Bakgrund: Hiv är ett kroniskt virus som angriper immunförsvaret. Det råder stor okunskap kring hiv samt en hel del fördomar och stigmatisering i samhället gällande de som är hiv-positiva. En diagnos medför en stor livsomställning och en transition genomgås. Det ligger i sjuksköterskans profession att bemöta varje person och hjälpa dem i den övergång som sker samt ge information angående hälso- och smittorisker. Syfte: Syftet var att beskriva upplevelsen av att få ett positivt hiv-besked och hur diagnosen hanteras. Metod: Innehållsanalys av biografier används för att belysa personernas subjektiva upplevelser. Resultat: I resultatet framkommer tre teman.  Att få döden som följeslagare; där det framkommer att beskedet är sammankopplat med olika känslor och är unikt för varje person, döden står i centrum.  Att stänga dörren eller komma ut; valet att leva öppet med sin sjukdom eller hålla den hemlig är kopplat till stigmatisering.  Slutet på livet eller början på något nytt; hur personerna hanterar och accepterar situationen så en transition kan genomgås. Slutsats: Med arbetet kan en ökad förståelse för hiv-smittade personer uppnås. Genom att öka kunskapen kring hiv bland vårdpersonal kan en mer individuell vård ges till dessa personer. / Background: Hiv is a chronic illness which attacks the immune system. There is an ignorance around hiv and prejudices and stigmatisation in the community regarding the hiv-positives. A diagnosis brings a life adjustment and the person goes through a transition. The nursing profession contains the meeting with individuals and helps them through the transition and give information about risks of health and infection. Aim: Describe the experience of knowledge about a positive hiv-diagnosis and the management of the diagnosis. Method: A content analysis of biographies uses to illustrate the individuals subjective experiences. Results: Three themes arrives in the result. Death as follower; it reveals that the announcement of the hiv-diagnosis is linked to different feelings and it’s unique for each person, death is crucial. Close the door or come out; the choice to live openly with the disease or keep it as a secret is connected to stigmatization. The end of life or the beginning of something new; how to deal with and accept the situation so a transition can lives through. Conclusion: This study can contribute to an increased comprehension forpeople who lives with hiv.  The knowledge about the diagnosis could contribute to a more individual medical care.

Master of Arts / Department of Communication Studies / William Schenck-Hamlin / Many critics and scholars (e.g. Lippman, 1927, Putnam, 2000, Entman, 1989, McChesney, 2004, Funigiello, 2005), have argued that news media coverage of major political affairs and policy often fails to provided citizens with the information they need to engage in these issues in a thoughtful manner. The style of news utilized by networks as well as choices in framing have been found to have a significant impact on what is covered and how audiences perceive coverage (Bennett, 2005, Patterson, 2000, Prior, 2003, Zaller, 2003, Cappella & Jamieson, 1997, Ibrahim, 2010, ‘T Riet et al., 2009, Bizer & Petty, 2005, Ben-Porath & Shaker, 2010, Domke & Shah, 1995, and Esposito, 1996). According to the PEW Foundation (2010) a large portion of the 2009-2010 healthcare coverage focused on politics and not how the healthcare system functions (policy). This paper explores the coverage of the 2009-2010 heath care issue by the Network Nightly News through the use of a content analysis. For the purpose of this study, the proposed method of Budge et al. (2001) political party platform categories were used to code the content of the broadcast. These 46 codes contained issues that dealt with the policy of health care and the politics surrounding healthcare, as well as positive vs. negative framing. 30 broadcasts were randomly chosen, one day for each month, from the three nightly news networks during the ten months of highest coverage. Each broadcast was divided into “quasi-sentences”, where each sentence was broken down into individual actions. Results illustrate the frequency between policy and political content, and positive and negative content surrounding the 2009-2010 health care issue. KEYWORDS: Framing, Policy, Politics, Health Care Reform, Network Nightly News, Content Analysis, Quasi-Sentence

Master of Science / Department of Communications Studies / Gregory Paul / This report investigates how American art museums have adopted interactive technologies on their websites. The use of such technologies brings to the forefront a tension regarding authority over visitors’ experience of and interpretation of art both in person and online. Interactive tools on 15 art museum websites were coded as enabling one of three types of interaction: human-to-computer, human-to-human and human-to-content. Human-to-computer interactive features were most prevalent on museum websites, followed by human-to-human and human-to-content interactive technologies respectively. The findings demonstrate a tension between the goals of art museums in wanting to engage visitors in co-creation of meaning about art on the one hand and wanting to maintain their traditional authority over that meaning on the other. The report concludes by offering recommendations for how museums can use interactive technologies more effectively in order to maintain their role as centers of social and cultural life.

Master of Science / Department of Journalism and Mass Communications / Todd F. Simon / The debate over human origins was a prominent fixture of U.S. news coverage during the first decade of the 21st century. During this period, U.S. news media featured regular portrayals of an all-out culture war between supporters of biological evolution and advocates of so-called “rival theories” of human origins. In the end, this war would cost American taxpayers millions of dollars in legal fees, confuse science students, divide communities with unparalleled animosities, and alter public policy at the city, county and state level. While there have been previous content analyses performed on U.S. newspaper coverage of evolution and its primary challenger, an idea called "intelligent design," these analyses have tended to be somewhat informal (Mooney & Nisbet, 2005) or lacking (Martin, et al., 2006). The following study addresses these gaps in the literature. Using content analysis, the following study examines hard news coverage of intelligent design presented in 12 U.S. newspapers of varying circulation size and storytelling influence. A final sample of 421 newspaper articles originally published between the years 2000 and the end of the year 2009 is analyzed herein. Results demonstrate that U.S. newspapers initially framed intelligent design as primarily a religious / unscientific concept, but that intelligent design was increasingly framed as a scientific / unreligious concept leading up to, during and after the landmark 2005 Kitzmiller v. Dover trial. Additionally, this study finds no significant differences in framing intelligent design as a religious / unscientific or scientific / unreligious concept by dedicated science reporters and non-science reporters.

Enligt forskningen är förmågan att lösa problem något som tar lång tid för eleverna att utveckla, vilket betyder att det måste introduceras tidigt i undervisningen. Samtidigt visar forskningen att de problemuppgifter som eleverna får arbeta med i sina böcker, inte gynnar deras förmåga att lösa kreativa problem i den utsträckningen de borde. Syftet med den här undersökningen var därför att ta reda på i vilken utsträckning olika läromedel för årskurs ett behandlar problemlösning, samt hur stor del av dessa som verkligen kan klassas som riktiga problem.För att få svar på mitt syfte har jag genomfört en läromedelsanalys av fyra olika läromedel för årskurs ett. Resultatet pekar på att flera av läromedlen behandlar problemlösningen i en relativt stor utsträckning, men att flera av uppgifterna som behandlas inte uppfyller de krav som ställs på ett riktigt problem. Resultatet visar också att ett av läromedlen i stor utsträckning behandlar kreativa problem, vilket visar att lärarens val av läromedel kan bli avgörande för elevernas lärande. / According to research, the skill of problem solving takes a long time for students to develop. This means that it must be introduced early in school. At the same time, studies show that the problems that students encounter in their textbooks do not contribute to their problem solving skills to the same extent as it should. The purpose of this study, was therefore, to determine to which extent different textbooks deal with problem solving, and see how many problems really should be classed as real problems.To get an answer to my purpose, I conducted a content analysis of four different textbooks for grade one. The result indicated that several of the textbooks are dealing with problem solving to a relatively large extent, but that several of the problems in the books do not meet the requirements to be considered a real problem. The results also show that one of the textbooks largely deals with creative problems, which shows that the teacher's choice of teaching materials can be crucial to student learning.

This study was funded by a scholarship from the Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (SIDA) as a Minor Field Study. The social economic development in Tanzania is a major challenge due to a continuing high rate of population growth. A growing   population   puts   increased   strain   on   healthcare,   food   supply   and   the environment.  Early childbearing limits women’s ability to educate themselves and contribute to society. The definition of family planning (FP) is to keep a sustainable population growth through reducing the family size. The government of Tanzania has developed  a  plan  for  FP,  which  includes  a  goal  that  60  percent  of  women  in reproductive age will use contraceptives in 2015. Healthcare professionals have a great potential to encourage lifestyles changes. It is therefore important to investigate the nurses’ experiences of teaching FP to increase the knowledge about their experiences. The aim of the study is to investigate nurses’ experiences of education about FP in the Rufiji district in Tanzania. This is a qualitative study and the data was collected through interviews using a semi structured open-ended question guide. The nurses’ experiences of teaching patients in FP concerns four different areas. Firstly, they have a variety of strategies to execute the education. Secondly, they describe what is necessary to create a meeting with the patient. Thirdly, the patients have needs that have to be met in a learning situation. Finally, even though it’s subtle, they empower the patient, which lays the foundation for making lifestyle changes. The key finding that the nurses spoke of as the  most  important  factor  when  teaching  is  the  importance  of  creating  a  good relationship with the patient.

Bakgrund: Många vuxna med ADHD avbryter sin behandling av okända orsaker. Därför är det viktigt att undersöka hur vuxna med ADHD upplever sina möjligheter att vara delaktiga i behandlingen och på vilket sätt sjuksköterskan kan vara till stöd för dem. Syfte: Att beskriva vuxna ADHD patienters upplevelse av delaktighet och behov av sjuksköterskans stöd vid behandling inom öppenvårdspsykiatrin. Metod: Kvalitativ studie som baseras på åtta semistrukturerade intervjuer. Intervjumaterialet analyserades med innehållsanalys. Resultat: Många upplevde att de saknade information om diagnos och behandling och att de därför inte kunde vara med och påverka. Sjuksköterskan upplevdes vara lättare att nå än läkaren och kunde erbjuda tätare uppföljningar. Sjuksköterskan upplevdes också ha en samordnande funktion mellan olika yrkeskategorier. Att bli sedd som person och inte bli reducerad till en patient med ADHD var viktigt. Slutligen framkom betydelsen av att även involvera närstående i behandlingen. Slutsats: En del av sjuksköterskans arbete är att föra ut kunskap och information till patienterna på ett sätt som patienterna förstår utifrån varje persons specifika behov för att öka patienternas möjlighet till delaktighet. Specialistsjuksköterskan kan också utgöra ett stöd genom möjligheten att erbjuda tätare kontakt och mer uppföljning, samordning med andra yrkesgrupper och samhällsinstanser. Stöd kan också handla om att se människan bakom diagnosen. / Background: Many adults with ADHD drop out of treatment for unknown reasons. Therefore it is important to investigate how adults with ADHD experience their possibilities to be involved in their treatment and the way in which the nurse can be supportive to them. Objective: Describe the experience by adult ADHD patients of their participation and the need of support by the nurse in outpatient psychiatry treatment. Method: Qualitative study based on eight semi-structured interviews. The interview material was analyzed with the use of content analysis. Results: Many of the participants felt that they lack information about their diagnosis and treatment, and that they therefore could not participate and influence their treatment. The nurse was perceived easier to reach than the doctor and also to offer more frequent follow-up. Their experience was also that the nurse can play a coordinating role between the different professions. To be seen as a person and not be reduced to a patient with ADHD was considered important. Finally, the interviews revealed the importance of involving relatives in treatment. Conclusion: The specialist nurse can bring knowledge and information to patients in a way that makes it possible for patients to understand on the basis of each person's specific needs in order to increase the possibilities for patients to participate. The specialist nurse can also provide support through the ability to offer more frequent contact and more follow-up and coordination with other professionals and social organization community agencies. Support may also be about seeing the person behind the diagnosis.

The study aims to explore different aspects of urban public space. It does so through the case study of the medial debate concerning the planned redevelopment of Heden, an open central publicly owned area in Gothenburg, Sweden. The case study revealed the highly contested meanings of Heden, as well as different understandings of public space. The study also points to the dilemma of making urban public space readable and convivial, while maintaining it inclusive and open for everyone. The medial debate circles around the newly publicized redevelopment plan for Heden. In the plan the local government proposes the addition of more activities and functions to Heden. Thereby, they wish to attract new target groups to Heden. This proposal has met with some approval in the medial debate, but also with harsh critique. Some critics voice the concern of to whom public space is redeveloped. Other critics want to see more extensive redevelopment of Heden, to cover it with “inner city”. Others yet wish a future Heden to have a more explicit focus on sports. The study examines these differing opinions and their possible consequences for the “publicness” of urban public space.

The 2014 Indonesian presidential election was the first election in the world's largest Muslim democracy where social media played an important role. Social media outlets, such as Facebook and Twitter, became a public forum where Indonesians debated about and framed the presidential candidates - Prabowo Subianto and Joko Widodo - in what was said to be the closest and most polarizing election in the nation's history. A content analysis of two partisan newspapers, two independent newspapers, and tweets showed that both legacy media and social media focused on the personality frame when describing the candidates. In legacy media the second most prevalent frame was experience, while on Twitter it was integrity. Religion remained an important factor in the election, as reflected in both media platforms, while ethnicity was considered less important. Social media became an integral part of Indonesia's nascent democracy, with the public examining the candidates' leadership qualities and integrity on Twitter. The independent newspapers were not neutral in covering the candidates, thus making social media even more relevant as a relatively free and impartial marketplace of ideas during the election. This study discusses how legacy media - both partisan and independent - and social media portrayed the candidates, where and why these platforms differed, and what it means for the future of journalism in Indonesia.

Sammanfattning Bakgrund: Diabetes typ-1 är en autoimmun sjukdom och en av de vanligaste kroniska sjukdomarna i Sverige. Diabetes typ-1 kan utvecklas i alla åldrar men bryter vanligen ut under barn- och ungdomsåren. Att leva med sjukdomen innebär även att individen ansvarar för sin egenvård. Syftet: Syftet med studien var att beskriva unga vuxnas upplevelser av att leva med diabetes typ-1 utifrån Orem’s egenvårdsteori. Metod: Denna studie är en kvalitativ studie med en deduktiv ansats. Studien är baserad på tre bloggar. I denna studie användes Orem’s egenvårdsteori. Resultat: Gemenskapen med familj och andra diabetiker upplevs vara ett stort stöd och kan fungera som en hjälp i egenvården. Egenvården kan vara svår att lyckas med och ibland upplevs planering och struktur vara förgäves. Det upplevs som viktigt att inte låta sjukdomen begränsa det sociala livet. Det finns en stor okunskap i samhället om diabetes typ-1 vilket leder till otrygghet och brist på förtroende. Individerna med diabetes typ-1 upplever ensamhet trots en omgivning av stöttande personer. Slutsats: En förståelse för upplevelsen av att leva med diabetes typ-1 är viktig för sjuksköterskan. Förståelsen kan minska konflikter mellan sjuksköterskan och patienten samt förbättra förutsättningarna för en god egenvård. / Summary Background: Diabetes type-1 is an autoimmune disease and one of the most common chronic diseases in Sweden. Diabetes type-1 can be developed at any age, but usually appears during childhood and adolescence. Living with the disease implicates being responsible for their self-care. Aim: The aim of the study was to describe the young adult’s experiences of living with diabetes type-1, based on Orem’s self-care deficit nursing theory. Method: This study is a qualitative study with deductive approach. The study is based on three blogs. Orem’s self-care deficit nursing theory was used in this study. Results: The relationship with family and other diabetics are perceived to be a great support and can serve as an aid in self-care. Self-care can be difficult to achieve and sometimes they can experience that planning and structure be in vain. According to the individuals, it is important not to let the disease limit the social life. There is a major ignorance of diabetes type-1 in the society which leads to insecurity and lack of trust. Despite an environment of supportive people, individuals with diabetes type-1 can experience loneliness. Conclusion: An insight of young adult’s experiences of living with diabetes type-1 is important for the nurse because of the ability to reduce conflicts between nurse and patient and thereby improve conditions for a successful self-care.