Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:13:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 CamilaGR.pdf: 488995 bytes, checksum: fa9e656a33d6c75d3226bec90875615a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-08-12 / Radiobiocomplexes are used in nuclear medicine to obtain images and to treat diseases. Blood constituents have been used as radiobiocomplexes. Natural or synthetic products can influence on the labeling of blood constituents with technetium-99m (99mTc), the morphology of red blood cells and on the stannous chloride (SnCl2) action on plasmid DNA. Sambucus australis and Sambucus nigra are used in popular culture for treating diseases. The aim of this work was to evaluate the effects of the extracts of Sambucus australis and Sambucus nigra on the labeling of blood constituents with 99mTc, on morphology of red blood cells of Wistar rats, on the topology of plasmids DNA and the action against the SnCl2 effects on the DNA of plasmids pBSK. On the labeling of blood constituents with 99mTc it was verified that both extracts were capable to decrease significantly the radioactivity in the cellular compartment and in the insoluble fraction of plasma. Sambucus australis also decreased the labeling of insoluble fraction of blood cells with 99mTc. Both extracts did not alter the morphology of red blood cells. Moreover, it was verified that Sambucus nigra did not alter the electrophoretic profile of plasmid DNA, but decreased the effect of SnCl2 on plasmid DNA. These last results sugest a genotoxic effect and a protective action of Sambucus nigra extract against the SnCl2 action on plasmid DNA. This work was developed with the contribution of several Departments of biomedical area of the Hospital Universit?rio Pedro Ernesto, of the UERJ, characterizing a multidisciplinary experimental research / Radiobiocomplexos s?o utilizados em medicina nuclear para obten??o de imagens e tratamento de doen?as. Constituintes sangu?neos t?m sido utilizados como radiobiocomplexos. Produtos naturais ou sint?ticos podem influenciar a marca??o de constituintes sang??neos com tecn?cio-99m (99mTc), a morfologia de hem?cias e a a??o do cloreto estanoso no DNA plasmidial. Sambucus australis e Sambucus nigra s?o utilizados na cultura popular para o tratamento de doen?as. O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar os efeitos dos extratos de Sambucus australis e de Sambucus nigra na marca??o de constituintes sang??neos com 99mTc, na morfologia de hem?cias de ratos Wistar, na topologia do DNA plasmidial e sua a??o sobre os efeitos do cloreto estanoso no DNA de plasm?dios pBSK. Na marca??o de constituintes sang??neos com 99mTc verificou-se que os dois extratos foram capazes de diminuir significativamente a radioatividade no compartimento celular e na fra??o insol?vel do plasma. Sambucus australis diminuiu tamb?m a marca??o da fra??o insol?vel da c?lula com 99mTc. Os dois extratos n?o alteraram a morfologia das hem?cias. Al?m disso, foi verificado que um extrato de Sambucus nigra n?o alterou o perfil eletrofor?tico do DNA plasmidial, entretanto diminuiu os efeitos do cloreto estanoso no DNA plasmidial. Estes ?ltimos resultados sugerem um efeito genot?xico e uma a??o protetora do extrato de Sambucus nigra contra a a??o do cloreto estanoso no DNA plasmidial. Este trabalho foi realizado com a colabora??o de diversos Departamentos da ?rea biom?dica do Hospital Universit?rio Pedro Ernesto, da UERJ, caracterizando uma pesquisa experimental multidisciplinar

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Among the products of the hive, honey is considered the principal, standing out as natural food and for having multiple pharmacological applications. Honey can be produced by honey bees (Apis mellifera, L.) from the nectar, fruit, plant secretions and excretions of aphids or other sweetened solutions.Their nutritive power, pharmacologic and commercial value depends on its botanical origin, which can be obtained through classical methods as sensory evaluation, physicochemical analyses or melissopalynology. Although, these methods require much experience of the analyst and are costly.In view of the current difficulties in conducting these analyses, methods based on the study of volatile constituents have emerged as an alternative in the search for the source of compound markers of floral honeys. For the identification of these compounds, techniques such as solid in solid phase (SPME) and dynamic headspace (HSD) followed by analysis on gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometer (GC-MS) are suggested. In this work, different honeyproducing regions in the State of Sergipe were studied, as well as samples of honey originated from other states of Brazil, purchased in local supermarkets. Analyses of volatile components were obtained by dynamic headspace using Porapak Q® and Peat in natura as adsorbent materials. For both, parameters such as amount of sample, salt addition, time and temperature of extractionhave been optimized. Optimization, made possible the identification of 112 different compounds belonging to classes of aliphatic alcohols, aliphatic aldehydes, benzene derivatives, monoterpene hydrocarbons, oxygenated hydrocarbons, norisoprenoids, sesquiterpenes, oxygenated sesquiterpenes, carboxylic acids and others. Among these, a group of senior compounds were studied by principal components analysis and hierarchical cluster analysis. With these analyses was likely to identify the components with biggest weights in the samples and cluster them into five groups with a similarity of 48% based on Euclidean distance. Among the weighty compounds are furfuraldehyde, benzaldehyde, cis-linalool oxide (furanoid), trans-linalool oxide (furanoid), linalool, hotrienol, 4-ketoisoforone, aldehyde lilac (isomer I), cis-linalool oxide (pyranoid) and -terpineol. / Dentre os produtos apícolas o mel é considerado o principal por se destacar como alimento natural e ter várias aplicações farmacológicas, podendo ser produzido por abelhas Apis mellifera a partir do néctar, secreções das plantas e frutos, excreções de afídeos e outras soluções adocicadas. Seu poder nutritivo, farmacológico e valor comercial dependem de sua origem botânica, a qual pode ser obtida através de métodos clássicos como a avaliação sensorial, a melissopalinologia ou análises físico-químicas, porém estes métodos exigem muita experiência do analista e são dispendiosas. Em virtude das dificuldades atuais em realizar essas análises os métodos baseados no estudo dos constituintes voláteis têm surgido como uma alternativa na procura de compostos marcadores da origem floral de méis. Para a identificação destes compostos, técnicas como a microextração em fase sólida (SPME) e headspace dinâmico (HSD) seguido de análise em cromatógrafo em fase gasosa/espectrômetro de massas (CG/EM) são sugeridas. Neste trabalho foram estudados méis de diferentes regiões produtoras do estado de Sergipe, bem como amostras de méis adquiridos em supermercado de Aracaju oriundas de outros estados do Brasil através da análise dos componentes voláteis obtidos por headspace dinâmico utilizando Porapak Q® e Turfa in natura como materiais adsorventes. Para tanto foram otimizados parâmetros como quantidade de amostra, adição de sal, tempo e temperatura de extração. Nas condições otimizadas foi possível identificar 112 diferentes compostos pertencentes às classes dos álcoois alifáticos, benzenóides, aldeídos alifáticos, hidrocarbonetos lineares, monoterpenos, monoterpenos oxigenados, sesquiterpenos, sesquiterpenos oxigenados, norisoprenóides, ácidos carboxílicos e outros. Dentre estes, um grupo de compostos majoritários foram estudados por análise de componentes principais e análise de agrupamento hierárquico. Com estas análises foi possível identificar os componentes de maiores pesos das amostras e agrupá-las em cinco grupos com uma similaridade de 48%, tendo como base a distância Euclidiana. Dentre os compostos de maiores pesos estão o furfural, benzaldeído, cis-óxido de linalol (furanóide), trans-óxido de linalol (furanóide), linalol, hotrienol, 4-ceto-isoforona, lilac aldeído (isômero I), cis-óxido de linalol (piranóide) e o -terpineol.

Submitted by Claudinei Pracidelli (cpracide@ipen.br) on 2016-06-22T11:39:54Z No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-22T11:39:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / A deficiência de hormônio de crescimento (DGH) é a deficiência mais comum entre os hormônios pituitários. A terapia utilizada atualmente consiste de injeções diárias de hormônio de crescimento humano recombinante (r-hGH), entretanto esta terapia apresenta alguns inconvenientes, como a necessidade de frequentes injeções de r-hGH durante um longo período de vida, dependendo da severidade da deficiência, e o alto custo do hormônio, em razão dos dispendiosos processos de purificação. Uma alternativa ao tratamento padrão seria aquele no qual fossem evitados estes tipos de inconvenientes e o processo de liberação da proteína fosse sustentável, por um longo período e promovesse níveis normais e sustentáveis do fator de crescimento semelhante à insulina I (IGF-I), o principal mediador dos efeitos do GH. Uma alternativa é a terapia gênica in vivo, baseada na administração de DNA plasmidial em diversos órgãos/tecidos, seguida de eletroporação. É considerada uma metodologia bastante promissora e que tem sido alvo de vários estudos para diversos tipos de deficiências sistêmicas. Neste trabalho foram realizadas diversas administrações de um plasmídeo contendo o gene do hormônio de crescimento humano, nos músculos quadríceps exposto ou tibial anterior sem exposição, seguidas de eletroporação, em camundongos anões e imunodeficientes (lit/scid) com 40-80 dias de idade, na tentativa de obter uma correção fenotípica do nanismo, mediante a avaliação de parâmetros de crescimento. A administração deste plasmídeo no músculo tibial anterior, em camundongos com a idade inicial de 40 dias, foi capaz de proporcionar uma normalização dos níveis de mIGF-I, quando comparados aos dos camundongos não-deficientes de GH. Além disso, foram obtidos valores de catch-up dos parâmetros de crescimento longitudinal de 36-77%. Visando uma maior eficiência na expressão de GH, foram construídos plasmídeos parentais, e a partir destes, foram produzidos minicírculos de DNA com os promotores do CMV e Ubiquitina C e com os cDNAs de hGH e mGH. Estes minicírculos de DNA foram transfectados em células HEK 293 e foram até 2 vezes mais eficientes em relação aos plasmídeos convencionais com o promotor do CMV. Estes dados são bastantes promissores e abrem caminho para ensaios mais eficientes, utilizando este tipo de protocolo de terapia gênica para a DGH, visando uma normalização de todos os parâmetros de crescimento. / Tese (Doutorado em Tecnologia Nuclear) / IPEN/T / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP / FAPESP:11/21708-6

This paper presents an explorative ‘pilot’ study made of oral picture descriptions in the nativetongue as well as in the target language of an intermediate Dutch L1 learner of Swedish (L2).Three Swedish L1 native controls were also recorded describing the same pictures. Therecordings were transcribed, coded and quantitatively analysed for the following aspects ofinformation structure: 1) referent introduction and 2) referent maintenance per type, 3)constituents in the prefield (i.e. clause-initial position) and 4) occurrences ofspatial/existential constructions of referent introduction. The research questions were: DoDutch L1 and Swedish L1 differ in their patterns of information structure in the area ofreferent introduction and maintenance, concerning prefield constituents in picturedescriptions? Does the L2 learner adhere to the target language (Swedish) patterns, thepatterns of his mother tongue (Dutch) or does the interlanguage exhibit different patterns?Differences in frequency emerged, where the Dutch L1 data had substantially higher rates ofsubjects in the prefield than Swedish L1 and where the perspective taken for referentintroduction was largely existential. On the other hand, Swedish L1 showed a greatervariation in the prefield and a pattern of referent introduction that was both spatial andexistential. The learner followed the patterns of his native tongue, in his L2 Swedish, wherethe patterns differed from those of Swedish L1. Transfer was found to be a likely cause ofthis, even though other explanations are not excluded by the results. The strict dichotomy ofspatial/existential perspective of referent introduction proposed by e.g. Carroll et al. (2000)was found to exclude many cases of referent introduction. The main problem with the presentstudy was the small quantity of data, as well as the lack of comparable studies; it is thereforerecommended to repeat this study using a larger amount of data.

Le rôle des constituants au sein des matériaux de friction pour garniture de frein est encore mal connu du fait, d’une part de la complexité des formulations de ces matériaux composites organiques, d’autre part de la sollicitation induite par le freinage qui engendre de multiples phénomènes physiques. Il s’avère donc particulièrement difficile d’établir les liens entre la composition d’une garniture et ses performances. Les travaux ont concerné une garniture de frein industrielle pour véhicule poids lourd. Une étude préalable a été réalisée du point de vue de sa microstructure et de ses constituants, de ses propriétés, de son élaboration et de ses performances en freinage. La démarche expérimentale adoptée a reposé sur le développement i) d’une formulation « modèle », déduite de la formulation industrielle par simplification de la composition, ii) d’un essai d’usure représentatif de sollicitations de freinage, pour aborder le fonctionnement tribologique des constituants dans une configuration simplifiée. Deux constituants ont été plus particulièrement étudiés, des particules de laiton et des fibres de verre introduites dans la formulation modèle prise en référence. L’analyse des performances a porté sur la compréhension des liens entre les mécanismes de frottement et d’usure, la microstructure et les propriétés des matériaux et leur comportement tribologique / The role of the constituents within friction materials for brake lining still largely unknown due to the complexity of these organic composite formulations and to the induced solicitation by braking which generates multiple physical phenomena. Therefore, it is especially difficult to establish the relationship between the composition of a brake lining and its performance. The work has concerned an industrial brake lining for heavy vehicle. A preliminary study was conducted in terms of its microstructure, constituents, properties, elaboration and its braking performance. The experimental approach was based, on the one hand, on the development of a “model” formulation, derived from the simplification of the industrial one and, on the other hand, on a specific wear test representative of braking solicitations, to take up the tribological behaviour of constituents in the framework of a simplified configuration. Brass particles and glass fibres have been particularly studied, introduced into the model formulation taken as a reference. The analysis of performance has focused on understanding the relationship between friction and wear mechanisms, microstructure and properties of materials, and their tribological behaviour

Behavioural and chemical studies were conducted with Ceratitis capitata Wied. and Anastrepha obliqua Macq. and their host fruit, Averrhoa carambola L. (starfruit). The bioassays were performed to find out the age and time of day when the reproductive behaviour (calling, mating and oviposition) were more frequent as well as which maturation stage of the starfruit, females of A. obliqua and C. capitata would choose for oviposition. The results demonstrated that reproductive behaviour were more frequent among individuals which were eleven day-old for C. capitata and fifteen day-old for A. obliqua, except for oviposition that were more frequent among individuals which were seventeen day-old in this ultimate specie. For C. capitata, the onset of calling, courtship and oviposition were 6:00-9:00, 7:00-12:00 and 14:00-16:00 h, respectively, whereas for A. obliqua, these activities were highest at 5:00-9:00, 7:00-10:00 and 9:00-11:00 h, respectively. The maturation stages of starfruit in which females of C. capitata and A. obliqua would prefer to oviposit are ripe and unripe, respectively. The chemical analyses of extracts (secretions from the salivary glands and headspace) from calling males of of both species by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS) revealed alcohols, esters, ketones, nitrogenated compounds and terpenoids. Comparative analyses of volatiles present in the salivary gland secretion of A. obliqua and C. capitata males with those which were found to be present in headspace extracts of calling males of these species, demonstrated that 50% of the compounds released by calling males are present in the secretion of salivary glands, suggesting that these glands maybe the storage site of these compounds. It worthy to note that among this mixture of compounds, there should be the sex pheromone components of both species, since the salivary gland extracts of A. obliqua males attracted co-specific females. The results also showed that unsaturated and saturated esters were the major componentes in extracts of ripe starfruits and mono- and sesquiterpenes characterized the mixture of unripe starfruits. It was also found that there is a similarity between the chemical composition of extracts from salivary glands of C. capitata and A. obliqua and the volatiles released by ripe and unripe starfruits. two compounds were common between salivary glands secretions of C. capitata calling males and ripe starfruit extracts whereas eight common compounds were found in salivary glands secretions of A. obliqua males and unripe starfruit extracts. These findings suggest that these coincident compounds may act as chemical cues which help females of both species to find starfruits in the appropriate maturation stage for oviposition. / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Estudos comportamentais e químicos foram conduzidos com Ceratitis capitata Wied. e Anastrepha obliqua Macq. e seu fruto hospedeiro, Averrhoa carambola L. (carambola). Os bioensaios visaram avaliar a idade e os horários de pico dos comportamentos reprodutivos (chamamento, cópula e oviposição) e os estágios de maturação da carambola selecionados pelas fêmeas de cada espécie para oviposição. Os resultados demonstraram que a idade de maior ocorrência das atividades reprodutivas foi aos 11 dias de vida adulta para C. capitata e aos 15 dias para A. obliqua, exceto para a oviposição cuja idade de maior ocorrência foi aos 17 dias para esta última espécie. Para C. capitata os horários de pico para as atividades de chamamento, cópula e oviposição foram 6:00 – 9:00, 10:00 – 12:00 e 14:00 – 16:00 h, respectivamente. Para A. obliqua esses horários foram: 6:00 – 9:00, 7:00 – 10:00 e 9:00 – 11:00 h. Os estágios de maturação da carambola preferidos por fêmeas de C. capitata e A. obliqua para oviposição foram, na mesma seqüência, maduro e verde. As análises químicas dos extratos (secreções de glândulas salivares e aeração) de machos em chamamento de ambas as espécies por cromatografia gasosa acoplada à espectrometria de massas (CG-EM) permitiram a identificação de álcoois, ésteres, cetonas, compostos nitrogenados e terpenóides. Análises comparativas entre os voláteis presentes nos extratos de secreções de glândulas salivares de machos de C. capitata e A. obliqua e aqueles presentes nos extratos de aeração de machos em chamamento das mesmas espécies, demonstraram que 50% dos compostos liberados pelos machos em chamamento estão presentes nas secreções de glândulas salivares, sugerindo que estas glândulas poderiam ser o sítio de estocagem desses compostos. Entre esses compostos similares provavelmente são encontrados componentes do feromônio sexual dessas espécie, uma vez que, os extratos de glândulas salivares de machos de A. obliqua foram atrativos a fêmeas coespecíficas. Os resultados também demonstraram que nos extratos de aeração de frutos de carambolas maduras predominaram ésteres saturados e insaturados, enquanto nos extratos de carambolas verdes os mono- e sesquiterpenos caracterizaram a mistura. Foram também observadas similaridades entre a composição química de extratos de glândulas salivares de C. capitata e A. obliqua e os voláteis liberados por carambolas maduras e verdes. Dois compostos foram comuns entre as secreções de glândulas salivares de machos de C. capitata e os extratos de carambolas maduras, enquanto oito compostos foram comuns entre as secreções de glândulas salivares de machos de A. obliqua e os extratos de carambolas verdes. Esses resultados sugerem que esses compostos coincidentes poderiam atuar como pistas que auxiliariam as fêmeas de ambas as espécies a encontrar carambolas no estágio de maturação adequado para oviposição.

Die vorliegende Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit der flächendeckenden Ableitung spezifischer Gewässerinhaltsstoffe verockerter Fließgewässer aus Daten eines airborne Hyperspektralsensors. In diesem Zusammenhang wird ein innovatives Verfahren vorgestellt, welches die spezifische Entwicklung und Validierung von Ableitungsmodellen mit Fokus auf den Gewässerinhaltsstoffen Gesamteisen, Eisen(II), Eisen(III) und Sulfat beinhaltet. Im Rahmen der Arbeit wurden zwei Messkampagnen zur Erhebung der erforderlichen Gewässerproben und der Hyperspektraldaten am Fluss Spree südlich von Cottbus, Brandenburg, durchgeführt. Diese Daten bilden die Grundlage der Arbeit. Die entwickelte Methode führt eine automatisierte Verknüpfung der In situ- und der Hyperspektraldaten durch. Dies ermöglicht die Extrahierung der Spektralinformation aus den Hyperspektraldaten an der Probenentnahmestelle. Anschließend werden diese auf spezifische Indizes reduziert, welche ein Kernstück der Vorgehensweise darstellen. Diesbezüglich ist es notwendig, dass die Indizes die charakteristischen Spektraleigenschaften der Gewässerinhaltsstoffe berücksichtigen. Mittels der Regressionsanalyse werden für jeden Gewässerinhaltsstoff die zehn geeignetsten Indizes anhand des Bestimmtheitsmaßes zur Ableitung herangezogen und im Anschluss mittels der In situ-Daten validiert. Dies ermöglicht die Identifizierung des Regressionsmodells mit der höchsten Ableitungsgenauigkeit, welches zur Erstellung der Verteilungskarten der Gewässerinhaltsstoffe verwendet wird. Anhand der Verteilungskarten wird aufgezeigt, dass sich die aus airborne Hyperspektraldaten abgeleiteten Konzentrationen der Gewässerinhaltsstoffe zur Identifizierung von Stoffeinträgen durch Zuflüsse und resultierenden Strömungsänderungen eignen. Weiterhin ist die Konzentrationsbestimmung auch an Orten mit einem unwegsamen Gelände durchführbar, wodurch die aufgezeigte Vorgehensweise darüber hinaus für ein Monitoring verwendet werden kann.:Erklärung der Übereinstimmung mit dem Original 2 Danksagung 3 Kurzfassung 4 Abstract 5 Inhaltsverzeichnis 6 Abbildungsverzeichnis 8 Tabellenverzeichnis 11 Abkürzungsverzeichnis 14 Symbolverzeichnis 16 1. Einleitung 17 1.1. Hintergrund und Motivation 17 1.2. Zielsetzung 21 1.3. Struktureller Aufbau und methodisches Vorgehen 23 2. Verfahrensüberblick 26 2.1. Datenverknüpfung 26 2.2. Spektralindizes 27 2.3. Datenfilterung 27 2.4. Entwicklung der Regressionsmodelle 27 2.5. Ableitung und Validierung 28 3. Passive optische Gewässerfernerkundung 29 3.1. Erfassung der zurückgestreuten Strahldichten 30 3.1.1. Strahlungsprozesse in der Atmosphäre 33 3.1.2. Strahlungsprozesse an der Gewässeroberfläche 35 3.1.3. Strahlungsprozesse im Gewässerkörper 37 3.2. Eigenschaften der Gewässerfärbung 41 3.2.1. Inhärente optische Gewässereigenschaften (IOP) 41 3.2.2. Scheinbare optische Gewässereigenschaften (AOP) 43 3.3. Methoden der Gewässerfernerkundung 43 3.3.1. Analytische Methode 43 3.3.2. Empirische Methode 44 3.3.3. Schlussfolgerung 45 4. Datenerfassung 46 4.1. Untersuchungsgebiet 46 4.2. In situ–Daten 48 4.2.1. Messkampagne 2018 50 4.2.2. Messkampagne 2019 52 4.3. Fernerkundungsdaten 53 4.3.1. Gyrokopter als Trägerplattform 53 4.3.2. Sensorik 54 5. Erstellung der Spektralindizes 57 5.1. Spektralindizes der Literatur 57 5.2. Analyse spektraler In situ Messungen 62 5.3. Analyse extrahierter Spektralinformationen 64 6. Ergebnisse und Diskussion 69 6.1. Validierung 69 6.2. Evaluierung 74 6.3. Horizontalverteilung der Gewässerinhaltsstoffe in dem Fluss Spree 83 7. Zusammenfassung und Ausblick 90 Literatur 95 I. Anlage 105 I.I. Zum Kapitel 4: Datenerfassung 105 I.II. Zum Kapitel 5: Spektralindizes 122 I.III. Zum Kapitel 6: Ergebnisse und Diskussion 128 II. Prozessierung der hyperspektralen Fernerkundungsdaten 170 III. Anlage: Daten zur Charakterisierung des Untersuchungsgebietes 175 III.I. pH-Wert 177 III.II. Bestimmung Sichttiefe 177 III.III. Spektrale In situ-Messungen 179 III.IV. Bathymetrische Vermessung 182 III.V. Vertikaler Eisengradient 183 IV. Anlage: Einfluss des Bergbaus auf die limnischen Lebensräume 186 IV.I. Prozesse während und nach dem Bergbau 186 IV.II. Limnische Lebensräume 188 IV.II.i. Grundwässer 188 IV.II.ii. Fließgewässer 189 IV.II.iii. Standgewässer 190 / The present work deals with the area-wide derivation of the water constituents of ochred watercourses from data of an airborne hyperspectral sensor. In this context an innovative method is presented, which includes the specific development and validation of derivation models with focus on the water constituents total iron, ferrous iron, ferric iron and sulphate. Within the scope of the work, two measurement campaigns were carried out to collect the required water samples and hyperspectral data at the river Spree south of Cottbus, Brandenburg. These data are the basis of the thesis. The developed method performs an automated combination of the in situ- and hyperspectral data. This enables the extraction of spectral information from the hyperspectral data at the sampling point. Subsequently, these information is reduced to specific indices, which are a core part of the procedure. In this respect, it is necessary that the indices consider the characteristic spectral properties of the water constituents. By means of regression analysis, the ten most suitable indices for each water constituent are derived based on the coefficient of determination and subsequently validated using the in situ-data. This enables the identification of the regression model with the highest accuracy of derivation, which is used to create the distribution maps of the water constituents. The distribution maps show that the concentrations of water constituents derived from airborne hyperspectral data are suitable for identifying substance inputs from inflows and resulting flow changes. Furthermore, the determination of concentrations can also be carried out in places with impassable terrain, which means that the procedure shown can also be used for monitoring.:Erklärung der Übereinstimmung mit dem Original 2 Danksagung 3 Kurzfassung 4 Abstract 5 Inhaltsverzeichnis 6 Abbildungsverzeichnis 8 Tabellenverzeichnis 11 Abkürzungsverzeichnis 14 Symbolverzeichnis 16 1. Einleitung 17 1.1. Hintergrund und Motivation 17 1.2. Zielsetzung 21 1.3. Struktureller Aufbau und methodisches Vorgehen 23 2. Verfahrensüberblick 26 2.1. Datenverknüpfung 26 2.2. Spektralindizes 27 2.3. Datenfilterung 27 2.4. Entwicklung der Regressionsmodelle 27 2.5. Ableitung und Validierung 28 3. Passive optische Gewässerfernerkundung 29 3.1. Erfassung der zurückgestreuten Strahldichten 30 3.1.1. Strahlungsprozesse in der Atmosphäre 33 3.1.2. Strahlungsprozesse an der Gewässeroberfläche 35 3.1.3. Strahlungsprozesse im Gewässerkörper 37 3.2. Eigenschaften der Gewässerfärbung 41 3.2.1. Inhärente optische Gewässereigenschaften (IOP) 41 3.2.2. Scheinbare optische Gewässereigenschaften (AOP) 43 3.3. Methoden der Gewässerfernerkundung 43 3.3.1. Analytische Methode 43 3.3.2. Empirische Methode 44 3.3.3. Schlussfolgerung 45 4. Datenerfassung 46 4.1. Untersuchungsgebiet 46 4.2. In situ–Daten 48 4.2.1. Messkampagne 2018 50 4.2.2. Messkampagne 2019 52 4.3. Fernerkundungsdaten 53 4.3.1. Gyrokopter als Trägerplattform 53 4.3.2. Sensorik 54 5. Erstellung der Spektralindizes 57 5.1. Spektralindizes der Literatur 57 5.2. Analyse spektraler In situ Messungen 62 5.3. Analyse extrahierter Spektralinformationen 64 6. Ergebnisse und Diskussion 69 6.1. Validierung 69 6.2. Evaluierung 74 6.3. Horizontalverteilung der Gewässerinhaltsstoffe in dem Fluss Spree 83 7. Zusammenfassung und Ausblick 90 Literatur 95 I. Anlage 105 I.I. Zum Kapitel 4: Datenerfassung 105 I.II. Zum Kapitel 5: Spektralindizes 122 I.III. Zum Kapitel 6: Ergebnisse und Diskussion 128 II. Prozessierung der hyperspektralen Fernerkundungsdaten 170 III. Anlage: Daten zur Charakterisierung des Untersuchungsgebietes 175 III.I. pH-Wert 177 III.II. Bestimmung Sichttiefe 177 III.III. Spektrale In situ-Messungen 179 III.IV. Bathymetrische Vermessung 182 III.V. Vertikaler Eisengradient 183 IV. Anlage: Einfluss des Bergbaus auf die limnischen Lebensräume 186 IV.I. Prozesse während und nach dem Bergbau 186 IV.II. Limnische Lebensräume 188 IV.II.i. Grundwässer 188 IV.II.ii. Fließgewässer 189 IV.II.iii. Standgewässer 190

Purpose The purpose of the research was firstly, to determine the competencies required of risk managers and secondly, to consider the implications of such competencies in determining possible modules for inclusion in the design of a specialised undergraduate qualification in Risk Management. Methodology A qualitative research approach was followed, involving focus group interview sessions as part of an Interactive Qualitative Analysis (IQA) research study. Focus Group 1 comprised of academics teaching risk management at public universities in South Africa, and Focus Group 2 comprised of risk management practitioners in South Africa. Findings The competencies identified are business management and risk management knowledge; attributes such as assertiveness and courage; values such as ethics and integrity; as well as people, business and technical skills. Research implications The unique contribution of the current research was the innovative use of IQA for data collection, the removal of subjectivity and the rigour in analysing and presenting the results. The results are a starting point or foundation for the design of a specialised undergraduate degree in risk management that will both meet the requirements of the risk management profession and will equip learners with the best possible combination of knowledge, skills, attributes, values and attitudes to effectively manage risk in organisations. The implications for further research are that a study of the design, benchmarking and validation of a curriculum framework for a specialised undergraduate degree in risk management could be conducted. The development of a curriculum framework or curriculum did not form part of the scope of this study. / Okokuqala inhloso yocwaningo, ukuthola amakhono adingekayo kubaphathi bezinhlekelele kanti okwesibili, ukubheka imiphumela yalokho kusebenza ekunqumeni amamojuli angafakwa ekwakhiweni kweziqu ezikhethekile ezingakaphothulwa ngabafundi ku-Risk Management. Kwalandelwa indlela yocwaningo efanelekile, ebandakanya izikhathi zokuxoxisana zamaqembu njengengxenye yocwaningo lwe-Interactive Qualitative Analysis (IQA). I-Focus Group yoku-1 inabafundi abafundisa ukulawulwa kwezinhlekelele emanyuvesi vi kahulumeni aseNingizimu Afrika, kanye neFocus Group yesi-2 inabasebenzi bokulawulwa kobungozi eNingizimu Afrika. Amakhono ahlonziwe ukuphathwa kwebhizinisi nolwazi lokulawulwa kobungozi; anezimpawu ezinjengokuzethemba kanye nokuba nesibindi; ubugugu obufana nokuziphatha nobuqotho; kanye nabantu, amakhono ebhizinisi nezobuchwepheshe. / Die doel van die studie was eerstens om die bekwaamhede waaroor risikobestuurders moet beskik te bepaal, en tweedens, wat die implikasies van sodanige bekwaamhede inhou vir die modules vir insluiting in die ontwerp van ‘n gespesialiseerde voorgraadse kwalifikasie in Risikobestuur. Die studie het ‘n kwalitatiewe navorsingsbenadering gevolg deur gebruik te maak van fokusgroepsessies as deel van ‘n Interaktiewe Kwalitatiewe Ontleding (IKO) navorsingstudie. Fokusgroep 1 het bestaan uit akademici wat risikobestuur by openbare universiteite in Suid-Afrika doseer, en Fokusgroep 2 het uit risikobestuurpraktisyns in Suid-Afrika bestaan. Die bekwaamhede wat identifiseer is, is kennis van ondernemingsbestuur en risikobestuur; eienskappe soos selfgeldendheid en moed; waardes soos etiek en integriteit; asook mense, sake en tegniese vaardighede. / Finance, Risk Management and Banking / M. Com. (Risk Management)

The current study therefore aims to provide a comprehensive characterisation of weathered dry disposed ash cores, to reveal mobility patterns of chemical species as a function of depth and age of ash, with a view to assessing the potential environmental impacts. Fifty-nine samples were taken from 3 drilled cores obtained respectively from the 1 year, 8 year and 20-year-old sections of sequentially dumped, weathered, dry disposed ash in an ash dump site at Tutuka - a South African coal burning power station.

<p>The management and disposal of huge volumes of coal combustion by products such as fly ash has constituted a major challenge to the environment. In most cases due to the inadequate alternative use of coal fly ash, the discarded waste is stored in holding ponds, slag heaps, or stock piled in ash dumps. This practice has raised concerns on the prospect of inorganic metals release to the surface and groundwater in the vicinity of the ash dump. Acceptable scientific studies are lacking to determine the best ash disposal practices. Moreover, knowledge about the mobility patterns of inorganic species as a function of mineralogical association or pH susceptibility of the dry disposed ash dump under natural weathering conditions are scarce in the literature. Fundamental understanding of chemical interactions of dry disposed ash with ingressed CO2 from atmosphere, percolating rain water and brine irrigation within ash disposal sites were seen as key areas requiring investigation. The mineralogical association of inorganic species in the dry disposed ash cores can be identified and quantified. This would provide a basis for understanding of chemical weathering, mineralogical transformations or mobility patterns of these inorganic species in the dry ash disposal scenario. The current study therefore aims to provide a comprehensive characterisation of weathered dry disposed ash cores, to reveal mobility patterns of chemical species as a function of depth and age of ash, with a view to assessing the potential environmental impacts. Fifty-nine samples were taken from 3 drilled cores obtained respectively from the 1 year, 8 year and 20-year-old sections of sequentially dumped,&nbsp / weathered, dry disposed ash in an ash dump site at Tutuka - a South African coal burning power station. The core samples were characterized using standard analytical procedures viz: X-ray fluorescence (XRF), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transforms infrared (FTIR) techniques, Scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM/EDS) and Acid neutralisation capacity (ANC) test. A modified sequential extraction (SE) method was used in this study. The chemical partitioning, mobility and weathering patterns in 1 year, 8 year and 20-year-old sections of the ash dump were respectively investigated using this modified sequential extraction scheme. The sequence of the extractions was as follows: (1) water soluble, (2) exchangeable, (3) carbonate, (4) iron and manganese and (5) residual. The results obtained from the 5 steps sequential extraction scheme were validated with the total metal content of the original sample using mass balance method. The distribution of major and trace elements in the different liquid fractions obtained after each step of sequential extraction of the 59 drilled core samples was determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICPMS). The data generated for various ash core samples were explored for the systematic analysis of mineralogical transformation and change in ash chemistry with ageing of the ash. Furthermore, the data was analyzed to reveal the impact of ingressed CO2 from atmosphere, infiltrating rain water and brine irrigation on the chemistry of ash core samples. Major mineral phases in original ash core samples prior to extraction are quartz (SiO2) and mullite (3Al2O3&middot / 2SiO2). Other minor mineral phases identified were hematite (Fe2O3), calcite (CaCO3), lime (CaO), anorthite (CaAl2Si2O8), mica (Ca (Mg, Al)3 (Al3Si) O10 (OH)2), and enstatite (Mg2Si2O6). X-ray diffraction results show significant loss of crystallinity in the older ash cores. The presence of minor phases of calcite and mica in dry disposed ash cores are attributed to reduction in the pore water pH due to hydration, carbonation and pozzolanic reactions. The X-ray diffraction technique was unable to detect Fe-oxyhydroxide phase and morealuminosilicate phases in ash core samples due to their low abundance and amorphous character. X-ray fluorescence results of the original ash core samples showed the presence of major oxides, such as SiO2, Al2O3, Fe2O3, while CaO, K2O, TiO2, Na2O, MnO, MgO, P2O5, and SO3 occur in minor concentrations. The ratio of SiO2/Al2O3 classified the original core samples prior to extraction as a silico-aluminate class F fly ash. The ternary plot of major elements in 1-year-old ash core samples was both sialic and ferrocalsialic but 8 year and 20-year-old ash core samples were sialic in chemical composition. It is noteworthy that the mass % of SiO2 varies through the depth of the core with an increase of nearly 3 %, to 58 mass % of SiO2 at a depth of 6 m in the 1-year-old core whereas in the case of the 8-year-old core a 2 % increase of SiO2 to a level of 57.5 mass % can be observed at levels between 4-8 m, showing dissolution of major components in the matrix of older ash cores.. The Na2O content of the Tutuka ash cores was low and varied between 0.6-1.1 mass % for 1-year-old ash cores to around 0.6-0.8 mass % for 8-year-old ash cores. Sodium levels were higher in 1-year-old ash cores compared to 8 year and 20-year-old ashcores. Observed trends indicate that quick weathering of the ash (within a year) leached out Na+ from the ash dump. No evidence of Na+ encapsulation even though the ash dump was brine irrigated. Thus the dry disposal ash placement method does not result in a sustainable salt sink for Na-containing species over time. The total content of each of the elements in 1 year and 20-year-old ash cores was normalised with their total content in fresh ash from same power station to show enrichment and depletion factor. Major elements such as K+, Mn showed enrichment in 1-year-old ash cores whereas Al, Si, Na+, Ti, Ca, Mg, S and Fe showed depletion due to over time erosion. Trace elements such as Cr, Sr, P, Ba, Pb, V and Zn showed enrichment but Ni, Y, Zr showed depletion attributed to over time erosion. In 20-year-old ash cores, major elements such as Al, Na+ and Mn showed enrichment while Si, K+, Fe, Mg and Ca showed depletion highlighting their mobility. Trends indicated intensive flushing of major soluble components such as buffering constituents (CaO) by percolating rain water. The 1-year-old and 20-year-old coal ash cores showed a lower pH and greater loss/depletion of the soluble buffering constituents than the 2-week-old placed ash, indicating significant chemical weathering within a year. Based&nbsp / on ANC results the leaching behaviours of Ca, Mg, Na+, K+, Se, Cr, and Sr were found to be controlled by the pH of the leachant indicating high mobility of major soluble species in the ash cores when in contact with slightly acid rain water. Other investigated toxic metals such as As, Mo and Pb showed amphoteric behaviour with respect to the pH of the leachant. Chemical alterations and formation of transient minor secondary mineral phases was found to have a significant effect on the acid susceptibility and depletion pattern of chemical species in the core ash samples when compared to fresh ash. These ANC results correlated well with the data generated from the sequential extraction scheme. Based on sequential extraction results elements, showed noticeable mobility in the water soluble, exchangeable and carbonate fractions due to adsorption and desorption caused by variations in the pore water pH. In contrast, slight mobility of elements in the Fe and Mn, and residual fractions of dry disposed fly ashes are attributed to the co-precipitation and dissolution of minor amount of less soluble secondary phase overtime. The 1-year-old dry disposed ash cores were the least weathered among the 3 drilled ash cores. Therefore low concentration of toxic metals in older ash cores were ascribed to extensive weathering with slower release from residual mineral phases over time. Elements were found to associate with different mineral phases depending on the age or depth of the core samples showing greater heterogeneity in dispersion. For instance the average amount of total calcium in different mineral associations of 1-year-old ash cores is as follows / water soluble (10.2 %), exchangeable (37.04 %), carbonate (37.9 %), Fe and Mn (7.1 %) and residual (2.97 %). The amount of total Na+ in different mineral phases of 1-year-old ash cores followed this trend: water soluble (21 %), exchangeable (11.26 %), carbonate (2.6 %), Fe and Mn (4.7 %) and residual (53.9 %). The non-leachable portion of the total Na+ content (namely that contained in the residual fraction) in the 1-year-old ash core samples under conditions found in nature ranged between 5-91 %. This non-leachable portion of the Na+ showed the metastability of the mineral phases with which residual Na+ associates. Results showed older ash cores are enriched in toxic elements. Toxic elements such as As, B, Cr, Mo and Pb are enriched in the residual fraction of older ash cores. For instance As concentration in the residual fraction varied between 0.0003- 0.00043 mg kg-1 for 1-year-old ash cores to around 0.0003-0.0015 mg kg-1 for 20-year-old ash cores. This suggests that the older ash is enriched in toxic elements hence dust from the ash dump would be toxic to human health. The knowledge of mobility and ecotoxicological significance of coal fly ash is needed when considering its disposal or reuse in the environment. The mobility and ecotoxicology of inorganic metals in coal fly ash are determined by (i) mineralogical associations of inorganic species (ii) in-homogeneity in the ash dumps (iii) long and short term exposure to ingress CO2 and percolating rain water. Management issues such as inconsistent placement of ash in the dumps, poor choice of ash dump site, in-homogeneity in brine irrigation, no record of salt load put on the ash dumps and lack of proper monitoring requires improvement. The thesis provides justification for the use of the modified sequential extraction scheme as a predictive tool and could be employed in a similar research work. This thesis also proved that the dry ash disposal method was not environmental friendly in terms of overall leaching potential after significant chemical weathering. Moreover the study proved that the practice of brine co-disposal or irrigation on ash dumps is not sustainable as the ash dump did not act as a salt sink.</p>