Neste trabalho foi analisado o comportamento de um solo argiloso compactado (CCL) da Fm. Corumbataí e de um geocomposto bentonítico (GCL) composto por bentonita \'NA\', frente a gradientes hidráulicos e químicos. As propriedades físicas e mineralógicas dos solos foram avaliadas, bem como determinados em ensaios de adsorção em lote os parâmetros das isotermas de Freundlich e Langmuir. Foi desenvolvido um equipamento para avaliar o comportamento membrana e poder calcular o coeficiente de eficiência químico-osmótico (\'ômega\') em ensaio de difusão-membrana. Os ensaios de advecção foram executados com o equipamento já existente no departamento de Geotecnia. Em todos os ensaios foram utilizadas soluções monoiônicas de \'KCL\' e \'CU\'CL IND.2\' 2\'H IND.2\'O\'. O valor do factor de retardamento Rd determinado no ensaio em lote (batch test) foi maior que o Rd medido no ensaio de advecção, enquanto que, no ensaio de difusão-membrana, obteve-se o menor valor de Rd. Tanto o GCL quanto o CCL apresentaram comportamento membrana e geração de pressão osmótica para as soluções utilizadas. No entanto, com a solução de \'K POT.+\' as diferenças de pressão se mantiveram durante o ensaio, enquanto que no caso da solução de \'CU POT.+2\' a pressão induzida no corpo de prova do CCL e do GCL tem um pico e logo diminue até zero. O GCL teve um aumento na condutividade hidráulica, no ensaio de advecção, quando permeado com solução de \'CU POT.+2\'. Este comportamento é atribuído ao colapso da dupla camada difusa das partículas de argila. O CCL não apresentou este comportamento. Os resultados deste trabalho sugerem que o CCL da Fm. Corumbataí tem melhor desempenho como barreira que o GCL, nas condições de laboratório e para as soluções usadas. / In this research the behavior of a compacted clayey liner (CCL) of Corumbataí Fm. and a geosynthetic clay liner (GCL) containing \'NA\'-bentonite, was evaluated in presence of hydraulic and chemical gradients. Physical and mineralogical properties of the soils were determined and batch tests were executed to obtain the adsorption parameters of the Freundlich and Langmuir models. A laboratory apparatus was developed for assessment of the membrane behavior allowing determining the chemico-osmotic efficiency coefficient (\'ômega\') in diffusion-membrane test. The advection test was carried out with existent equipment in geotechnical department. Both tests were performed with single salt \'KCL\' and \'CU\'CL IND.2\' 2\'H IND.2\'O\' solutions. The measured value of the retardation factor (Rd) for the batch test is bigger than the Rd measured in advection test while in the diffusion-membrane test, the Rd obtained is the smallest. Both GCL and the CCL exhibit membrane behavior and they generate osmotic pressure with both solutions. However with \'KCL\' solution the difference of pressure are maintained during the test, while in the case of \'CU POT.+2\' solution the induced pressure across the specimen of CCL and GCL have a peak to after decrease to zero. The GCL had an increase in the hydraulic conductivity for a \'CU POT.+2\' solution in the advection test. This behavior is attributed to the collapse of the diffuse double layers of clay particles. The CCL did not exhibit this behavior. The results of this study suggest that the CCL of Corumbataí Fm. has a better performance as clay barrier tha the GCL, considering the solutions used and in the laboratory conditions.

A qualidade da água de abastecimento é de vital importância à saúde da população dos núcleos urbanos do mundo todo. Por essa razão, muitas pesquisas enfocam esse tema. Além disso, os ataques terroristas recentes ocorridos nos Estados Unidos e Europa, vêm fomentando a antiga preocupação relativa a possíveis injeções de contaminantes em redes de distribuição de água para abastecimento, evidenciando a importância da efetiva vigilância de tais sistemas. O presente trabalho investiga a rede de monitoramento ótima para detecção de injeções intencionais de poluentes e/ou contaminantes em concentrações e/ou quantidades suficientes para que se propaguem nas direções do fluxo da água no interior das redes, do ponto de vista de objetivos múltiplos. A metodologia aqui apresentada representa uma extensão de propostas anteriores e é demonstrada ilustrativamente, através de redes já utilizadas na literatura. Com base no conceito da rede auxiliar proposto por Kessler et al. (1998), propõe-se o emprego de algoritmos genéticos multiobjetivo para considerar os níveis de serviço em termos do volume consumido, do tempo e da extensão da rede atingida antes da detecção. São criadas matrizes de poluição para os níveis de serviço considerados e, então, o algoritmo genético multiobjetivo SPEA é aplicado para identificar as soluções não-dominadas, em conformidade com o conceito de otimalidade de Pareto. Os resultados demonstram o potencial do método proposto em identificar tais soluções / The water supply quality is very important to the healthy of urban nucleus populations around the world. This is the reason why many researches focus on such theme. Besides this, recent terrorist attacks occurred in USA and Europe, have incited the old apprehension related to possible deliberate intrusions of contaminants into the water supply networks, making evident the importance of the effective vigilance of such systems. This work investigates the optimal monitoring network for detection of deliberate intrusions of pollutes and/or contaminants at concentrations and/or quantities enough for propagation inside the networks, on the point of view of multiple objectives. The method here proposed represents an extension to earlier proposals and is demonstrated with the support of networks from literature. Based on the concept of auxiliary network proposed by Kessler et al. (1998), a multiobjective genetic algorithm is used in order to consider the levels of service in terms of the consumed volume, time period and length of the network reached before detection. Pollution matrixes are built for the levels of service considered and the multiobjective genetic algorithm SPEA applied in the identification of the non-dominated solutions, according to the Paretto optimality concept. The results demonstrate the potential of the method in the identification of such solutions

[pt] A eletroforese capilar (CE) como técnica de separação está bem estabelecida para o uso em estudos de especiação elementar; porém, em muitas aplicações, a baixa sensibilidade devido à detecção UV, impede a obtenção de baixos limites de detecção (LD). Desta forma, tem sido de grande relevância o estudo do acoplamento (hifenação) entre a CE e sistemas de detecção mais sensíveis. Iniciou-se o trabalho com uma avaliação crítica entre diversas interfaces para o acoplamento entre a CE e a espectrometria de massas com plasma indutivamente acoplado (ICPMS). Foram testadas uma interface comercial e outras, adaptadas no próprio laboratório a partir de diferentes micronebulizadores e câmaras de nebulização. O estudo concluiu que o nebulizador de fluxo paralelo (Mira Mist CE, Burgener Research, AU) apresentou melhor performance, devido a ausência de efeito de retro-pressão acima do orifício do capilar de eletroforese, e por ter um canal de amostra suficientemente grande para introduzir o capilar até a saída do nebulizador, impedindo assim, o entupimento do mesmo em trabalhos de rotina, observado em todos os outros nebulizadores. Utilizando este nebulizador e uma câmara ciclônica de volume reduzido (20 mL), foi desenvolvida uma metodologia para separação eletroforética e quantificação por ICPMS de cinco espécies de arsênio: AsIII, AsV, MMAV, DMAV e AsB. Um estudo sistemático de diversos parâmetros experimentais resultou nas seguintes condições otimizadas para a separação e nebulização: tampão de fosfato 20 mmol L(-1) (pH = 9) com 1,5 mmol L(-1) de TTAB como modificador do fluxo eletroosmótico; tempo de injeção no modo hidrodinâmico de 40 s a 50 mbar; e solução make up de NH4NO3 20 mmol L(-1) (pH = 9) com 10 porcento de metanol, e vazão de 40 (mi)L min(-1). Iodeto foi utilizado para monitorar a separação eletroforética, enquanto que Cs foi usado para controlar a eficiência e constância de nebulização. Os desvios padrão relativos para a posição dos picos e as suas áreas correspondentes foram < 10 porcento para todas as espécies, enquanto que os limites de detecção foram de 2,5 (mi) L(-1) para AsB e de 0,5 (mi) L(-1) para as demais. A metodologia foi aplicada para análise de especiação de arsênio em amostras de suco de uva, e num estudo preliminar sobre o metabolismo de Arsenil (MMAV) em cavalos. No primeiro estudo, observou-se que as concentrações de As-total em todas as amostras analisadas (31 de 20 marcas de suco de uva diferentes), e também de outros elementos tóxicos (p.ex. Al, Hg, Cd, Sn, Pb, e Al), encontravam-se abaixo dos Limites Máximos de Tolerância estabelecidos pela legislação brasileira. Estudos de especiação por CE-ICPMS e FIA-HG-ICPMS mostravam que entre os cinco espécies de arsênio estudadas, apenas as inorgânicas (AsV e AsIII) estavam presentes, em proporções variáveis. O estudo sobre a absorção e excreção da droga Arsenil (MMAV) em cavalos mostrou que a droga é rapidamente eliminada pelo organismo, sugerindo uma cinética de primeira ordem para o processo, durante o tempo investigado (sete dias), com tempos de meia vida de aproximadamente 34 h (urina) e 44 h (plasma), respectivamente. Observou-se a presença de DMAV na urina como único metabólito da droga, já presente nos primeiros dois dias da aplicação, e acompanhando o perfil de absorção e excreção do Arsenil (MMAV). Estes resultados indicam que a metilação é a via principal de desintoxificação, confirmando observações já feitas por diversos autores, mas em outros sistemas biológicos. / [en] Capillary electrophoresis (CE) is a well established separation technique for the study of elemental speciation, however, its low electroosmotic flow nL min(-1) restricts its application in many studies in which low detection limits are required. For this reason, the study of CE coupling (hyphenation) to more sensitive detectors is of great relevance. This work was initiated with a critical evaluation of different interfaces of CE to ICPMS, including a commercial interface, and others, mounted in our laboratory from different micronebulizers and spray chambers. Best results in routine work were obtained with a parallel flow nebulizer (Mira Mist CE, Burgener Research, AU) due to the absence of backpressure on the capillary orifice and its large internal sample channel, which permits that the CE capillary can be inserted up to the nebulizer exit, thus avoiding clogging problems observed in all other nebulizers. Using this nebulizer in combination with a small-volume cyclonic spray chamber (20 mL), a method was developed for the electrophoretic separation and quantification by ICPMS of five arsenic species: AsIII, AsV, MMAV, DMAV and AsB. The systematic study of different experimental parameters resulted in the following optimized separation and nebulization conditions: phosphate buffer (pH = 9.0), 20 mmol L(-1) with 1.5 mmol L(-1) TTAB as electroosmotic flow modifier; injection time (hydrodynamic mode) of 40 s at 50 mbar; make-up solution of NH4NO3 20 mmol L(-1) (pH = 9) containing 10 percent of methanol and injected at flow of 40 (mi)L min(-)1. Iodide was used as a monitor for the electrophoretic separation, whereas Cs was applied for controlling the nebulization efficiency and constancy. Repeatabilities (RSD) in peak location and peak area measurements were better than 10 percent in all cases, and detection limits were about 2.5 (mi)g L(-1) for AsB and 0.5 (mi)g L(-1) for all other species studied. The methodology was applied in the speciation analysis of arsenic in grape juice samples, and in a preliminary study on the uptake, transformation and excretion of Arsenil (MMAV) by horses. In the first study, low concentrations o total arsenic and other toxic elements (e.g Al, Hg, Cd, Sn,Pb, e Al) were measured in 31 samples (20 different brands) and which were in accordance with Maximum Tolerance Levels established by Brazilian laws. Speciation analysis of these samples by CE-ICPMS and FIA- HG-ICPMS revealed the existence, in varying proportions, of only inorganic arsenic species (AsV and AsIII). The investigations on the uptake and excretion of Arsenil (MMAV) by horses showed that the drug is rapidly eliminated from the organism, suggesting a first order kinetics for the excretion/elimination with half lives of about 34 h and 44 h for urine and plasma, respectively, within the time period of seven days here studied. DMAV was the only metabolic alteration product of Arsenil detected already in the first two days after drug uptake and accompanying its absorption and excretion profile. These results indicate that methylation is the principal detoxification pathway, as already observed by other authors but for different biologic systems.

Monitoring wear particles in lubricating oils allows specialists to evaluate thehealth and functionality of a mechanical system. The main analysis techniquesavailable today are manual particle analysis and automatic optical analysis. Man-ual particle analysis is effective and reliable since the analyst continuously seeswhat is being counted . The drawback is that the technique is quite time demand-ing and dependent of the skills of the analyst. Automatic optical particle countingconstitutes of a closed system not allowing for the objects counted to be observedin real-time. This has resulted in a number of sources of error for the instrument.In this thesis a new method for counting particles based on light microscopywith image analysis is proposed. It has proven to be a fast and effective methodthat eliminates the sources of error of the previously described methods. Thenew method correlates very well with manual analysis which is used as a refer-ence method throughout this study. Size estimation of particles and detectionof metallic particles has also shown to be possible with the current image analy-sis setup. With more advanced software and analysis instrumentation, the imageanalysis method could be further developed to a decision based machine allowingfor declarations about which wear mode is occurring in a mechanical system.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The emerging pollutants are substances that enter continuously in the environment and are being more recognize due to the advancement of instrumental and sample preparation techniques. These contaminants include several chemical classes, such as pharmaceuticals, hormones, personal care products, flame retardants and others. Water is one of the most susceptible matrix since the sewage discharge is one of the main routes of environmental pollution. Bar adsorptive microextration (BAμE) has shown great analytical capacity for the analysis of organic compounds in residual level and has become a well-established analytical tool in sample preparation. In this work, a simple and low cost method was validated for the analysis of 13 emerging contaminants in water using BAμE with polymeric sorbent followed by ultra high performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS). The preparation, stability tests and development of BAμE devices are also discussed. Eleven different coating phases were evaluated. In order to select the best combination of experimental conditions for extraction and back extraction, central composite design (CCD) with four variables was applied. Validation results were satisfactory, since the method presented recoveries between 74% and 118% with relative standard deviations (RSD) < 19%. The analytical performance presented detection and quantification limits of 0.012 to 0.6 and 0.04 to 2 μg L-1, respectively. The proposed method combines a simple and effective sample preparation for the determination of emerging contaminants in water using a microextraction technique (BAμE) followed by UHPLC-MS/MS analysis. The method applicability was evaluated using real samples of surface, drinking and tap water and 6 positive samples were found indicating the presence of bisphenol A (0.08-0.665 μg L-1) and paracetamol (0.104-4.2 μg L-1). / Os contaminantes emergentes são substâncias que entram continuamente no meio ambiente e que estão sendo reconhecidas com maior profundidade devido ao avanço de técnicas instrumentais e de preparo de amostra. Estes compostos englobam diversas classes químicas, como por exemplo, fármacos, hormônios, produtos de higiene e cuidado pessoal, retardantes de chama, dentre outros. Uma das matrizes mais suscetíveis à contaminação é a água tendo em vista que a descarga de esgoto é uma das principais vias de poluição ambiental. A microextração adsortiva em barra (BAμE) tem demonstrado grande capacidade analítica para a análise de compostos orgânicos em nível residual e vem se tornando uma ferramenta analítica bem estabelecida no âmbito de preparo de amostras. Neste estudo foi desenvolvido e validado um método simples e de baixo custo para a determinação de 13 contaminantes emergentes em água utilizando BAμE e empregando sorvente polimérico com posterior análise por cromatografia liquida de ultra eficiência acoplada à espectrometria de massas em série (UHPLC-MS/MS). O preparo das barras bem como os testes de estabilidade foram avaliados. Onze sorventes foram testados para revestir os dispositivos. A fim de avaliar a melhor combinação de parâmetros para a extração e dessorção dos analitos, utilizou-se um planejamento do composto central (CCD) com 4 variáveis. Os resultados da validação foram satisfatórios uma vez que as recuperações obtidas ficaram entre 74% e 118% com desvio padrão relativo RSD < 19%. Os limites de detecção e quantificação foram de 0,012 a 0,6 e 0,04 a 2,0 μg L-1, respectivamente. O método proposto combina uma etapa de preparo de amostra simples e eficaz para a determinação de contaminantes emergentes em água. A aplicabilidade do método foi avaliada utilizando amostras reais de água de superfície, de torneira e mineral e destas, 6 amostras apresentaram bisfenol A (0,08-0,665 μg L-1) e paracetamol (0,104-4,2 μg L-1).

Les matériaux énergétiques résiduels de l’entraînement militaire peuvent être dommageables pour la santé publique et pour l’environnement. Des critères environnementaux existent pour chacun de ces contaminants qui doivent être respectés afin d’assurer la qualité des eaux et des sols. Ainsi, à proximité des bases militaires, leur concentration respective doit être constamment sondée afin de respecter ces limites. Cependant, comme les méthodes de mesure actuelles sont compliquées et longues, elles ne permettent pas de suivre réellement ces concentrations. L’intérêt envers des capteurs usant de résonance de plasmons de surface (SPR) a grandement crû au cours des dernières décennies grâce à leur haute sensibilité et la rapidité de mesure. Les liquides ioniques polymériques à empreinte moléculaire représentent une nouvelle classe de polymères prometteuse qui pourrait permettre une approche novatrice et adaptable pour l’extraction de contaminants organiques dans l’eau. Ces polymères combinent les propriétés extractrices des liquides ioniques et la sélectivité adaptable des polymères à empreinte moléculaire (MIP). Le monomère de liquide ionique peut être conçu pour obtenir des interactions optimales avec l’analyte. De plus, les MIPs ont l’avantage d’être hautement modulables : le simple changement de l’empreinte utilisée lors de sa polymérisation conduisant à une nouvelle sélectivité, d’où le potentiel prometteur de la méthode présentée. Différents MIPs à base de liquide ionique ont été utilisés pour fonctionnaliser des surfaces d’or pour tester, via la SPR, leur capacité à quantifier le cyclotriméthylènetrinitramine (RDX). Les résultats obtenus montrent que ces MIPs présentent un bon effet d’empreinte. Cependant, quelques problèmes persistent concernant la reproductibilité de la fonctionnalisation des surfaces d’or. Les résultats semblent toutefois montrer que cette combinaison de liquides ioniques polymériques à empreinte moléculaire avec l’analyse par SPR est une alternative prometteuse pour la détection et la quantification de contaminants présents en quantité dans l’ordre du picomolaire. / Energetic material residues from military training munition are potentially harmful and need to be constantly surveyed in order to never exceed the environmental criterion. Yet, current methods are tedious and fail to provide real-time concentration of these contaminants. Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) based sensors have gained high interest in the past decade due to their great sensitivity and the possibility of rapidly assessing samples. Molecularly imprinted polymeric ionic liquids are a promising new class of polymer that could bring a novel and adaptable approach for selective extraction of organics in water. They combine the ionic liquid’s extraction properties to molecularly imprinted polymer’s (MIP) tunable selectivity. The ionic liquid monomer is designed for optimal interaction with the energetic material, as its anion greatly affects he monomer’s solubility and interaction. Chemically, MIPs have the great advantage of being very versatile. In other words, changing the template is enough to modify the MIP’s selectivity. Hence, the potential of the method presented here is highly promising. Various molecularly imprinted polymeric ionic liquids grafted on gold thin films have been tested via SPR for the quantification of energetic materials. The results show that the molecularly imprinted polymers film displayed good imprinting effect. Yet there still are issues concerning the reproducibility of the gold’s surface functionalization. The results in the following experiments suggested that a combination of SPR sensing with molecularly imprinted polymeric ionic liquids is a promising alternative method for subnanomolar detection of energetic materials in aqueous media.

Substantial hunting pressure and habitat destruction caused by oil extraction has critically endangered the Amazonian manatee in Ecuador. The current population status is unknown because an effective method to observe them in the wild has yet to be developed. This study explored whether the Amazonian manatee persists or has been extirpated in the eastern Ecuadorian Amazon utilizing side-scan sonar to increase odds of detection. Spatial differences in probability of detection were quantified if manatees were observed. The level of chemical contamination was determined and compared spatially and temporally against historical data. Data were collected using opportunistic transect surveys and grab sampling of surface water in Yasuni National Park, Lagartococha, and Cuyabeno Wildlife Reserve. Surveys confirmed that the manatee population is extant. Manatees were encountered more often in Cuyabeno Wildlife Reserve than in Lagartococha and Yasuni. Side-scan sonar detected more manatees than previously reported in 1996-1999. Side-scan sonar is a viable method for detection of manatees in the Ecuadorian Amazon system and resulted in greater detection as a function of effort. All future population studies should incorporate side-scan sonar. Lead, arsenic, mercury, polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons [PAHs], and volatile organic compounds [VOCs] were not detected in the waters of the study region. High total petroleum hydrocarbon [TPH] levels were measured in 7 samples from Yasuni National Park. The concentrations of TPH were higher in Yasuni National Park than in Lagartococha and Cuyabeno. TPHs were detected only in the study region with a recent oil spill; there was no evidence that TPHs were higher near oil production wells and pipelines. The concentrations of TPH were significantly different than those measured in 1998 (z =3.01710, p=0.0026). A dedicated study should be performed to develop a protocol for monitoring persistent oil contaminants in the Ecuadorian Amazon and determine their sink.

An ecological risk assessment was conducted on the risk to fish of chemical contaminants detected in the habitat of Albula vulpes in South Florida, to evaluate whether contaminants may be a driver of declines in the recreational bonefish fishery. All available contaminant detection data from Biscayne Bay, Florida Bay, and the Florida Keys were compared to federal and state guidelines for aquatic health to identify Contaminants of Potential Ecological Concern (COPECS). For these COPECs, species sensitivity distributions were constructed and compared with recent detections at the 90th centile of exposure. Copper in Biscayne Bay was identified as the highest risk of acute and chronic effects to fish, followed by a risk of chronic effects from both the recently phased-out pesticide endosulfan in Florida Bay, and the pharmaceutical hormone estrone in the Florida Keys.

Orientador: Wilson de Figueiredo Jardim / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Química / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-26T13:39:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Pescara_IgorCardoso_D.pdf: 5286232 bytes, checksum: 74793adc4ea590e2eb8fdeb51a796399 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a eficiência dos tratamentos empregados em cinco estações de tratamento de esgoto (ETE) e duas estações de tratamento de água (ETA) na remoção dos hormônios endógenos estrona (E1), 17?-estradiol (E2), estriol (E3), testosterona (TTN) e progesterona (PROG), hormônios sintéticos 17a-etinilestradiol (EE2), dietilestilbestrol (DES), norgestrel (NGT) e mestranol (MEE), produtos de uso industrial bisfenol A (BPA), fenolftaleína (PhPh), n-nonilfenol (nNP), n-octilfenol (nOP) e triclosan (TCS), o fármaco cafeína (CAF) e o pesticida atrazina (ATZ). Foi possível quantificar BPA, E1, E3, CAF e ATZ em esgoto bruto e BPA, E1, CAF e ATZ em água bruta. Para cada composto, tanto os tratamentos realizados pelas ETE quanto os realizados pelas ETA apresentaram eficiências de remoção variáveis. A cafeína foi o composto-alvo mais frequentemente encontrado nas amostras, sendo escolhida como indicador químico para avaliar a eficiência dos tratamentos. Foi encontrada uma taxa média de 99% para a remoção de CAF pelas ETE, sendo as etapas com tratamentos biológicos as mais eficientes. Os tratamentos anaeróbios apresentaram remoções médias superiores a 80% na remoção de CAF, e os tratamentos aeróbios foram capazes de remover cerca de 20% da carga do composto. Nas ETE, os tratamentos de coagulação e desinfecção foram pouco eficientes nas remoções dos compostos-alvo. Já para as ETA, foram observadas remoções de até 80% de CAF pelos tratamentos empregados, sendo a etapa de coagulação a responsável pela maior remoção de CAF da água bruta. A etapa de filtração em carvão ativado apresentou eficiências de remoção menores que 10%, enquanto a desinfecção demonstrou baixa eficiência na remoção de CAF. Na cidade de São José do Rio Preto ¿ SP foi possível quantificar, ao menos uma vez, BPA, E1, E3, PhPh, CAF, TCS e ATZ em água superficial, BPA, TCS e CAF em água subterrânea e BPA, CAF e ATZ em água de abastecimento. / Abstract: Water and wastewater conventional treatments are often considered inefficient to remove micropollutants. The aim of this work was to evaluate the removal efficiency of the endogenous hormones estrone (E1), 17? estradiol (E2), estriol (E3), testosterone (TTN), and progesterone (PROG), the synthetic hormones 17a-ethinylestradiol (EE2), diethylstilbestrol (DES), norgestrel (NGT), and mestranol (MEE), the industrial chemicals bisphenol A (BPA), phenolphthalein (PhPh), n nonylphenol (nNP), n octylphenol (nOP), and triclosan (TCS), the pharmaceutical caffeine (CAF), and the pesticide atrazine (ATZ) by five wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) and two drinking water treatment plants (DWTP). The target compounds BPA, E1, E3, CAF, and ATZ were found in raw sewage, while BPA, E1, CAF, and ATZ in raw water. Both WWTP and DWTP treatments presented variable removal efficiency. Caffeine was the target compound more often detected in samples, thus it was chosen as a chemical indicator to evaluate treatment efficiencies. The average removal of CAF by WWTP was 99%, in which the biological treatment was more efficient. The anaerobic treatment presented an average removal of CAF above 80%, and around 20% for the aerobic treatments. Coagulation and disinfection treatments of WWTP showed low efficiency to remove the target compounds. DWTP treatment efficiency reached up to 80% removal, with coagulation step presenting highest removals of CAF. The activated carbon filtration showed removal efficiency under 10%, whereas the disinfection step presented low efficiency to remove CAF. At São José do Rio Preto city were found, at least once, BPA, E1, E3, PhPh, CAF, TCS, and ATZ in surface water; BPA, TCS, and CAF in groundwater, and BPA, CAF, and ATZ in drinking water / Doutorado / Quimica Analitica / Doutor em Ciências

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2016-01-22T11:04:31Z No. of bitstreams: 1 wesleytinocoesteves.pdf: 1817304 bytes, checksum: 6ff6e2f42ca29b6d9a247cd5c28895ef (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2016-01-25T18:50:19Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 wesleytinocoesteves.pdf: 1817304 bytes, checksum: 6ff6e2f42ca29b6d9a247cd5c28895ef (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-01-25T18:50:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 wesleytinocoesteves.pdf: 1817304 bytes, checksum: 6ff6e2f42ca29b6d9a247cd5c28895ef (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-12-02 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / O presente trabalho buscou estabelecer um método para a determinação de contaminantes inorgânicos em leite cru que fosse compatível com aplicações em larga escala, como os programas regulatórios de monitoramento de contaminantes em leite. Para tal, foi proposta uma abordagem utilizando a técnica de espectrometria de emissão atômica em plasma (ICP-AES) sem mineralização das amostras, que foram solubilizadas em solução contendo etanolamina e ácido cítrico. Estudos foram conduzidos a fim de estabelecer condições instrumentais em que fosse possível utilizar o preparo amostral proposto mantendo o compromisso com a sensibilidade, exatidão e desempenho analítico necessários a fim de se atingir os limites de detecção requeridos por legislações relacionadas à segurança alimentar. A proporção ideal de diluição da amostra na solução de etanolamina e ácido cítrico foi de 1:2 (amostra:solução) e os valores mais adequados dos parâmetros instrumentais foram 1300W para a radiofrequência do plasma, 0,50L.min-1 para a vazão do gás auxiliar e 0,60L.min-1 para a vazão do gás de nebulização. Os limites de quantificação obtidos para Cd, Co, Cr, Cu e Pb foram, respectivamente, 6,54, 6,57, 14,8, 14,3 e 27,4 μg.mL-1. / This study aimed to establish a method for the determination of inorganic contaminants in raw milk that was compatible with largescale applications, such as regulatory programs for the monitoring of contaminants in milk. For this purpose, an approach using the technique of atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES) with no mineralization of the samples, which was solubilized in a solution containing ethanolamine and citric acid, has been proposed. Studies were conducted in order to establish experimental conditions in which it was possible to use the proposed sample preparation and keeping the commitment to sensitivity, accuracy and the analytical performance required by legislations related to food safety. The ideal ratio of sample dilution was 1:2 (sample:solution) and the most suitable values for instrumental parameters were 1300W for the plasma radiofrequency power, 0.50L.min-1 for the flow of auxiliary gas and 0.60L.min-1 for the flow of nebulizer gas. The quantification limits obtained for Cd, Co, Cr, Cu and Pb were, respectively, 6.54, 6.57, 14.8, 14.3 and 27.4 μg.mL-1.