once procedural conducts also are able to create expectations that deserve to be preserved when frustrated by contradictory behavior. The good-faith and cooperation principles are applied to Civil Procedure, demanding that all parties involved act in accordance with those principles. Once the parties involved take contradictory conducts ignoring this demand, the nemo potest venire contra factum proprium can be invoked in order to withhold contradictory effects, and also to stimulate previous thoughts, avoiding contradictory conducts. This essay proposes to set legal basis to apply the nemo postet venire contra factum proprium theory in the Civil Procedure disputes, and also to define its main structures and legal consequences.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-04T18:33:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Silvia Helena Ferrao Silva.pdf: 1765995 bytes, checksum: d5d8a80eba8028ab8f87866ee7d926e4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-02-03 / This paper presents a study on the actions taken by teachers of the 3rd year of Elementary School, related to the decisions and referrals regarding the students indicated as having learning gap in Mathematics. Our question at issue is: How and why do referrals of students in the 3rd year of Elementary School with Mathematics difficulties occur in the teachers view? The main goal was to analyze, based on pieces of information from teachers of the 3rd year of Elementary School regular and special education classes the conceptions related to the Mathematics concepts learning difficulties found by students and the need for psychological referral or pedagogical remedial help. The research development brought indications with reference to the issue of children learning difficulties in Mathematics, their emotions during the learning process and the aspects regarding Mathematics teaching and learning in school. The data arose from semi-structured interviews with three teachers of the 3rd year two from the classrooms and the resource room teacher in two different moments: in the beginning of 2013 school year and in November of the same year; and also the documentation for the student referral to remedial classes and psychological support. During the interviews the participants pointed out that the initial training course didn`t offer them enough theoretical subsidies to perform in the teaching discipline of Mathematics to the initial years of Elementary School. It was also pointed that a lot of the learning difficulties of these students is generally related to Mathematics concepts that weren`t understood by them. Teachers considerations about the referrals of students with learning difficulties were analyzed, as well as their conceptions about how and why these referrals should happen. In addition, the documentation of a 3rd year student who attended the resource class and the psychological assistance for two years was analyzed. It has been concluded that the services of resource class and psychological assistance, both offered by the city council, do not become linked, then bringing little contribution to students progress. The considerations to evaluate the student`s development are evasive, advancing little to identify their difficulties and to show alternatives to those people who will keep working with children, what provides little contribution to cognitive and psychological development. / O trabalho apresenta um estudo sobre as a??es de professoras do 3? ano do Ensino Fundamental, relacionadas ?s decis?es e encaminhamentos referentes aos alunos indicados como portadores de defasagem de aprendizagem em Matem?tica. Nossa quest?o problema assim se configura: Como e por que ocorrem os encaminhamentos de alunos com dificuldades relacionadas ? Matem?tica em sala de 3? ano do Ensino Fundamental de uma rede p?blica municipal na vis?o das professoras? Teve por objetivo analisar, a partir das informa??es de professoras do 3? ano do Ensino Fundamental da sala regular e de educa??o especial as concep??es relacionadas ?s dificuldades encontradas pelos alunos ao aprender conceitos matem?ticos e a necessidade de encaminhamento psicol?gico ou de refor?o pedag?gico. No desenvolvimento da pesquisa trouxemos apontamentos relativos ?s quest?es das dificuldades de aprendizagem das crian?as em Matem?tica, das suas emo??es no percurso da aprendizagem e de aspectos relacionados ao ensino e ? aprendizagem de Matem?tica na escola. Os dados originaram-se das entrevistas semiestruturadas realizadas com tr?s professoras de 3? ano duas de sala de aula e a professora da sala de recurso em dois momentos diferentes: no in?cio do ano letivo de 2013 e no m?s de novembro do mesmo ano. Ainda, de documenta??o relativa ao encaminhamento do aluno para sala de refor?o e de atendimento psicol?gico. Nas entrevistas as participantes indicaram que o curso de forma??o inicial n?o lhes ofereceu subs?dios te?ricos suficientes para a atua??o na doc?ncia na disciplina de Matem?tica para os anos iniciais do Ensino Fundamental. Tamb?m que muitas das dificuldades de aprendizagem destes alunos, de maneira geral est?o relacionadas com os conceitos matem?ticos n?o compreendidos por eles. Analisamos as considera??es das professoras referentes ao encaminhamento de alunos com defasagem de aprendizagem, suas concep??es sobre como e por que esses encaminhamentos devam se dar. Ainda, a documenta??o de um aluno de 3? ano, que freq?entou por dois anos a sala de recurso e o atendimento psicol?gico. Conclu?mos que os servi?os de sala de recurso e atendimento psicol?gico, ambos oferecidos pela prefeitura, n?o se articulam, trazendo pouca contribui??o para os avan?os dos alunos. As considera??es para avaliar o desenvolvimento do aluno se fazem evasivas, pouco avan?ando no sentido de identificar suas dificuldades e de apresentar alternativas para o trabalho daqueles que com a crian?a v?o continuar atuando, o que proporciona pouca contribui??o para os avan?os cognitivos e psicol?gicos.