Voltage fluctuations under 30 Hz in the electricity grid, leads to oscillations in the light intensity that can be perceived by human eye, which is called flicker. In this thesis, the sources of the flicker at a point of common coupling is investigated. When there are more than one flicker sources connected to a PCC, individual effects of each flicker source is determined by using a new method which depends on the reactive current components of the sources. This method is mainly based on the flickermeter design defined by the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC), but uses the current variations in addition to the voltage variations to compute flicker. The proposed method is applied to several different types of loads supplied from a PCC and their flicker contributions on the busbar are investigated. Experiments are performed on field data obtained by the power quality analyzers (PQ+) developed by the National Power Quality Project and the method has been found to provide accurate results for flicker contributions of various loads. The PQ+ analyzers with the proposed flicker contribution detection algorithm are called Flicker Contribution Meters (FCM) and they will be installed at the points of the Turkish Electricity Transmission Network when required.

Les composés soufrés sont répandus dans divers secteurs industriels comme la chimie. La conception et/ou l'optimisation des procédés impliquant ces composés nécessite de connaître leurs propriétés thermodynamiques (corps purs et mélanges). Etant donnée la complexité des mélanges et pour des raisons économiques, des modèles thermodynamiques « prédictifs » sont souvent privilégiés. Le développement et la validation de ces modèles nécessitent des données expérimentales. Notre étude bibliographique ciblant les sulfures (R-S-R'), les 1-mercaptans (R-SH) et leurs éventuels solvants (les n-alcanes et les 1-alcools) nous a permis de mettre en évidence un manque de données concernant ces composés. De plus nous avons également observé un manque de techniques expérimentales adaptés, et de ce fait le besoin de développer un nouveau dispositif expérimental.Au cours de cette thèse, nous avons conçu un dispositif expérimental innovant permettant la mesure des équilibres liquide-vapeur à des pressions comprises entre 0,1 et 10 bar. Ce dispositif est basé sur la méthode « statique-analytique ». Nous avons mis en place deux adaptations spécifiques aux échantillonneurs capillaires ROLSITM pour permettre l'échantillonnage à ces pressions. De nouvelles données des mélanges binaires et ternaires d'intérêt ont été ainsi mesurées.Le modèle thermodynamique prédictif choisi est PC-SAFT couplé avec une méthode de Contribution de Groupes (GC-PC-SAFT). Un terme polaire a été introduit. Le travail s'est focalisé sur l'étude de deux familles représentatives de composés soufrés : les sulfures et les 1-mercaptans. Le modèle GC-PC-SAFT a montré sa capacité de bien corréler et prédire les propriétés thermodynamiques des corps purs. L'ajustement des paramètres s'est appuyé sur les données de la littérature et celles obtenues par le nouvel équipement. Les diagrammes de phases des mélanges binaires (sulfure + n-alcane, sulfure + 1-alcool, 1-mercaptan + n-alcane et 1-mercaptan + 1-alcool) et ternaires (1-mercaptan + n-alcane + 1-alcool) ont été prédits. / Sulfur compounds are widespread in various industrial fields. Design and/or optimization of the processes involving these compounds require accurate knowledge of thermodynamic properties of the concerned mixtures. Considering the complexity of industrial mixtures and for economical reasons, one may look to thermodynamic models with predictive features. To develop and validate these models, a minimum number of experimental data are required. Our literature review on sulfides (R-S-R'), 1-thiols (R-SH) and their possible solvents (n-alkanes and 1-alkanols) has shown a lack of data and of adapted experimental method. This observation leads to the need of developing a new experimental apparatus.In this work, we designed an innovative experimental apparatus for vapor-liquid-equilibrium measurements in the pressure range of [0.1 – 10] bar. The new apparatus is based on the “static-analytic” method. The key improvements are the two adaptations made for ROLSITM capillary samplers to achieve phase sampling in this pressure range. After validating the newly developed apparatus, new data of binary and ternary mixtures of interest were measured in order to develop a new predictive thermodynamic model focusing on sulfur compounds.The proposed predictive model is the PC-SAFT equation of state combined with a group contribution method (GC-PC-SAFT). We incorporated a polar term into PC-SAFT and investigated two representative families of sulfur compounds: sulfides and 1-thiols. The GC-PC-SAFT model proved reliable in correlating and predicting thermodynamic properties of pure compounds. Model parameters were fitted to the data found in the literature, as well as to those obtained through the new apparatus. Phase diagrams of some binary (sulfide + n-alkane, sulfide + 1-alkanol, 1-thiol + n-alkane and 1-thiol + 1-alkanol) and ternary (1-mercaptan + n-alkane + 1-alcool) mixtures were predicted.

Souvent négligées dans les pratiques urbanistiques, la thèse explore les formes de représentations des aspects sensibles de l'habiter mobilisables dans un processus de conception urbaine. À travers deux enquêtes de terrain nous montrons comment les habitants participent à la production d'un espace public créatif et résilient. Par espace public nous entendons sa double filiation théorique : lieu physique et espace politique. Nous ciblons l'observation sur les processus de transformation des lieux publics à travers la modification des usages et des significations que ces lieux ont pour les habitants. Nous traitons également l'espace public comme le lieu du débat politique, de la rencontre et du conflit dans la forme d'une pratique démocratique. Cet espace public particulier sera nommé : « espace public spontané ». Il est public et aussi spontané : il n'est pas conçu à l'avance, il n'est pas prémédité ou planifié. Lorsqu'il surgit spontanément, il peut disparaître de la même manière. Il est produit à partir des conditions et des vécus locaux. Une enquête ethnographique dont l'objet porte sur les espaces publics et sur les perceptions issues de l'expérience vécue et perçue par les habitants et les communautés, donne une intentionnalité à l'analyse de l'expérience sensible, car elle ne se limite pas aux dimensions de l'expérience sensible mais intègre également des aspects observés ou bien relevés par les habitants. Après le tremblement de terre et le tsunami du 27 février 2010 au Chili, nous avons remarqué comment dans une situation de bouleversement et de reconstruction des espaces de représentation, la dimension sensible joue un rôle clé. La situation catastrophique est génératrice d'espaces publics spontanés, elle génère un engagement pratique des habitants, mobilise des réactions sensibles et exacerbe le caractère hospitalier et résilient de l'espace public. À partir de l'étude de deux cas concrets, illustré par le campement d'urgence El Molino de Dichato et par la ville de Talca après la catastrophe, nous avons ciblé l'observation sur les pratiques d'implication des habitants pendant tout le processus de reconstruction de leur environnement, de leurs espaces publics et privés, ainsi que de leurs sphères d'intimité. Ces pratiques englobent l'ensemble des actions des habitants, depuis leurs actions les plus spontanées et éphémère visant à faire face à la reconstruction, à l'état d'urgence et aux vulnérabilités générées par les situations post-catastrophe, jusqu'aux actions les plus formalisées. Nous voulons compléter la compréhension d'une conception urbaine « participative » par cette notion d'investissement d'un espace public spontané, vécu comme un tiers inclus et capable d'introduire dans le débat des variables sensibles. Cette recherche donne lieu à des interrogations sur la conception urbaine en tant qu'espace commun d'expression, d'entendement et de traduction des aspects sensibles de l'expérience des habitants, où la distinction existante entre expert et novice peut être surpassé / Often neglected by the practice of urban planning, this thesis explores the forms of representation of the sensitive aspects of urban life in a process of urban design. Through two field surveys we show how the inhabitants participate in the production of a creative and resilient public space. By public space we understand its double theoretical filiation: physical and political. We target the observation in the transformation processes of the public places through the modification of the practices and the meanings that these places have for the inhabitants. We also handle the public space as the place of the political debate, the meeting and the conflict in the shape of a democratic practice. This particular public space will be named: “spontaneous public space”. It is spontaneous, because it is not designed and it is not planned. As it appears spontaneously, it can disappear in the same way. It is produced from real-life experiences and from local conditions. An ethnographical field survey focused on the experiences and perception of public spaces by the inhabitants and the communities, give an intentionality to the analysis of the sensitive experience, because it does not limit itself to the dimensions of the sensitive experience but integrates what is observed or either found by inhabitants. After the earthquake and the tsunami that occurred on February 27, 2010, off the coast of south-central Chile, we noticed how in a situation of upheaval and reconstruction of the spaces of representation, the sensitive plays a key-role. The catastrophic situation generates spontaneous public spaces; it generates a practical commitment of the inhabitants, mobilizes sensitive reactions and makes the public space more hospitable and resilient. From the study of two concrete cases -corresponding to the emergency camp El Molino of Dichato and to the city of Talca after the disaster- we focus the observation in the practices of implication of the inhabitants during all the process of reconstruction of their public and private spaces as well as their intimate spheres. These practices include all the actions of the inhabitants, from their most spontaneous and short-lived actions to face the reconstruction and the state of emergency and vulnerability of the situation post-disaster, to the most formalized actions. We want to complete the idea of a “participative” urban design with the notion of a spontaneous public space - autonomous of the participative plans - as an inclusive third space capable of introducing sensitive aspects in the debate. This research gives rise to questioning the urban design as a common space of expression and understanding, where the decoupling existing between the expertise and the novice can be surpassed

La région Nord-Pas-de-Calais figure parmi les régions françaises les plus concernées par les dépassements de valeurs limites journalières de concentrations de PM₁₀ (50 µg m-³). Sur le littoral, le niveau de fond atmosphérique particulaire demeure parfois élevé, bien que relativement éloigné des sources principales de particules que sont le trafic routier et l'industrie. Alors que de nombreuses études ont été réalisées sur les émissions en milieu industrialo-portuaire, il ressort un manque de connaissances concernant l'impact des émissions issues du secteur maritime, qu'il s'agisse d'apports naturels (sels marins) ou anthropiques (trafic maritime). Dans ce travail, deux campagnes de mesures ont été menées : en 2013 au Cap Gris-Nez et au premier trimestre 2014, simultanément au Cap Gris-Nez et dans le port de Calais. La concentration en PM₁₀ a été suivie et la composition chimique (métaux, ions hydrosolubles, EC, OC, traceurs organiques) en a été déterminée. Sur le site du Cap Gris-Nez en 2013, l'évolution des niveaux de PM₁₀ est similaire à celle observée en région, reflétant la fluctuation du fond atmosphérique. Les espèces majoritairement sont NO₃-, OC, SO₄²-, CI-, Na⁺ et NH₄⁺ et représentent 69% de la masse de PM₁₀. La proportion de ces espèces varie selon la saison et les conditions météorologiques (température, vitesse et direction du vent). Les situations de fortes teneurs de PM₁₀ sont caractérisées par une plus grande proportion de nitrate d'ammonium. Les données recueillies sur le site de Calais ont permis de montrer que les émissions du trafic maritime ont pour effet d'augmenter le nombre de particules ultrafines dans l'atmosphère. Sous cette influence, les concentrations en NOx et SO₂ apparaissent plus élevées, ainsi que celles des espèces V, Ni et Co qui peuvent être proposées comme traceurs du trafic maritime. L'utilisation de la factorisation matricielle nous a permis d'identifier 10 sources de particules et d'en estimer les contributions. Ainsi, en moyenne en 2013 au Cap Gris-Nez, 41% des PM₁₀ sont issus des aérosols inorganiques secondaires, 37% des sels marins et 10% de la combustion de biomasse. Pour cette dernière, la contribution peut atteindre 17% en hiver. Enfin, le trafic maritime (5%) contribue davantage à la concentration de PM₁₀ que le trafic routier (2%). / The Nord-Pas-de-Calais region is one of the most concerned areas in France by exceedance of the PM₁₀ mean daily limit value (50 µg m-³). The particulate atmospheric background level can also be high on the coastal zone, despite the absence of any urban and industrial sources at its vicinity. Numerous studies have been performed regarding those sources, but there is still a lack of knowledge about the impact of emissions resulting from the marine compartment, including natural emissions (sea salts) and anthropogenic emissions (maritime traffic). Two measurement campaigns have been achieved, in 2013 at Cape Gris-Nez and in the first trimester 2014, simultaneously at Cape Gris-Nez and in the harbour of Calais. Concentrations of PM₁₀ were recorded and chemical composition was determined (metals, water soluble ions, Ec, OC, organic tracers). In 2013, the evolutions of PM₁₀ levels at Cape Gris-Nez and in the region similar, reflecting the atmospheric background fluctuation. NO₃-, OC, SO₄²-, CI-, Na⁺ and NH₄⁺ were found as the major species and correspond to 69% of PM₁₀ mass. The proportion of these species evolves depending on the season and the meteorological conditions (temperature, wind speed and direction). High PM₁₀ concentration situations are characterized by high proportion of ammonium nitrate. Data collected in Calais show that maritime traffic emissions increase the number of ultrafine particles in the atmosphere. Under this influence, NOx and SO₂ concentrations are higher, as those of V, Ni and Co, species that could be used as maritime traffic tracers. 10 sources were identified and apportioned by matrix factorization. In average, in 2013 at Cape Gris-Nez, 41% of PM₁₀ come from secondary inorganic aerosols, 37% from sea salts and 10% from biomass combustion. This last contribution can reach 17% in winter. Maritime traffic represents a higher contribution to PM₁₀ than road traffic, 5% against 2%.

Detta arbete syftar till att undersöka relationen mellan företagsstorlek och dess aktieavkastning,annars känt som storlekseffekten, inom halvledarsektorn. Vi använder oss av två portföljer bestående av de tio största och tio minsta halvledarbolagen och görutfallstestet under perioden 2004–2015. Tre olika allokeringsstrategier tillämpas: equal weight, meanvariance och equal risk contribution samt tre olika ombalanseringsperioder. Vårt resultat visar på ett negativt samband mellan företagsstorlek och riskjusterad avkastning oavsettallokeringsstrategi. Resultaten tyder på att effekten inte är en proxy för fundamentala skillnader ellerberor på en felspecificering av β. / This thesis aims to examine the relationship between firm size and stock return, otherwise known asthe size effect, within the semiconductor industry. We construct two portfolios each comprising the ten largest and smallest semiconductor companiesand conduct a back test between 2004-2015. We examine three allocation strategies: equal weight,mean variance, and equal risk contribution along three difference rebalancing periods. Our results show a negative relationship between firm size and risk adjusted return regardless ofallocation strategy. The results also show that size effect is not a proxy for fundamental differencesnor a misspecification of β.

The primary goal of the study was to standardise and validate a scale to measure the arts’ contribution of arts festivals. To achieve this goal, four objectives were formulated. First, to study arts’ contribution of arts festivals by defining, analysing and exploring related concepts through the provision of a detailed background and discussion on the topic by means of a literature review. Second, to study and select applicable explanatory theory that can be used to develop a standardised scale that measures the arts’ contribution of arts festivals by means of a second literature review. Third to determine the validity and reliability of the scale measuring the arts festival’s contribution to the performing arts and to the visual arts through an exploratory factor analysis and a confirmatory factor analysis. Lastly, to draw conclusions based on the research and make recommendations with regard to the standardisation and validation of the scale to measure the arts’ contribution of arts festivals. The first objective was achieved by conducting a literature study. The literature study on arts festivals and their contribution to the arts was explored by defining the term festival tourism; discussing aspects related to a festival (by defining a festival, explaining the festival’s relationship with culture and events, identifying the characteristics, types, benefits and potential problems associated with a festival, and identifying visitor motives for attending a festival); discussing aspects related to the term arts festival (by providing an overview of arts tourism, defining an arts festival, listing reasons for the establishment of an arts festival and discussing the arts present at arts festivals – through defining and classifying the arts); and identifying the contributions of an arts festival to the arts (by listing the types of contribution – educational, emotional, economic, quality, marketing, and growth and development – , discussing the purpose of contributing to the arts, listing perceptual differences of festival visitors regarding the contributions of an arts festival to the arts and discussing limitations of an arts festival to contribute to the arts). Achieving the second objective, the second literature study discussed the term survey (by defining a survey, identifying the types, characteristics, advantages, disadvantages and merits of a survey and discussing the survey process); discussed the term standardisation (by defining standardisation and stating the purpose for the standardisation of a measurement scale); discussed the standardisation process (by outlining the different stages in the standardisation process – the planning phase, where the aim of the measure is specified, the content is defined and the test plan is developed; the item writing phase, includes the writing and review of items; assembling and pre-testing the experimental version of the measure, which includes the arrangements of the items, finalisation of the length, protocols for answering, development of administration instructions and pre-test of the experimental version of the measure; the item and data analysis phase consists of the determination of discriminating power, preliminary investigation into item bias and the establishment of validity and reliability; and revising the final version of the measure, which encompasses the revision of the items and test, the selection of items for the final version of the test, the refinement of administration instructions and score procedures and the administration of the final version of the test); and identified and discussed ethical considerations, foreseen problems, limitations and recommendations associated with conducting a survey and the standardisation of a measurement scale. The third objective was to determine the validity and reliability of the measurement scale. This objective was achieved by discussing the implementation phase of the measurement scale where attention was given to the survey design and sampling. A stratified random sampling method was used at three selected arts festivals in South Africa, the KKNK, Innibos and Vryfees, where a descriptive survey design was administered in the form of a measurement scale, such as a questionnaire. Research assistants were trained and the scale was administered in a consistent fashion which supports internal reliability. The same survey procedures were undertaken at all three arts festivals, supporting face validity and internal validity. Representative samples were collected at the three arts festivals, also supporting external validity. Attention was also given to the measurement scale design (where respondents could give their perceptions concerning the contributions made by the arts festival to the arts through the completion of the questionnaire – which was based on literature and contained the relevant information to collect problem specific information, supporting content validity and construct validity. The scale had also undergone the delphi-technique for expert advice, supporting face validity. Providing a summary of the data analysis procedure contributed to the achievement of this objective. The data collected from the measurement scale have been captured in Microsoft™ Excel™ and analysed using the statistical software program, SPSS. The data of the arts festivals contributing to the performing arts were analysed separately from the data of the festivals where they contribute to the visual arts. This was done to get a detailed data analysis for the standardisation of the measurement scale. The split of the data also contributed to the measurement scale being divided in two separate standardised scales in determining the arts festival’s contribution to a specific form of the arts; both the data of the performing arts and the data of the visual arts had undergone the same statistical procedure for data analysis in determining the validity and reliability thereof. The results indicated that the measurement scale is a valid and reliable measure in determining the arts festival’s contribution to both the arts forms. To determine the validity of the measurement scale pertaining to the performing arts and to the visual arts, an exploratory principal axis factor analysis with Oblimin rotation was conducted on the combined data of Innibos and Vryfees (n = 982). Bartlett's Test of Sphericity was p < 0.001 and the Kaiser-Meyer- Olkin test of sample adequacy rendered a value between 0 and 1, indicating that the sample sizes were adequate to conduct an exploratory factor analysis on the data of the performing arts (KMO = 0.958) and on the data of the visual arts (KMO = 0.972); all items of the performing arts (22 items) and of the visual arts (22 items) loaded on a factor with loadings greater than 0.2. The factor analysis on the performing arts data extracted five factors. Factor 1 (Quality and Education Contribution) was defined by 5 items with a Cronbach’s α-value of 0.867 and an interitem correlation mean of 0.568. Factor 2 (Growth and Development Contribution) was defined by 6 items (Cronbach’s α = 0.896; inter-item correlation = 0.594). Factor 3 (Emotional Contribution) was defined by 3 items (Cronbach’s α = 0.706; inter-item correlation = 0.440). Factor 4 (Economic Contribution) was defined by 4 items (Cronbach’s α = 0.824; inter-item correlation = 0.540). Factor 5 (Marketing Contribution) was defined by 4 items (Cronbach’s α = 0.866; inter-item correlation = 0.617). The factor analysis on the visual arts data extracted four factors. Factor 1 (Education and Growth and Development Contribution) was defined by 8 items (Cronbach’s α = 0.947; inter-item correlation = 0.690). Factor 2 (Economic and Quality Contribution) was defined by 7 items (Cronbach’s α = 0.920; inter-item correlation = 0.622). Factor 3 (Emotional Contribution) was defined by 3 items (Cronbach’s α = 0.828; inter-item correlation = 0.616). Factor 4 (Marketing Contribution) was defined by 4 items (Cronbach’s α = 0.905; inter-item correlation of 0.704). There were correlations between factors of the performing arts and between the factors of the visual arts, where all correlations were 0.3 and larger, supporting construct validity. Further validity of the measurement scale was determined by a confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) on the performing arts data and on the visual arts data of KKNK (n = 602), where the path diagram confirmed the factor structures of both the performing arts and visual arts exploratory factor analyses, supporting criterion validity. CFA goodness-of-fit indexes were also used to determine whether the models fit with the data. The performing arts model and the visual arts model were found to have an adequate to good fit with the data of KKNK. The chi-square test of Independence (X2) for the performing arts rendered a value of p < 0.001 and for the visual arts was p < 0.001. The chi-square divided by the degrees of freedom (X2 / df) for the performing arts was 4.284 and for the visual arts was 4.9, the Comparative Fit Index (CFI) for the performing arts was 0.914 and for the visual arts was 0.931, and the Root Mean Square Error of Approximation (RMSEA) for the performing arts was 0.074 and for the visual arts was 0.079. To determine the reliability of the measurement scale, the Cronbach’s Alpha values and inter-item correlations between the factors were determined. All the factors of the performing arts rendered a high Cronbach’s Alpha value (greater than 0.7) and for the visual arts a value of 0.8. All the factors of the performing arts rendered a high interitem correlation value (greater than 0.4) and for the visual arts a value greater than 0.6. The final objective, to draw conclusions and make recommendations based on the results of the study, indicated that this study made a significant contribution to the literature and methodology of standardising a measurement scale and to the planning of arts festivals as it would lead to the development of arts festivals contributing to the arts more effectively and more efficiently. Future research on this topic should be conducted at other arts festivals, including Englishlanguage arts festivals, to enable comparative studies to be made and supporting the test-retest reliability theory on the standardised measurement scale. It is also recommended that the study should measure contribution to the arts by other arts-related organisations, for example, at museums, theatres, and galleries, by administering the standardised scale to measure the contribution they make to their specific arts form. It is important to standardise a measurement scale for arts contribution to better understand the contributing factors of the arts festival to the arts which will assist festival managers in implementing strategies that ensure the livelihood and ongoing contribution of arts festivals to the arts. / PhD (Tourism Management), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015

The primary goal of the study was to standardise and validate a scale to measure the arts’ contribution of arts festivals. To achieve this goal, four objectives were formulated. First, to study arts’ contribution of arts festivals by defining, analysing and exploring related concepts through the provision of a detailed background and discussion on the topic by means of a literature review. Second, to study and select applicable explanatory theory that can be used to develop a standardised scale that measures the arts’ contribution of arts festivals by means of a second literature review. Third to determine the validity and reliability of the scale measuring the arts festival’s contribution to the performing arts and to the visual arts through an exploratory factor analysis and a confirmatory factor analysis. Lastly, to draw conclusions based on the research and make recommendations with regard to the standardisation and validation of the scale to measure the arts’ contribution of arts festivals. The first objective was achieved by conducting a literature study. The literature study on arts festivals and their contribution to the arts was explored by defining the term festival tourism; discussing aspects related to a festival (by defining a festival, explaining the festival’s relationship with culture and events, identifying the characteristics, types, benefits and potential problems associated with a festival, and identifying visitor motives for attending a festival); discussing aspects related to the term arts festival (by providing an overview of arts tourism, defining an arts festival, listing reasons for the establishment of an arts festival and discussing the arts present at arts festivals – through defining and classifying the arts); and identifying the contributions of an arts festival to the arts (by listing the types of contribution – educational, emotional, economic, quality, marketing, and growth and development – , discussing the purpose of contributing to the arts, listing perceptual differences of festival visitors regarding the contributions of an arts festival to the arts and discussing limitations of an arts festival to contribute to the arts). Achieving the second objective, the second literature study discussed the term survey (by defining a survey, identifying the types, characteristics, advantages, disadvantages and merits of a survey and discussing the survey process); discussed the term standardisation (by defining standardisation and stating the purpose for the standardisation of a measurement scale); discussed the standardisation process (by outlining the different stages in the standardisation process – the planning phase, where the aim of the measure is specified, the content is defined and the test plan is developed; the item writing phase, includes the writing and review of items; assembling and pre-testing the experimental version of the measure, which includes the arrangements of the items, finalisation of the length, protocols for answering, development of administration instructions and pre-test of the experimental version of the measure; the item and data analysis phase consists of the determination of discriminating power, preliminary investigation into item bias and the establishment of validity and reliability; and revising the final version of the measure, which encompasses the revision of the items and test, the selection of items for the final version of the test, the refinement of administration instructions and score procedures and the administration of the final version of the test); and identified and discussed ethical considerations, foreseen problems, limitations and recommendations associated with conducting a survey and the standardisation of a measurement scale. The third objective was to determine the validity and reliability of the measurement scale. This objective was achieved by discussing the implementation phase of the measurement scale where attention was given to the survey design and sampling. A stratified random sampling method was used at three selected arts festivals in South Africa, the KKNK, Innibos and Vryfees, where a descriptive survey design was administered in the form of a measurement scale, such as a questionnaire. Research assistants were trained and the scale was administered in a consistent fashion which supports internal reliability. The same survey procedures were undertaken at all three arts festivals, supporting face validity and internal validity. Representative samples were collected at the three arts festivals, also supporting external validity. Attention was also given to the measurement scale design (where respondents could give their perceptions concerning the contributions made by the arts festival to the arts through the completion of the questionnaire – which was based on literature and contained the relevant information to collect problem specific information, supporting content validity and construct validity. The scale had also undergone the delphi-technique for expert advice, supporting face validity. Providing a summary of the data analysis procedure contributed to the achievement of this objective. The data collected from the measurement scale have been captured in Microsoft™ Excel™ and analysed using the statistical software program, SPSS. The data of the arts festivals contributing to the performing arts were analysed separately from the data of the festivals where they contribute to the visual arts. This was done to get a detailed data analysis for the standardisation of the measurement scale. The split of the data also contributed to the measurement scale being divided in two separate standardised scales in determining the arts festival’s contribution to a specific form of the arts; both the data of the performing arts and the data of the visual arts had undergone the same statistical procedure for data analysis in determining the validity and reliability thereof. The results indicated that the measurement scale is a valid and reliable measure in determining the arts festival’s contribution to both the arts forms. To determine the validity of the measurement scale pertaining to the performing arts and to the visual arts, an exploratory principal axis factor analysis with Oblimin rotation was conducted on the combined data of Innibos and Vryfees (n = 982). Bartlett's Test of Sphericity was p < 0.001 and the Kaiser-Meyer- Olkin test of sample adequacy rendered a value between 0 and 1, indicating that the sample sizes were adequate to conduct an exploratory factor analysis on the data of the performing arts (KMO = 0.958) and on the data of the visual arts (KMO = 0.972); all items of the performing arts (22 items) and of the visual arts (22 items) loaded on a factor with loadings greater than 0.2. The factor analysis on the performing arts data extracted five factors. Factor 1 (Quality and Education Contribution) was defined by 5 items with a Cronbach’s α-value of 0.867 and an interitem correlation mean of 0.568. Factor 2 (Growth and Development Contribution) was defined by 6 items (Cronbach’s α = 0.896; inter-item correlation = 0.594). Factor 3 (Emotional Contribution) was defined by 3 items (Cronbach’s α = 0.706; inter-item correlation = 0.440). Factor 4 (Economic Contribution) was defined by 4 items (Cronbach’s α = 0.824; inter-item correlation = 0.540). Factor 5 (Marketing Contribution) was defined by 4 items (Cronbach’s α = 0.866; inter-item correlation = 0.617). The factor analysis on the visual arts data extracted four factors. Factor 1 (Education and Growth and Development Contribution) was defined by 8 items (Cronbach’s α = 0.947; inter-item correlation = 0.690). Factor 2 (Economic and Quality Contribution) was defined by 7 items (Cronbach’s α = 0.920; inter-item correlation = 0.622). Factor 3 (Emotional Contribution) was defined by 3 items (Cronbach’s α = 0.828; inter-item correlation = 0.616). Factor 4 (Marketing Contribution) was defined by 4 items (Cronbach’s α = 0.905; inter-item correlation of 0.704). There were correlations between factors of the performing arts and between the factors of the visual arts, where all correlations were 0.3 and larger, supporting construct validity. Further validity of the measurement scale was determined by a confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) on the performing arts data and on the visual arts data of KKNK (n = 602), where the path diagram confirmed the factor structures of both the performing arts and visual arts exploratory factor analyses, supporting criterion validity. CFA goodness-of-fit indexes were also used to determine whether the models fit with the data. The performing arts model and the visual arts model were found to have an adequate to good fit with the data of KKNK. The chi-square test of Independence (X2) for the performing arts rendered a value of p < 0.001 and for the visual arts was p < 0.001. The chi-square divided by the degrees of freedom (X2 / df) for the performing arts was 4.284 and for the visual arts was 4.9, the Comparative Fit Index (CFI) for the performing arts was 0.914 and for the visual arts was 0.931, and the Root Mean Square Error of Approximation (RMSEA) for the performing arts was 0.074 and for the visual arts was 0.079. To determine the reliability of the measurement scale, the Cronbach’s Alpha values and inter-item correlations between the factors were determined. All the factors of the performing arts rendered a high Cronbach’s Alpha value (greater than 0.7) and for the visual arts a value of 0.8. All the factors of the performing arts rendered a high interitem correlation value (greater than 0.4) and for the visual arts a value greater than 0.6. The final objective, to draw conclusions and make recommendations based on the results of the study, indicated that this study made a significant contribution to the literature and methodology of standardising a measurement scale and to the planning of arts festivals as it would lead to the development of arts festivals contributing to the arts more effectively and more efficiently. Future research on this topic should be conducted at other arts festivals, including Englishlanguage arts festivals, to enable comparative studies to be made and supporting the test-retest reliability theory on the standardised measurement scale. It is also recommended that the study should measure contribution to the arts by other arts-related organisations, for example, at museums, theatres, and galleries, by administering the standardised scale to measure the contribution they make to their specific arts form. It is important to standardise a measurement scale for arts contribution to better understand the contributing factors of the arts festival to the arts which will assist festival managers in implementing strategies that ensure the livelihood and ongoing contribution of arts festivals to the arts. / PhD (Tourism Management), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015

Cette étude s'inscrit dans le contexte du mouvement professionnalisant de la formation initiale à l'enseignement. Dans ce contexte, la personne enseignante associée y joue un rôle important. Toutefois, il est possible d'observer l'absence de consensus sur les façons de remplir ce rôle. À la lumière de la recension des écrits, cette étude stipule que le fait de stimuler le raisonnement pédagogique des stagiaires constitue une visée d'accompagnement cohérente avec les travaux s'insérant dans ce mouvement. De plus, cette étude soutient que l'accompagnement réflexif apparaît comme un accompagnement susceptible de stimuler le raisonnement pédagogique. Cette recherche analyse les conceptions et les pratiques de personnes enseignantes associées au regard du raisonnement pédagogique et de l'accompagnement réflexif. De plus, elle analyse les manifestations du raisonnement pédagogique et des autres activités réflexives des stagiaires. Pour ce faire, la perspective de l'interactionnisme symbolique a été privilégiée tout en s'insérant dans le paradigme interprétatif. Les résultats permettent de constater que les conceptions des personnes enseignantes associées, au regard du raisonnement pédagogique, s'approchent davantage d'une définition de la réflexion. Les résultats soulèvent aussi que les rencontres sont caractérisées par une utilisation prépondérante de questions ainsi que par une tendance générale plutôt non réflexive. De plus, les résultats permettent de constater que les activités réflexives des stagiaires sont caractérisées par un déploiement prépondérant de la confirmation ainsi que par des manifestations de raisonnement pédagogique. Certaines hypothèses sont émises pour interpréter ces résultats dont, entre autres, l'influence probable des caractéristiques de la recherche, de certaines stagiaires à l'étude, de certaines personnes enseignantes associées, etc. Les résultats permettent de mieux cerner la contribution d'un accompagnement réflexif à l'émergence et au développement du raisonnement pédagogique des stagiaires. Toutefois, des recherches supplémentaires doivent être mises sur pied pour tenter de pousser plus loin les hypothèses émises.

過去數十年來，當社會福利的觀念盛行於歐美各國時，台灣仍處在經濟起飛的階段，為了致力於經濟繁榮而忽略了人民的福祉。近幾年來，台灣的經濟發展已經到達一個穩定的階段，人民在滿足了基本生活需求後，也開始重視自身的福利；促使政府轉而將政策目標集中在社會福利制度的推行。在國外實行了社會福利數十年的今天，累積了許多寶貴的經驗提供台灣在政策制訂上的一個參考，社會福利制度的效益廣及全國大眾，影響層面既深且巨，我國政府在社會福利的推動上面，不可不仔細評估。 政府為了鼓勵人們從事慈善捐贈行為，利用所得稅的扣抵方式使得人民的捐贈價格降低，如此一來，捐贈價格的降低將會提高人們捐贈的誘因。在國外，許多的學者利用所得稅資料庫和家庭收支調查資料庫，針對人們的慈善捐贈動機估計其價格彈性和替代彈性，以驗證政府制訂所得扣抵以提高捐贈誘因的政策有效性；實證結果大多同意所得稅抵減的政策有效性。在台灣，政府的所得稅抵減政策適用對象除了從事慈善捐贈，尚且包括政黨捐贈、私立學校捐贈等各種非慈善捐贈，其政策目的各有不同。因為資料特性的緣故，本文僅利用台灣地區的個人所得稅資料對於台灣地區的慈善捐贈進行價格彈性和所得彈性的估計；並同時對於捐贈的各種誘因進行實證上的分析。 研究結果發現，慈善捐贈價格彈性為-4.0768，相對於國外而言，捐贈價格的變動對於個人的捐贈金額似乎有更大的影響力。當捐贈價格越低，則對於慈善捐贈的誘因確實有提高的效果；是以如果政府致力於社會福利規模的增加，為了能使慈善團體不至於因為經費不足而面臨縮減規模或是關閉的命運，在不增加政府的負擔的情況下，可以租稅減免做為鼓勵的手段以達到鼓勵捐贈的政策目的。 在所得分層估計的實證結果方面，所得介於175,000∼400,000的階層的所得彈性估計值不顯著，其餘的所得階層的所得彈性估計值均為顯著且正向關係，且所得彈性隨著可支配所得越高而隨之提高；再觀察價格彈性，只有可支配所得介於900,000∼1,800,000的樣本其估計值顯著，其餘的所得階層其估計值均不顯著。隨著所得階層越高，其所得彈性彈性隨之提高，反之其價格彈性則相對降低。此估計結果和國外文獻的結果不謀而合。 迴歸式加入其他的列舉扣除一併探討其他列舉扣除額對於慈善捐贈的影響時，發現生育醫療費對於慈善捐贈金額的大小影響並不顯著；而人身保險費則對於慈善捐贈金額的大小有顯著且負向的影響，並且和本文的理論模型結果吻合。 最後在針對納稅義務人從事慈善捐贈與否的二元選擇模型中，結果發現配偶薪資所得對於納稅義務人從事捐贈與否雖然有顯著的結果，但是根據其邊際效果觀之，兩者對於納稅義務人是否慈善捐贈的機率影響不大，年齡和受扶養人數也同樣存在著顯著的結果，相對於配偶和本人薪資所得總額的邊際效果而言，其對於從事慈善捐贈與否的機率影響較大。婚姻狀況是此迴歸模型關注的焦點，結果發現，結婚與否對於納稅義務人從事慈善捐贈與否的確有較大而顯著的影響機率；已婚的納稅義務人較未婚的納稅義務人有較大的機率去選擇從事慈善捐贈行為，其直觀的原因應該是已婚人士的生活穩定，收入來源也較為穩定，心態上和經濟上都較單身者有較大的意願從事慈善捐贈行為。至於捐贈價格對於納稅義務人從事慈善捐贈與否有著極大的邊際效果，也就是說捐贈價格的減少對於人們從事慈善捐贈有著極大的機率，此結果再次印證了政府的所得稅扣抵政策對於鼓勵捐贈的有效性。

<p>The river Göta Älv reaches between Vänern and Gothenburg and is the main raw water source for Gothenburg that supplies about 700 000 people with water. To protect and maintain a high water quality, continuously samples and water analyses are made throughout the river. In 1998 a protection area was founded between surte and Lärjeholm where the raw water intake is. This was made to increase the awareness of the importance to protect the water. However, there is a lot of contribution of untreated stormwater to Göta Älv within the protection area.</p><p>Göteborg Water and Sewage Works commissioned this thesis where two areas, Tagene industrial area and Kärra residential area, with untreated stormwater outlets within the protection area are studied. The areas have been divided according to surface composition with different rates of pollutant contribution. Then the stormwater flow and the contribution of pollutants was simulated with the model SEWSYS. The future aim is that the model will be able to simulate the contribution of pollutants for a variety of rains, for the whole protection area.</p><p>SEWSYS (Sewer System) is built in MATLAB/Simulink and consists of three modules, a stormwater module, a sanitary wastewater module and a treatment plant module. This project only includes the stormwater module. The model simulates the stormwater flow and the pollutants total phosphorous, total nitrogen, copper, zinc, lead, cadmium and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH). Samples and analysis for the two areas has been carried out for another thesis work during the same period. The results from those analyses have been used for the model settings for the areas.</p><p>Simulations have been performed to adjust the model and evaluate its ability to describe the stormwater flow and the pollutant contribution within the areas. The amount of stormwater and the runoff are well simulated by the model. However, the measured and analysed data has not been enough to get reliable simulations over the pollutant contribution. Further development of the model is necessary. Generally the model simulates lower values compared to measured values, especially in the industrial area. For a more general understanding over how SEWSYS works for the two areas, simulations were carried out on a yearly basis. Those simulations have been compared with general data for stormwater pollutants. Even though the results from the simulations have shown lower values than the measured values, the model shows clearly that the contribution of pollutants from the industrial site is greater than the contribution from the residential site.</p> / <p>Göta Älv sträcker sig från Vänern ner till Göteborg och är Göteborgs huvudsakliga råvattentäkt som försörjer ca 700 000 personer med vatten dagligen. För att säkra råvattenkvaliteten görs kontinuerliga provtagningar utmed älven. Dessutom beslutade Länsstyrelsen 1998 om ett skyddsområde med skyddsföreskrifter för avrinningsområdet mellan Surte i norr till vattenintaget vid Lärjeholm i söder. Ett mål med skyddsområdet är att det ska öka medvetenheten hos boende och de som är verksamma inom området om behovet att värna om vårt vatten. Dock leds det på flera ställen ut orenat dagvatten till älven inom skyddsområdet.</p><p>Examensarbetet är ett uppdrag av Göteborgs Va-verk där två områden med orenade dagvattenutsläpp till Göta Älv studeras, Tagene industriområde samt Kärra bostadsområde. Dessa områden har karterats och dagvattenflödet samt föroreningsbelastningen från dagvattnet har simulerats med modellen SEWSYS. Målet på lång sikt är att modellen ska kunna användas för att simulera föroreningsbelastningen vid olika regn för hela skyddsområdet.</p><p>Modellen SEWSYS (Sewer System) är uppbyggd i MATLAB/Simulink och bygger på tre moduler, en dagvattenmodul, en spillvattenmodul och en reningsverksmodul. För detta projekt har endast delen för dagvatten använts. Modellen simulerar dagvattenflödet och behandlar föroreningarna totalfosfor, totalkväve, koppar, zink, bly, kadmium samt polycykliska aromatiska kolväten (PAH). I ett examensarbete parallellt med detta har provtagning och analyser av föroreningar för de båda områdena ägt rum och dessa värden ligger till grund för inställningen av modellen.</p><p>Simuleringar har utförts för att anpassa modellen samt utvärdera dess förmåga att beskriva dagvattenflödet och föroreningsbelastningen inom de aktuella områdena. Simuleringarna visar att avrinningen och dagvattenflödet simuleras bra av modellen. Det har dock visat sig att de gjorda mätningarna inte har varit tillräckliga som underlag för att få en tillförlitlig beskrivning av föroreningsbelastningen och vidare utveckling är nödvändig. Detta gäller särskilt i industriområdet där modellen generellt simulerar för låga föroreningsmängder. För en mer allmän uppfattning av SEWSYS modellen för de två områdena, har även simuleringar på årsbasis utförts och jämförts med schablonhalter för dagvattenföroreningar. Trots att simuleringsvärdena har legat lägre än de uppmätta värdena på föroreningsmängderna har det gått att visa att industriområdet bidrar till högre föroreningsbelastning än bostadsområdet på recipienten Göta Älv.</p>