Paleozoic, Mesozoic and Cenozoic rocks totaling about 15,000 feet in thickness are exposed in the Cowboy Pass area in the Confusion Range. The Paleozoic sedimentary rocks are carbonates, with small amounts of sandstone and shale, and the Mesozoic sedimentary rocks are shallow water limestone and shale. Cenozoic deposits are alluvium, lacustrine beds and small amounts of volcanic material. The trend of major folds and faults changes sharply from northerly to northeasterly at Cowboy Pass, and this change is accompanied by minor faulting and folding. Major structures are the result of post Lower Triassic-pre Cenozoic orogeny. During Cenozoic time, high angle normal faults developed, accompanied by local volcanic activity. / text

abstract: Medical errors are now estimated to be the third leading cause of death in the United States (Makary & Daniel, 2016). Look-alike, sound- alike prescription drug mix-ups contribute to this figure. The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and Institute for Safe Medication Practices (ISMP) have recommended the use of Tall Man lettering since 2008, in which dissimilar portions of confusable drug names pairs are capitalized in order to make them more distinguishable. Research on the efficacy of Tall Man lettering in differentiating confusable drug name pairs has been inconclusive and it is imperative to investigate potential efficacy further considering the clinical implications (Lambert, Schroeder & Galanter, 2015). The present study aimed to add to the body of research on Tall Man lettering while also investigating another possibility for the mechanism behind Tall Man’s efficacy, if it in fact exists. Studies indicate that the first letter in a word offers an advantage over other positions, resulting in more accurate and faster recognition (Adelman, Marquis & Sabatos-DeVito, 2010; Scaltritti & Balota, 2013). The present study used a 2x3 repeated measures design to analyze the effect of position on Tall Man lettering efficacy. Participants were shown a prime drug, followed by a brief mask, and then either the same drug name or its confusable pair and asked to identify whether they were the same or different. All participants completed both lowercase and Tall Man conditions. Overall performance measured by accuracy and reaction time revealed lowercase to be more effective than Tall Man. With regard to the position of Tall Man letters, a first position advantage was seen both in accuracy and reaction time. A first position advantage was seen in the lowercase condition as well, suggesting the location of the differing portion of the word matters more than the format used. These findings add to the body of inconclusive research on the efficacy of Tall Man lettering in drug name confusion. Considering its impact on patient safety, more research should be conducted to definitively answer the question as to whether or not Tall Man should be used in practice. / Dissertation/Thesis / Masters Thesis Human Systems Engineering 2017

Doctor of Philosophy / Department of Psychology / James Shanteau / In many situations, people are called on to make judgments about the likelihood of an event. Research has shown that when people make these judgments, they frequently equate or confuse conditional probabilities with other conditional probabilities. This equating or confusing of conditional probabilities is known as the confusion of the inverse. Research investigating this problem typically focuses on clinical and medical decision-making and the use of statistical evidence to make diagnoses. However, one area in which the confusion of the inverse has not been studied is in juror decision-making. Thus, the purpose of this dissertation was to (1) determine if the confusion of the inverse influences juror decision-making, (2) interpret reasons why this confusion occurs, and (3) attempt to eliminate it from juror decision-making. Jurors were presented with four court cases gathered from local and federal courthouses in a small Mid-western city. In each of the four cases, a single piece of evidence was presented (statistical only) which was to be used when rendering verdicts. Finally, each case contained juror instructions for the specific case type: murder, kidnapping, arson, sexual assault. Overall, jurors fell prey to the confusion of the inverse, equating the probability of the data given the hypothesis [P(D|H)] with the probability of the hypothesis given the data [P(H|D)]. However, the research was unable to reduce the effect, much less eliminate it from the task. Interestingly, jurors tended to ignore the statistical evidence (i.e., estimations about probability of a match) in favor of their own personal believe in the strength of the evidence. Although the original intent of reducing/eliminating the confusion of the inverse was not accomplished, the dissertation did accomplish three things. First, researchers have hypothesized three reasons why people engage in incorrect probabilistic reasoning, and the dissertation affirmed that it is indeed a function of the confusion of conditional probabilities – the confusion of the inverse. Second, it seems that the use of statistical evidence in a trial is ignored by most jurors in favor of their own personal belief in the evidence’s strength. Finally, the criteria needed for “beyond a reasonable doubt” may be too stringent.

An estimated 50% of older hospitalized patients experience delirium. This has created significant complications costing an estimated $164 billion or more per year worldwide. The ability to identify patients developing delirium would allow the implementation of specific interventions to decrease or eliminate the adverse effects of delirium. The purpose of this quality improvement project was to provide high quality delirium education to determine if medical unit nursing staff could successful implement the Confusion Assessment Method (CAM) screening tool to identify patients experiencing delirium as the first phase of an overall plan. Implementation of the project followed Roger's diffusion of innovations theory. Patients were additionally screened for 5 potential risk factors of delirium from the multifactorial model of delirium to determine if delirium could be identified in the local population admitted to a single hospital. With a high quality education intervention, the staff nurses on the medical unit successfully implemented the CAM into their nursing practice and accurately identified delirium. Nurses identified delirium and subsyndromal delirium in 25% of the 208 patients in the study population. Consistent with the literature, patients who had a urinary catheter and experienced an iatrogenic event were predictors of delirium. An additional predictor of delirium, not included in the multifactorial model of delirium, included patients receiving benzodiazepines. This quality improvement project suggests that quality delirium education combined with the use of an accurate delirium detection tool could predict delirium accurately in the medical floor population. This has the potential to reduce the impact of delirium on patients, hospital staff, and reduce hospital expenditures.

La thèse vise à définir le rôle de l'usage non seulement dans l'obtention du droit de marque par l'enregistrement, mais aussi, d'examiner le rôle de l'usage dans l'étendue de la protection des marques. Cet examen conduira donc à faire une distinction entre, d'une part, l’usage de la marque par le titulaire lui-même, ce qui concerne donc l’existence du droit de marque (première partie), et d'autre part, l'usage de la marque par des tiers, ce qui concerne l'exercice du droit de marque (deuxième partie). La première partie sera elle-même divisée en deux titres. Dans le premier titre, on examinera le rôle de l’usage sur l’existence du droit de marque, dans le deuxième titre, on examinera comment démontrer les effets de l’usage. La deuxième partie, sera, elle aussi, divisée en deux titres : le premier titre est consacré à l'usage qui provoque la confusion entre les signes, autrement dit la contrefaçon au sens strict, et le second titre est consacrée à l'usage qui entraîne un lien entre les signes, et constitue la contrefaçon au sens large. / The thesis aims at defining the role of the use not only in obtaining the right of mark by the registration, but also, to examine the role of the use in the scope of the protection of the marks.This examination will therefore lead to a distinction between, on the one hand, the use of the mark by the proprietor himself, which therefore concerns the existence of the trademark right (part one), and, on the other hand, the use of the mark by third parties, concerning the exercise of the trademark right (part two). The first part will be divided into two titles. In the first title, we will examine the role of the use on the existence of the right of mark, in the second title, we will examine how to demonstrate the effects of the use. The second part, will also be divided into two titles: the first title is devoted to the use that causes the confusion between the signs,in other words the infringement in the strict sense, and the second title is dedicated to the use which causes a link between signs, and constitutes infringement in the broad sense.

Basée sur une analyse contrastive, cette thèse aborde la structure verbale en français et en russe. Son objectif est d’établir un regard réflexif sur les deux langues dans le but de déterminer la différence et la ressemblance dans leur construction verbale. Explorant la question des verbes de structure différente des langues concernées, elle tente également de trouver les difficultés provoquées par cette différence à l’apprentissage. Ainsi, dans cette recherche, on parle des verbes problématiques sous un angle aussi didactique que linguistique. Composé de trois chapitres, ce travail étudie dans un premier temps le statut transitif/intransitif des verbes dans les deux langues en traitant l’approche traditionnelle et moderne et met en place une étude contrastive par rapport à la question de valence. On explore la construction verbale avec complément dans le deuxième chapitre de la recherche. Dans cette partie, l’analyse parallèle des verbes est effectuée afin de repérer leur fonctionnement selon les moyens grammaticaux de chaque langue. Et finalement, la comparaison de chaque verbe considéré problématique à l’apprentissage des deux langues suivie de tableaux fait partie du dernier chapitre. La production des tests préliminaires effectués auprès des apprenants russophones constitue également cette partie pour mieux comprendre la difficulté de ces derniers lors de la communication. / Based on a contrastive analysis, this thesis deals with the verbal structure in French and Russian. Its objective is to establish a reflexive look at the two languages in order to determine the difference and the similarity in their verbal construction. Exploring the question of the verbs of different structure, it also tries to find the difficulties caused by this difference in learning. Thus, in this research, problematic verbs are spoken of in a didactic as well as linguistic angle. This work, composed of three chapters, speaks first of all about the transitive/intransitive status of verbs in both languages by treating the traditional and modern approach and sets up a contrastive study in relation to the valence question. Verbal construction is explored with complement in the second chapter of the research. In this part, the parallel analysis of the verbs is performed in order to identify their functioning according to the grammatical means of each language. And finally, the comparison of each verb considered problematical to the learning in both languages followed by tables took the part of the last chapter. The production of preliminary tests with Russian-speaking learners is also part of this work in order to better understand the difficulties of the latter during the communication.

The aim: was to describe and compare a group of experts and critical care nurses' agreement in detecting delirium in intubated, ventilator treated patients with sedation / analgesia, before and after an in house training intervention with the instrument Confusion Assessment Method for the Intensive Care Unit (CAM-ICU). Method: A quasi-experimental study, one group pretest - posttest design. A convenience sample of 17 critical care nurses in a general intensive care unit included. To detect delirium the instrument CAM-ICU was used, 21 paired tests before and 22 after an educational intervention. Main Results: The results showed that after an in house training intervention sensitivity and kappa coefficient improved of the characteristic 1 "acute onset and fluctuating course," an improvement that was significant. In other features, and overall values were signs of numerical improvement and deterioration in sensitivity, specificity and kappa coefficient but no significant change. Conclusion: Implementing a new instrument for detecting delirium in clinical practice requires education and follow-up. A small sample of critical care nurses with varying ability to use the new instrument and the fact that patients' status may change rapidly making it difficult to draw any conclusions from this study. It is clear, however, that education and follow-up is needed when new care routines are introduced, and that further studies are needed to clarify whether the CAM-ICU is a valit and reliable instrument to use in clinical practice. / Syftet var att beskriva och jämföra en expertgrupp och intensivvårdssjuksköterskors överensstämmelse i att detektera delirium hos intuberade, respiratorbehandlade patienter med sedering/analgesi, före och efter en utbildningsintervention med instrumentet Confusion assessment method for the intensive care unit (CAM-ICU). Metod: En kvasiexperimentell studie, en grupps pretest – posttest design. Ett bekvämlighetsurval på en allmän intensivvårdsavdelning där inkluderades 17 intensivvårdssjuksköterskor. För att detektera delirium användes instrumentet CAM-ICU, 21 parmätningarna före och 22 efter en utbildningsintervention. Huvudresultat: Resultatet visade att efter utbildningsinterventionen förbättrades sensitiviteten och kappa koefficienten i kännetecken 1 ”akut insättande eller fluktuerande förlopp”, en förbättring som var signifikant. I övriga kännetecken och totalvärden fanns tecken på numerär förbättring och försämring i sensitivitet, specificitet och kappakoefficient men ingen signifikant förändring. Slutsats: Att implementera ett nytt instrument för att detektera delirium i klinisk verksamhet kräver utbildning och uppföljning. Ett litet sample av intensivvårdssjuksköterskor med varierad förmåga att använda det nya instrumentet samt det faktum att patienters status hastigt kan förändras gör det svårt att dra några slutsatser av denna studie. Klart är dock att utbildning och uppföljning behövs när nya vårdrutiner införs, och att ytterligare studier behövs för att klargöra om CAM-ICU är ett valit och reliabelt instrument att använda i klinisk verksamhet.

L’Art a toujours consacré une grande part à l’image du féminin. Que cela soit dans l’iconographie gréco-romaine ou judéo-chrétienne, ses multiples représentations sont synonymes de confusion et d’ambivalence. La femme et l’image ont en commun de susciter méfiance et fascination. C’est au travers de l’étude approfondie de quelques figures clefs de l’histoire de l’art, que nous vous proposons une relecture post-féministe des diverses facettes du féminin, prises dans la dyade sacré/profane. Mythes et croyances donnèrent naissance à un métissage pagano-chrétien qui fit émerger un Eternel Féminin inébranlable encore très prégnant dans l’art actuel. Tantôt dans la foi de l’image, tantôt dans sa condamnation, ainsi se résume l’insoluble combat entre l’humain et le divin. La Femme restera à jamais l’élément trouble associé au paraître et à la beauté. Dans nos recherches nous avons constaté que la femme et la peinture sont en parfaite adéquation. Elles sont indissociables car iconoclasme et misogynie vont souvent de pair. Peu à peu, le corps remplacera la toile et le fard, la peinture pour les artistes transgenres. Dans d’étranges (queer) parodies entre exhibition et chamanisme, ils réinventeront leur devenir-féminin. La surface de l’œuvre devient alors le miroir où se reflète cet Autre, alter ego tant recherché. La pensée féministe se met en marche au travers des révolutions des genres et des sexes. Ainsi, c’est entre Pygmalion et Narcisse que les artistes des XXéme et XXIéme siècles, nous offrent, entre mascarade et mélancolie, la vision d’un idéal sans original. Enfin, nous revenons sur l’art des femmes. Leurs pratiques sont souvent borderline, partagées entre violence, humour et Charis dans leur quête d’un sacré hors religion. Elles offrent un devenir-pandorien de l’art pour briser à jamais le désormais trop célèbre : « Sois belle et tais toi! » / A large percentage of art has always been devoted to the images of the feminine. In Greco-Roman as well as in Judeo-Christian iconography, these multiple representations are synonymous with confusion and ambivalence. The common link between woman and her image is the ability to arouse distrust and fascination. By means of an in-depth study of some key figures from the history of art, we hereby put forward a post-feminist review of the diverse facets of the feminine, viewed under the sacred/secular dyad. Myths and faiths gave rise to a pagan-Christian hybrid, bringing forth a constant “Eternal Feminine” that is still firmly rooted in contemporary art. It is sometimes the faith of the image, sometimes its condemnation, that encapsulates the unresolvable fight between the human and the divine. Woman will remain forever the obscure element that is associated with appearance and beauty. In the course of our research, we ascertained that woman and painting are in perfect harmony; they are inseparable because iconoclasm and misogyny often go hand in hand. Step by step, the body will replaces the canvas and the make-up, the painting of transgender artists. In queer parodies between exhibition and shamanism, they reinvent their transformation into the feminine. The surface of the work becomes a mirror that reflects this Other, the alter ego, so longed for. Feminist thinking is set in motion through the revolutions of genders. Artists of the 20th and 21st centuries offer us a vision of an ideal without an original, a new Pygmalion or Narcissus, somewhere between masquerade and melancholy. Finally, we return to the art of the women. Divided between violence, humour and charis, their methods are often borderline, in their quest for the sacred that is beyond religion. They offer to evolve into “pandorien” art to shatter for ever the henceforth overly famous idea: «be beautiful and remain silent! »

Cette approche de recherche sur Fernando Arrabal et le théâtre panique pointe une période circonscrite à l’œuvre théâtrale du dramaturge dite « panique ».L’objet de cette thèse cherche donc à essayer de comprendre la théorie panique (la mémoire, le hasard et la confusion) ainsi qu’une thématisation sur les différents modèles artistiques de ses pièces paniques et l’influence arrabalienne dans le devenir scénique d’aujourd’hui. L’étude part d’une nouvelle esthétique théâtrale baroque allant du texte à la scène ainsi que de la stratégie utilisée par l’écrivain dramaturge dans ces pièces appelée la cérémonie panique.La problématique centrale est celle de la perception esthétique et cathartique qui plonge le spectateur vers la confusion de la scène et de la vie. Le panique suivant la théorie artauldienne fusionne la réalité et le cauchemar. L’individu est confronté au chaos de la vie jusqu’à la fin tragique de la mort.La dramaturgie arrabalienne mène l’écrivain sur un double questionnement, celui de la quête de la gloire, de l’identité avec la réalité à travers la connaissance de soi et du monde mais aussi aux peurs que cela provoque. La représentation de ce théâtre plonge le spectateur dans un véritable choc émotionnel. Le théâtre panique de Fernando Arrabal est un théâtre universel, mais aussi un théâtre de l’extrême, qui va à l’encontre de la vérité, de la liberté et de la panique. Une panique individuelle et collective qui à travers un théâtre total fait éclater la raison et les carcans sociétaux cherchant un monde meilleur. L’écrivain est d’autant plus d’actualité que la triste réalité nous confronte au théâtre panique. / This approach to the research on Fernando Arrabal and the panic theater points out to a specific and limited time of the playwright’s theatrical work called "panic".The aim of this thesis is therefore to try to understand the panic theory (memory, chance and confusion) as well as a thematization on the different artistic models of these panic plays and the Arrabalian influence on the scenic future of today. The study begins with a new baroque theatrical aesthetics ranging from text to scene and from the strategy used by the playwright in these panic plays called the panic ceremony.The central problem is that of the aesthetic and cathartic perception that plunges the viewer into the confusion of the scene and of life. The panic following the Artauldian theory merges reality and nightmare. The individual is confronted with the chaos of life until the tragic end of death.The Arrabalian dramaturgy leads the writer on a double questioning, that of the quest for glory, of identity with reality through the knowledge of the self and of the world, but also that of the fears it fathers. The representation of this theatre plunges the viewer into a real emotional shock. The panic theater of Fernando Arrabal is not only a universal theatre, but also a theatre of the extreme, which goes against the truth, freedom and panic. An individual and collective panic which, through a complete theater, is breaking out reason and social contraints, and also looking for a better world. The writer is all the more topical as the sad reality confronts us with panic theater.

Cette thèse de doctorat aborde les problématiques de l'estimation de confiance pour la traduction automatique, et de la traduction automatique statistique de la parole spontanée à grand vocabulaire. J'y propose une formalisation du problème d'estimation de confiance, et aborde expérimentalement le problème sous le paradigme de la classification et régression multivariée. Je propose une évaluation des performances des différentes méthodes évoquées, présente les résultats obtenus lors d'une campagne d'évaluation internationale et propose une application à la post-édition par des experts de documents traduits automatiquement. J'aborde ensuite le problème de la traduction automatique de la parole. Après avoir passé en revue les spécificités du medium oral et les défis particuliers qu'il soulève, je propose des méthodes originales pour y répondre, utilisant notamment les réseaux de confusion phonétiques, les mesures de confiances et des techniques de segmentation de la parole. Je montre finalement que le prototype propose rivalise avec des systèmes état de l'art à la conception plus classique / In this thesis I shall deal with the issues of confidence estimation for machine translation and statistical machine translation of large vocabulary spontaneous speech translation. I shall first formalize the problem of confidence estimation. I present experiments under the paradigm of multivariate classification and regression. I review the performances yielded by different techniques, present the results obtained during the WMT2012 internation evaluation campaign and give the details of an application to post edition of automatically translated documents. I then deal with the issue of speech translation. After going into the details of what makes it a very specific and particularly challenging problem, I present original methods to partially solve it, by using phonetic confusion networks, confidence estimation techniques and speech segmentation. I show that the prototype I developped yields performances comparable to state-of-the-art of more standard design