Made available in DSpace on 2015-06-17T19:34:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2015-03-10. Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2015-06-18T12:47:13Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000833887.pdf: 787215 bytes, checksum: c640822357e49a7f347adbe041499bfe (MD5) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Dentro de uma perspectiva construtivista sobre os estilos de resolução de conflitos, esta pesquisa teve como objetivos: analisar o desenho animado mais assistido pelos participantes, verificar os estilos de resolução de conflitos presentes em seus episódios; compreender a influência que a veiculação dos conteúdos presentes no desenho animado pode ter na forma como as crianças resolvem conflitos hipotéticos e reais, e verificar o efeito de um determinado Programa de Intervenção. A pesquisa foi de delineamento quase experimental, com uma primeira fase exploratória e uma segunda fase com a realização do procedimento quase experimental propriamente dito. Na primeira fase participaram 70 crianças e jovens de seis a dezessete anos de idade, e foi aplicado um questionário para a identificação do desenho animado mais assistido pelos participantes, assim como foi realizada a gravação e análise de dois episódios do desenho escolhido, a fim de se identificar os estilos de resolução de conflitos mais presentes. Na segunda fase, participaram 30 crianças de seis a onze anos de idade, distribuídas de forma aleatória em um Grupo Controle (GC) e dois Grupos Experimentais (GE1 e GE2), cada um composto por dez integrantes. Nesse momento da pesquisa, foram realizadas sessões de exposição ao desenho selecionado no GE1 e no GE2, e a aplicação de um Programa de Intervenção voltado para o desenvolvimento de formas mais assertivas de resolução de conflitos no GE2. Para verificar o efeito da exposição aos desenhos e do Programa de Intervenção nos estilos de resolução de conflitos foram feitas sessões de observação das ações das crianças, em momentos de recreação livre, e aplicada a Children's Action Tendency Scale-CATS, ambos os recursos foram empregados como pré e pós-teste nos três grupos (GC, GE1 e GE2). Os resultados demonstraram que no desenho analisado as estratégias de resolução de conflitos, apresentadas... / In a constructivist perspective about the styles of conflict resolution, the objectives of this study are: analyze the most watched cartoon by the participants, verify the styles of conflict resolution present in the episodes; understand the influence that the placement of the contents in the cartoon may have on how children solve hypothetical and real conflicts, and verify the effect of a certain Intervention Program. The study was almost experimental design, with an exploratory first phase and a second phase with the realization of the almost experimental procedure properly said. In the first phase 70 children and young people from six to seventeen years old participated, and a questionnaire to identify the most watched cartoon by the participants was applied, as well as the recording was made and the review of two episodes of the chosen cartoon, to identify the most present styles of conflict resolution. In the second phase, 30 children from six to eleven years old participated, distributed randomly in a Control Group (GC) and two Experimental Groups (GE1 and GE2), each group consisted by 10 participants. In this moment of the study, exposure sessions of the selected cartoon were performed in the GE1 and GE2, and the application of an Intervention Program aimed on the development of more assertive ways of conflict resolution in the GE2. To verify the effect of the exposure to the cartoons and the Intervention Program in the styles of conflict resolution, it was made observation sessions of the actions of the children, in moments of free recreation, and applied the Children's Action Tendency Scale-CATS, both resources were used as pre and post-test in the three groups (GC, GE1 and GE2). The results showed that in the analyzed cartoon the strategies of conflict resolution, presented by its respective characters, were predominantly aggressive and submissive. Concerning to the results of comparisons between and within groups, relating to...

In sub-Saharan African countries that have made democratic transition from military rule and military-backed authoritarian regimes, state elites have embarked upon strategies aimed at demilitarising the new democratic political process. Demilitarisation of the state and politics has become an imperative because it is decisive for consolidating democratic politics and for ensuring improvements in public safety and security. Yet the process of such demilitarisation in these countries has often generated a paradox, whereby the reduction of the political influence of state institutions of violence has been associatedw ith rising civil militarism and the prevalenceo f organised violence in the wider society. In these circumstances, taking cognisance of the dangers of civil militarism and other forms of private violence is a priority for designing and implementing demilitarisation strategies and other security reforms in post-authoritarian African states. Reformminded political elites and external supporters need to be sensitive to these dangers or risk perpetuating the shell of electoral democracy that cannot deliver the goal of human security in the region. This dissertation explored how the current approach to demilitarisation is related to the problem of civil militarism by examining the case studies of Nigeria and South Africa. It explains that given the condition of the state in Africa, demilitarisation of politics after transition from military or military-backed authoritarianism contributes to the emergence of civil militarism. Based on this finding, it argues for a comprehensive approach to demilitarisation as a strategy that caters to both state and societal violence in order to mitigate the risks of civil militarism in the process.

This study seeks to determine whether the conflict between the City of Cape Town (CCT) and the Social Justice Coalition (SJC) is resulting in positive or negative outcomes from the perspective of the residents concerned. In principle, engagement, between civil society and local government should lead to an improvement in terms of the meeting of needs or wants for those communities whose interests are being contested, or at the very least an improved understanding of the plans and challenges faced by both. Further, the engagement and/or conflict between local government and civil society, if positive, should ideally lead to greater understanding between all stakeholders and the strengthening of relations between them government, civil society and the relevant community interests. The motivation of this study is to explore the unanswered issues such as, whether the SJC has gone beyond the use of acceptable tactics associated with responsible and effective civil society actors and whether it would be justified if they have; if the SJC’s actions have resulted in an actual improvement in the accelerated realization of the socio-economic rights of the communities whose interests they purport to represent; whether the communities ‘represented’ by the SJC see them as their effective advocate for the interests and concerns ; if the issue of sanitation is the primary issue for the residents concerned as claimed by the SJC; if the residents of the communities concerned feel the same animosity to the CCT that the SJC does.

Background: As the globalization process advances, cross-cultural workplaces become prevalent among organizations. The culture diversity could be beneficial, but could also pose challenges for managers. Managers have to adopt effective conflict management style to handle conflicts in cross-cultural workplaces. Cultural intelligence (CQ), a relatively new model, has been studied in order to shed the light on conflict management styles by some researchers. Problem: Previous studies have shown that CQ could be an influential factor for individuals’ conflict management styles. However, existing studies were conducted in a few countries with quantitative data to demonstrate the relationship. The in-depth understanding of how managers actually in cross-cultural workplaces handle conflicts, through the instrumentality of CQ model, appears to be lacking in Scandinavian countries. Purpose: The thesis primarily aims to explore if and how CQ could facilitate managers construct effective conflict management style in cross-cultural workplaces in Sweden. Method: Via qualitative approach, the in-depth understanding between conflicts, conflict management styles and CQ were gained through eight semi-structured interviews with managers and following content analysis Conclusion: The primary conclusion is that CQ plays a role in influencing managers to adopt an effective conflict management style. Managers’ CQ can be reflected in a cross-cultural interaction through good communication and open-mind, which consecutively facilitates the integrating conflict management style (the effective style).

M.A. / Since 1994 dramatic changes have taken place in the external environment of the Department of Welfare and Population Development. When these changes occurred • managers. in the Department were unprepared,. firstly, to accept the changes and, secondly, to manage the changes which were met with resistance and which created organizational conflict. Managers confronted with organizational conflict soon discovered that, in order to manage the organizational conflict effectively, they had to embark on a management program that would not only enhance their managerial skills, but also improve their knowledge of various aspects regarding the management of organizational conflict and change. This management program was developed to fit into the bigger management training program of the Department to empower present and future managers to manage the organization more effectively. The contents of the program first gives an overview of organizations as a systems approach. Within this approach the importance of environmental change and its effect on the organization are discussed. Change is known to meet with resistance, managers need to manage this resistance as it is a major contributor to organizational conflict. Organizational conflict has a detrimental effect on organizational effectiveness; if conflict is high and not resolved or managed effectively, organizations become very ineffective. Conflict is identified not only as negative (destructive), but also as positive and therefore positive conflict can become an agent of change within an organization. This form of change often ensures more effective services in organizations. In "The Prince" Nicolo Machiavelli states as follows: "It must be considered that there is nothing more difficult to carry out, no more doubtful of success, nor more dangerous to handle, than to initiate a new order of things. For the reformer has enemies in all - those who profit by the older order, and only lukewarm defenders in all those who would - • profit by the new order, this lukewarmness arising partly from the incredulity of mankind, who do not truly believe in anything new until they have actually had experience of it. Thus it arises that on every opportunity for attacking the reformer, his opponents do so with the zeal of partisans, the other only defend him half-heartedly, so that between them he runs great danger" (in Feldberg M 1975: 132).

In sub-Saharan African countries that have made democratic transition from military rule and military-backed authoritarian regimes, state elites have embarked upon strategies aimed at demilitarising the new democratic political process. Demilitarisation of the state and politics has become an imperative because it is decisive for consolidating democratic politics and for ensuring improvements in public safety and security. Yet the process of such demilitarisation in these countries has often generated a paradox, whereby the reduction of the political influence of state institutions of violence has been associatedw ith rising civil militarism and the prevalenceo f organised violence in the wider society. In these circumstances, taking cognisance of the dangers of civil militarism and other forms of private violence is a priority for designing and implementing demilitarisation strategies and other security reforms in post-authoritarian African states. Reformminded political elites and external supporters need to be sensitive to these dangers or risk perpetuating the shell of electoral democracy that cannot deliver the goal of human security in the region. This dissertation explored how the current approach to demilitarisation is related to the problem of civil militarism by examining the case studies of Nigeria and South Africa. It explains that given the condition of the state in Africa, demilitarisation of politics after transition from military or military-backed authoritarianism contributes to the emergence of civil militarism. Based on this finding, it argues for a comprehensive approach to demilitarisation as a strategy that caters to both state and societal violence in order to mitigate the risks of civil militarism in the process.

‘’I see that you are quarrelling, what we supposed to do with this now?’’ The subject of my research is conflict management in preschool in order to gain knowledge about the perception of conflicts preschoolers, and how they relate to children's conflicts and conflict management. Moreover, I would like to find out which types of strategies are used by preschoolers to deal with conflicts and how these strategies can help to prevent clashes. Content of the research is based on the sociocultural theory of Lev Vygotsky's and Richard Cohen's conflict pyramid, describing different levels of conflict strategies. In order to accurately present the subject and answer all question I have used qualitative interviews with preschool teachers. The results indicate that the conflicts are fundamentally positive, therefore the individual or the group can develop themselves in a proper way. Preschool teachers noticed that conflicts usually appear when children are quarrelling and disagree in some situation. Many conflicts concern material issues for example toys or general misunderstandings. Preschool teachers use different strategies to deal with conflicts between children, for instance: mediating, discussing or reflecting together in conflict situations. Furthermore, communication and interaction between preschoolteachers and children are the most important aspect in conflict management, because through them people learn and develop. Preschool teachers emphasize that they work in the present as well as preventive to reduce situations caused conflicts and to strengthen children's skills to deal with conflicts.

History has proven time and time again that conflict is an inevitable aspect of any given society. The seemingly long-standing nature of conflicts in Africa has been changing over time and these conflicts have been either inter-state or intra-state. However, sometimes intrastate wars have escalated into regional conflicts. These scenarios can be seen in the Great Lakes region of Africa where you have the civil war of 1996-7 and the rebellion, which began in 1998 in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). In the DRC there have been at least four stages of conflict. The first is against the Belgians and secondly, the civil strife of the early 1960s. Third, is the civil strife against Mobutu and fourthly, currently against Kabila. The expanding nature of conflict is characterised by power struggles, politicisation of ethnicity, and the impact of external forces. It is noted that the expanding nature of conflict calls for a change in the methods of conflict management and resolution. Initially conflicts were resolved through military intervention. but with the complexity of African wars it has become apparent that peaceful methods are more prudent. With reference to Africa it can be assumed that conflicts need to be increasingly resolved through political means, such as the use of the diplomatic process. The conflict in Chad between 1968 and 1984 is a good example in which military intervention was used but failed, giving way to mediation and negotiation through the use of diplomacy. Both the DRC and Chadian conflicts are similar because they witnessed the influence of external forces (neighbouring countries and non-African states such as France and the US) and African states attempting to find solutions to their own problems. The conflict in the DRC provides a unique example of the changing nature of intra-state conflict in Africa. Thus, the study aims to trace the characteristics of conflict in the DRC and attempts made at conflict management and resolution. The study uses the period bet ween 1996 and 1999 because it highlights this change in the nature and character of conflict.

Our research is about conflict management in preschool. We want to limit our research to conflicts between children and how educators handle different types of conflicts. With this study, we want to find out how educators deal with different conflicts between children and which strategies educators use to deal with such conflicts. In the study we also want to find out how educators can handle conflicts in a learning way and develop the learning around children. We have also chosen to investigate conflict management as learning opportunities, since we believe that the educators approach to dealing with conflicts plays a major role in the children's education.The purpose of this study is to find out how the preschool teacher deals with conflicts between children. We also want to create knowledge about what the preschool teacher has in mind when it comes to dealing with conflicts in a learning approach for both preschool teachers and children .In our study we have chosen to originate from the socio-cultural theory of Lev Vygotsky and Richard Cohen's conflict pyramid. Based on these theories, we have chosen the terms communication, conflict, conflict management and mediation. We used qualitative methods such as semi structured interviews with three preschool teachers and three unstructured observations with children, to strengthen the study's reliability and validity, which will be clarified in our analysis and our results. Further in our research, we will explain the investigation in a reliable and credible manner in the analysis. Based on earlier research and support of observations and interviews, one can say that conflicts are essential and necessary in children's daily lives at preschools. Conflicts are important for children in order to understand the feelings of others and themselves. Earlier research shows that preschool teachers can handle conflicts between children in a constructive way by seeing conflicts as positive and learning opportunities. In conflicts the children can learn new strategies to deal with conflicts on their own with help of interaction with others. The children also learn to respect the thoughts and feelings of others.

This evaluative study aims to identify and analyse conflicts within the South African land reform process that have manifested within Communal Property Institutions, and so doing, devising and providing a mechanism that will assist conflict practitioners to approach these conflicts in an informed manner. It further intends to provide for an approach in order to restore social justice to the land reform process, and so doing, suggesting resolution mechanisms to assist in the process for the reasons that this restoration of land rights was originally intended. This study further seeks to investigate the causes, actions and consequences of protagonistic land claimants and beneficiaries within the land reform process, who have created conflict within their communal property institutions, at the expense of those beneficiaries who are subsequently deprived of their land rights. According to Coate and Rosati (1988), human needs are a powerful source of explanation of human behaviour and social interaction. All individuals have needs that they strive to satisfy, either by using a system of “acting on the fringes” or acting as a reformist or revolutionary. Given this condition, social systems must be responsive to individual needs, or be subject to instability and forced change, possibly through violence or conflict). Humans need a number of essentials to survive. According to the renowned psychologist Abraham Maslow and the conflict scholar John Burton, these essentials go beyond just food, water, and shelter. They include both physical and non-physical elements needed for human growth and development, as well as all those things humans are innately driven to attain. For Maslow, needs are hierarchical in nature. That is, each need has a specific ranking or order of obtainment. Maslow's needs pyramid starts with the basic items of food, water, and shelter. These are followed by the need for safety and security, then belonging or love, self-esteem, and finally, personal fulfilment (Rothman J, 1997). Burton and other needs theorists who have adopted Maslow's ideas to conflict theory, however, perceive human needs in a different way, being rather as an emergent collection of human development essentials (Burton J, 1990). Furthermore, they contend needs do not have a hierarchical order. Rather, needs are sought simultaneously in an intense and relentless manner (Rothman J, 1997). Needs theorists' list of human essentials include safety, a sense of belonging (love), self esteem, personal fulfilment,identity, cultural security, freedom, distributive justice, and participation. The South African land restoration process relies largely on the Constitution of South Africa (1996), with the preamble thereof as its tenets. The three land reform programmes that emanate from the Constitution are the Land Redistribution Programme, the Land Tenure Reform programme, and the Land Restitution programme, which have been used in this study as the point of departure from which deviations are measured and analysed. A number of Communal property Institutions have been considered, the findings of which have been evaluated, investigated and analysed, in order to achieve the aims of this study.