Tyrimo objektas: agresyvumas ir konfliktų sprendimo strategijos skirtingo meistriškumo krepšininkių komandose. Tyrimo tikslas: nustatyti skirtingo meistriškumo krepšininkių agresyvumo ir konfliktų sprendimo strategijų sąsajas. Tyrimo uždaviniai: 1. Nustatyti skirtingo meistriškumo krepšininkių agresyvumo pasireiškimo formas ir ypatumus. 2. Nustatyti konfliktų dažnumą skirtingo meistriškumo tiriamųjų komandose ir vyraujančias konfliktų sprendimo strategijas. 3. Nustatyti ryšį tarp didelio meistriškumo tiriamųjų agresyvumo ir konfliktinių situacijų sprendimo strategijų. 4. Nustatyti ryšį tarp mažo meistriškumo tiriamųjų agresyvumo ir konfliktinių situacijų sprendimo strategijų. Hipotezė Skirtingo meistriškumo krepšininkių komandose agresyvumo pasireiškimo formos ir konfliktinių situacijų sprendimo strategijos yra nevienodos. Išvados: 1. Dažniausiai krepšininkės naudoja verbalinės agresijos formą, o mažiausiai – negatyvizmą. Priešiškumo ir agresyvumo indeksai abiejose krepšininkių grupėse yra vidutiniai, tik agresyvumas didelio meistriškumo grupėje yra šiek tiek didesnis nei vidutinis. Tiriant skirtingo meistriškumo krepšininkių agresyvumo ypatumus, tarp grupių skirtumų nebuvo rasta (p > 0,05). 2. Konfliktai dažnesni aukščiausios lygos grupėje (p < 0,05). Aukščiausioje lygoje tokios konfliktų priežastys, kaip nesiskaitymas su sportininko asmenybe, neturiningas bendravimas, netaktiškumas, šiurkštumas, autoritariškumas bei šališkas požiūris į sportininką yra dažnesnės nei A... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The research objected to reveal aggression and conflict resolution strategies adapted in female basketball teams of different mastery. The aim of the study was to determine links between aggression and conflict resolution strategies adjusted by female basketball players of different mastery. The following tasks were raised: 1. To determine peculiarities and manifestation forms of aggression expressed by female basketball players of different mastery. 2. To reveal the frequency of conflicts which arise in the subjects’ teams, and to discover the dominating conflict resolution strategies. 3. To detect links between high-skilled subjects’ aggression and conflict resolution strategies. 4. To determine relation between aggression and conflict resolution strategies applied by subjects of low-skills. Hypothesis The manifestation forms of aggression and conflict resolution strategies vary between teams of different mastery. Results: 1. The study revealed that female basketball players most often use verbal aggression and least – negativism. The indexes of hostility and aggression in both female basketballers’ groups are moderate. However, aggression in the high-skilled group is a little higher than moderate. During the investigation of aggression peculiarities possessed by female basketball players of different mastery, no differences were found between the two groups (p > 0.05). 2. It was determined that conflicts are more common in the major league team (p < 0.05). There... [to full text]

Este trabalho teve por objetivo verificar evidências de validade para um instrumento de avaliação de estratégias de resolução de conflitos conjugais e investigar o uso dessas estratégias por casais residentes no Rio Grande do Sul. Para tanto, o trabalho foi dividido em três artigos. O Artigo I buscou evidências de validade para o Conflict Resolution Behavior Questionnaire (CRBQ). O Artigo II verificou o uso de estratégias de resolução de conflitos entre homens e mulheres, sua associação a variáveis sociodemográficas e do relacionamento. Por fim o Artigo III identificou perfis de resolução de conflitos, associando-os à qualidade conjugal. Os participantes foram 750 casais heterossexuais, residentes no Rio Grande do Sul, e que coabitavam há, no mínimo, seis meses. Os resultados do Artigo I demonstraram evidências de que a versão brasileira do instrumento é válida para a avaliação das estratégias de resolução de conflitos conjugais. O Artigo II indicou que há associação da resolução do conflito conjugal à prática de alguma religião, ao tempo de relacionamento e ao momento do ciclo vital. No Artigo III, quatro perfis foram identificados: Evitador, Validador, Hostil e Volátil. Os aspectos que podem favorecer o encaminhamento construtivo dos conflitos pelos membros do casal e os níveis de qualidade conjugal associados a cada perfil identificado são discutidos. / This study aimed to verify validity evidences for an instrument for assessment of marital conflict resolution strategies and to investigate the use of these strategies by couples living in Rio Grande do Sul. To achieve this objective, this study is divided in three papers. Paper I investigated validity evidences for the Conflict Resolution Behavior Questionnaire (CRBQ). Paper II verified conflict resolution strategies used by men and women, its association with sociodemographic and relationship variables, and identified conflict resolution profiles. Participants were 750 heterosexual couples, who lived in Rio Grande do Sul state in Brazil and cohabited for, at least, six months. Paper I showed evidences that the Brazilian version of the instrument is valid for the assessment of conflict resolution strategies. Paper II indicated that marital conflict resolution was associated with religious practice, length of relationship and moment of the life cycle. Paper III identified four profiles: Avoider, Validator, Hostile and Volatile. The aspects that can promote constructive management of conflicts by spouses and the marital quality associated with each profile are discussed.

Este trabalho teve por objetivo verificar evidências de validade para um instrumento de avaliação de estratégias de resolução de conflitos conjugais e investigar o uso dessas estratégias por casais residentes no Rio Grande do Sul. Para tanto, o trabalho foi dividido em três artigos. O Artigo I buscou evidências de validade para o Conflict Resolution Behavior Questionnaire (CRBQ). O Artigo II verificou o uso de estratégias de resolução de conflitos entre homens e mulheres, sua associação a variáveis sociodemográficas e do relacionamento. Por fim o Artigo III identificou perfis de resolução de conflitos, associando-os à qualidade conjugal. Os participantes foram 750 casais heterossexuais, residentes no Rio Grande do Sul, e que coabitavam há, no mínimo, seis meses. Os resultados do Artigo I demonstraram evidências de que a versão brasileira do instrumento é válida para a avaliação das estratégias de resolução de conflitos conjugais. O Artigo II indicou que há associação da resolução do conflito conjugal à prática de alguma religião, ao tempo de relacionamento e ao momento do ciclo vital. No Artigo III, quatro perfis foram identificados: Evitador, Validador, Hostil e Volátil. Os aspectos que podem favorecer o encaminhamento construtivo dos conflitos pelos membros do casal e os níveis de qualidade conjugal associados a cada perfil identificado são discutidos. / This study aimed to verify validity evidences for an instrument for assessment of marital conflict resolution strategies and to investigate the use of these strategies by couples living in Rio Grande do Sul. To achieve this objective, this study is divided in three papers. Paper I investigated validity evidences for the Conflict Resolution Behavior Questionnaire (CRBQ). Paper II verified conflict resolution strategies used by men and women, its association with sociodemographic and relationship variables, and identified conflict resolution profiles. Participants were 750 heterosexual couples, who lived in Rio Grande do Sul state in Brazil and cohabited for, at least, six months. Paper I showed evidences that the Brazilian version of the instrument is valid for the assessment of conflict resolution strategies. Paper II indicated that marital conflict resolution was associated with religious practice, length of relationship and moment of the life cycle. Paper III identified four profiles: Avoider, Validator, Hostile and Volatile. The aspects that can promote constructive management of conflicts by spouses and the marital quality associated with each profile are discussed.

Este trabalho teve por objetivo verificar evidências de validade para um instrumento de avaliação de estratégias de resolução de conflitos conjugais e investigar o uso dessas estratégias por casais residentes no Rio Grande do Sul. Para tanto, o trabalho foi dividido em três artigos. O Artigo I buscou evidências de validade para o Conflict Resolution Behavior Questionnaire (CRBQ). O Artigo II verificou o uso de estratégias de resolução de conflitos entre homens e mulheres, sua associação a variáveis sociodemográficas e do relacionamento. Por fim o Artigo III identificou perfis de resolução de conflitos, associando-os à qualidade conjugal. Os participantes foram 750 casais heterossexuais, residentes no Rio Grande do Sul, e que coabitavam há, no mínimo, seis meses. Os resultados do Artigo I demonstraram evidências de que a versão brasileira do instrumento é válida para a avaliação das estratégias de resolução de conflitos conjugais. O Artigo II indicou que há associação da resolução do conflito conjugal à prática de alguma religião, ao tempo de relacionamento e ao momento do ciclo vital. No Artigo III, quatro perfis foram identificados: Evitador, Validador, Hostil e Volátil. Os aspectos que podem favorecer o encaminhamento construtivo dos conflitos pelos membros do casal e os níveis de qualidade conjugal associados a cada perfil identificado são discutidos. / This study aimed to verify validity evidences for an instrument for assessment of marital conflict resolution strategies and to investigate the use of these strategies by couples living in Rio Grande do Sul. To achieve this objective, this study is divided in three papers. Paper I investigated validity evidences for the Conflict Resolution Behavior Questionnaire (CRBQ). Paper II verified conflict resolution strategies used by men and women, its association with sociodemographic and relationship variables, and identified conflict resolution profiles. Participants were 750 heterosexual couples, who lived in Rio Grande do Sul state in Brazil and cohabited for, at least, six months. Paper I showed evidences that the Brazilian version of the instrument is valid for the assessment of conflict resolution strategies. Paper II indicated that marital conflict resolution was associated with religious practice, length of relationship and moment of the life cycle. Paper III identified four profiles: Avoider, Validator, Hostile and Volatile. The aspects that can promote constructive management of conflicts by spouses and the marital quality associated with each profile are discussed.

This study examined the consistency between verbal responses to hypothetical conflict scenarios and the actual conflict resolutions techniques children apply in everyday play. Twenty-one children were interviewed and observed in order to determine their conflict resolution strategies. During the interview process, each child was asked to finish 6 hypothetical conflict scenarios. During the observation portion, each child was observed in 2 conflict scenarios. Significant (p < .05) differences were found with regards to verbal responses for 3 scenarios, verbal and behavioral responses of females (females exhibited more socially acceptable conflict resolution strategies in their verbal responses, yet less socially acceptable conflict resolution strategies in their behavioral responses), and socially acceptable responses to conflict in verbal strategies. Results were discussed in light of previous research comparing gender differences and peer relationships to conflict resolution strategies.

Unresolved conflict is responsible for at least 50% of resignations in the workplace, which negatively affects an organization's reputation and profitability. Although there has been ample research on the link between conflict resolution and leadership, there was limited research on conflict aboard military installations specifically. The purpose of this multiple case study was to explore conflict resolution strategies of civilian small business managers who work on a military installation in Southern Arizona. The theory of realistic conflict, or realistic group conflict theory, was used as the conceptual framework for this study. The data collection process involved semistructured interviews of 11 managers selected from 4 different civilian small businesses via purposive sampling along with company documents and public information found on the Internet containing conflict resolution processes within the organization. Transcribed interviews were coded and analyzed using software to help generate emergent themes. Yin's comprehensive data analysis method of compiling, assembling and disassembling, interpreting, and making conclusions resulted in the emergence of 3 themes: effective communication, situational leadership, and organizational culture. The results from this study may help business leaders identify strategies for resolving conflict, as well as recognize issues beforehand, mitigating conflict before is develops. This study has implications for positive social change, in that potential outcome of reduced conflict may lead to more organizational productivity and increase the revenue stream that is input into base programs for military members, their families, and other government employees, subsequently improving their quality of life.

This document discusses and analyzes the theoretical implications as of developmental psychology, relating to variables that are essential for the study of socialization, such as parental ethno-theories and the context of the mother-child interaction, from the specificity of a cultural context. A relevant subject for psychology is approached, focusing on subjects of cultural, trans-cultural, and developmental psychology. Parental beliefs, conflict resolution strategies, and cultural orientation were assessed in two Costa Rican samples, a rural (n=14) and an urban (n=14). 28 mothers and their pre-school children were assessed in three interaction episodes (free play and two scenario conflict situations). Collectivis Scale (Yamaguchi, 1984), Family Allocentrism Scale (Lay & others, 1998) and Socialization Goals Inventory (Harwood, 1992) plus a semi-structured interview were applied. Interdependent cultural orientation among Costa Rican mothers and differences among zone were tested. Despite an interdependent cultural orientation, urban and rural samples showed certain variability concerning interactive compenents, parental beliefs and cultural values related to conflict resolution and conflict resolution styles. Results allow to detail certain cultural specific values concernin parenting, interaction patterns, parental beliefs and social values related to conflict resolution.

In this dissertation a formalisation of nonmonotonic reasoning, namely Default logic, is discussed. A proof theory for default logic and a variant of Default logic - Prioritised Default logic - is presented. We also pursue an investigation into the relationship between default reasoning and making inferences in a neural network. The inference problem shifts from the logical problem in Default logic to the optimisation problem in neural networks, in which maximum consistency is aimed at The inference is realised as an adaptation process that identifies and resolves conflicts between existing knowledge about the relevant world and external information. Knowledge and data are transformed into constraint equations and the nodes in the network represent propositions and constraint equations. The violation of constraints is formulated in terms of an energy function. The Hopfield network is shown to be suitable for modelling optimisation problems and default reasoning. / Computer Science / M.Sc. (Computer Science)

Les conflits dans les couples sont souvent perçus négativement et ayant un impact sur la qualité du couple et l'adaptation des enfants. En revanche, ce ne sont pas tous les conflits qui sont négatifs. En effet, dans un contexte où les parents utilisent des stratégies de résolution positives, les situations de conflits pourraient devenir un terrain d'apprentissage pour les jeunes enfants et leur permettent de réutiliser ces modèles afin d'être plus compétents socialement. La présente étude vise à évaluer le lien entre les stratégies de résolution de conflits conjugaux et la compétence sociale des enfants d'âge préscolaire en fonction du sexe du parent et du sexe de l'enfant. Les données ont été recueillies auprès de 160 familles ayant un enfant âgé entre 4 et 6 ans. Il s'agit d'un devis de recherche transversal. Les résultats montrent que les stratégies de résolution des conflits conjugaux des parents sont marginalement liées au niveau de compétence sociale de l'enfant, mais ce, uniquement pour le père. En outre, le sexe de l'enfant modère marginalement ce lien, les garçons étant plus compétents lorsqu'exposés au rapport élevé des stratégies positives du père. Une différence significative a été observée entre les garçons et les filles quant à leur niveau de compétence sociale, les filles étant plus compétentes socialement que les garçons. / In couples, conflict is often viewed negatively and affecting the quality of the relationship and children's adjustment. On the other hand, not all conflicts are negative. Indeed, in a context where parents use positive resolution strategies, conflicts can become a learning environment for young children and allow them to reuse these models to be more socially competent. This study aims to evaluate the relationship between marital conflict resolution strategies and the social competence of preschool children depending on the sex of the parent and the child's sex. Data were collected from 160 families with a child aged between 4 and 6 years old. This is a transversal research design. Results show marital conflict resolution strategies are marginally related to the level of social competence of the children, but only for the fathers. In addition, children's gender marginally moderate this relation, boys being more socially competent when more exposed to a high ratio of positive resolution strategies from their fathers. A significant difference was observed between boys and girls as to their level of social competence, girls being more competent socially than boys.

In this dissertation a formalisation of nonmonotonic reasoning, namely Default logic, is discussed. A proof theory for default logic and a variant of Default logic - Prioritised Default logic - is presented. We also pursue an investigation into the relationship between default reasoning and making inferences in a neural network. The inference problem shifts from the logical problem in Default logic to the optimisation problem in neural networks, in which maximum consistency is aimed at The inference is realised as an adaptation process that identifies and resolves conflicts between existing knowledge about the relevant world and external information. Knowledge and data are transformed into constraint equations and the nodes in the network represent propositions and constraint equations. The violation of constraints is formulated in terms of an energy function. The Hopfield network is shown to be suitable for modelling optimisation problems and default reasoning. / Computer Science / M.Sc. (Computer Science)