Os objetivos desta pesquisa são: a) compreender como a temperatura do ar e a umidade relativa na bacia B do Núcleo Cunha (IF) estão relacionadas aos controles climáticos (altitude, declividade e orientação das vertentes, vegetação, a configuração do céu, etc); b) entender qual a importância de cada controle climático nas variações de temperatura e umidade relativa sob a ação de diferentes sistemas atmosféricos. Os controles microclimáticos produzem alterações no ritmo da temperatura e da umidade relativa de diferentes formas e graus de importância em função do sistema atmosférico atuante. Entretanto, a combinação de controles climáticos específicos pode criar ambientes que mantém o ritmo da temperatura e umidade mais estável, independente do sistema atmosférico que estiver atuando. A água no solo desempenha um papel fundamental na minimização das variações da temperatura e da umidade em ambientes específicos. A vegetação também desempenha um papel importante no controle dos valores de umidade relativa, sendo mais relevante que a declividade e a orientação da vertente. As unidades climáticas da Bacia B foram delimitadas como síntese de todas as interações entre os atributos e controles climáticos. O conceito de unidade climática como um espaço onde a interação entre os atributos e controles climáticos tem uma certa homogeneidade, permitiu a delimitação de quatro topoclimas e muitas unidades microclimáticas na bacia B. / The objectives of this work are: a) to undestand how the air temperature and relative humidity in Basin B of Núcleo Cunha (IF) relate to micro and topoclimatic controls (altitude, gradient, slope orientation, vegetation, sky diagram, etc.); b) to comprehend the relative importance of each micro and topoclimatic control in the air temperature and relative humidity variation within different atmospheric systems. Micro and topoclimatic controls influence temperature and relative humidity variation differently in each atmospheric system. However, the arrangement of some specific climatic controls generates environments that conserve the rhythm of temperature and relative humidity, whatever the atmospheric system. Water in the soil has an evident role in the reduction of temperature and relative humidity variation. Vegetation has a fundamental role in the maintenance of the relative humidity, being clearly more importante than gradient and slope orientation. Climatic units of Basin B were delimited as a synsthesis of all interactions. The concept of climate units as a space where climatic attributes and controls keep a relative homogeneity, made possible the identification of four topoclimates and several microclimates units.

As coquinas de bivalves do Grupo Lagoa Feia (Eoaptiano) ocorrem na área sudoeste da Bacia de Campos e constituem reservatórios de hidrocarbonetos. Foram descritos 1030 metros de testemunhos e 368 lâminas delgadas para definir os controles estratigráficos dos eventos e produtos diagenéticos observados e propor um método de predição da paragênese diagenética. Inicialmente foram definidas 34 fácies sedimentares posteriormente agrupadas em 7 associações de fácies nas quais foram reconhecidos os conjuntos de processos geneticamente relacionados, que levaram à interpretação do paleosistema deposicional. Sete produtos eodiagenéticos foram observados na seção informalmente denominada Coquina Inferior e desses, quatro alteram bastante as características permoporosas primárias das rochas, sendo eles: cimentação por calcita blocosa em mosaico, cimentação por sílica microcristalina (quartzo), cimentação por calcedônia e dissolução. Interpreta-se um forte controle do(s) tipo(s) de produto(s) diagenético(s) com a variação do nível base do lago, conforme as seguintes premissas: o cimento de sílica microcristalina ocorre preferencialmente quando o nível base está alto e as rochas sob condições lacustre freáticas, pois, devido ao grande escoamento superficial, o lago neste momento encontra-se enriquecido em Si (proveniente do intemperismo e lixiviação das seções de rochas anteriores), porém ainda diluído (com um volume de água muito amplo), favorecendo a precipitação do quartzo e não da calcedônia. A partir do momento em que o nível do lago cai relativamente, a concentração de Si aumenta e a calcedônia passa a ser o cimento principal. Neste momento, as rochas estão sob condições de ambiente de zona de mistura, pois o nível do lago estaria mais baixo, porém ainda não totalmente em condições de domínio meteórico. A seguir, com nível do lago mais baixo ainda, as rochas passam para o ambiente meteórico e ocorre a precipitação de calcita blocosa (provavelmente necessitando de um tempo de residência baixo, pois o mineral ocorre em todo o intervalo da Coquina Inferior) no meteórico freático, e dissolução no meteórico vadoso. Quando o nível do lago volta a subir, as condições favorecem novamente a precipitação de calcedônia, e, em um nível posterior, mais alto ainda, de sílica microcristalina, iniciando assim um novo ciclo de alterações diagenéticas. A correlação entre a paleobatimetria deposicional da associação de fácies sedimentar e o nível base requerido para determinado(s) tipo(s) de produto(s) diagenético(s) encontrado(s) levou à criação de uma curva de \"velocidade relativa de variação do nível base\", que pôde também ser construída sinteticamente a partir das fácies sedimentares e dos perfis de raios gama e sônico. Tendo em mãos essa curva sintética, foi possível fazer o \"caminho inverso\" e criar um modelo preditivo (ou seja, sem descrição da diagênese em lâminas delgadas) da paragênese diagenética a partir da associação de fácies sedimentar e da \"velocidade relativa de variação do nível base\" em escala de poço (1D) e também em um grid geocelular (3D). A seção Coquina Inferior dos reservatórios da Bacia de Campos apresenta elevado grau de heterogeneidade vertical, gerada pela ciclicidade estratigráfica e pela intensa modificação eodiagenética. O entendimento dos fatores controladores da diagênese levou à criação de um método preditivo da paragênese diagenética em escala de poço (1D) e também em um grid geocelular (3D) que poderá ser usado para a caracterização e gerenciamento de outros campos petrolíferos em carbonatos. / The bivalve coquina from Lagoa Feia Group (Eoaptian), occurs in southwestern part of Campos Basin and consists petroleum reservoirs. 1030 meters of core and 368 thin sections were described to define the stratigraphic controls of the diagenetic events and then create a diagenetic paragenesis predictive method. Firstly, 34 sedimentary facies were defined and then grouped in seven facies associations. These associations have the same genetically depositional process relationship and they were used to define the depositional paleosystem. Seven eodiagenetic products were observed in the informally called Lower Coquina section and four from these products cause an important primary rock permeability and porosity alteration: block calcite cementation, microcrystaline silica (quartz) cementation, chalcedony cementation and dissolution. There is a strong control of the diagentic(s) product(s) type(s) and the base level variation. Microcrystaline silica occurs when the base level is high and the conditions are under lacustrine phreatic environment. Under these conditions, the lake has a Si enrichment due to run off great rates but still diluted, because the huge volume of water. This situation favors the precipitation of quartz instead of chalcedony. When the lake level falls, Si concentration rises, and chalcedony becomes the main cement phase. At this time, the conditions are mostly under mixing zone. When the lake falls again, meteoric environment becomes predominant. At the meteoric phreatic environment blocky calcite occurs as cement and at the meteoric vadose zone environment dissolution is the main process. When the lake level raises again, the conditions favor the precipitation of chalcedony and, in the next level, (higher base level than previous) the conditions are good to microcrystaline silica precipitation. At this moment, a new diagenetic cycle is started. The correlation between depositional paleobathymetry of sedimentary facies association and the lake level required for different types of diagenetic paragenesis led to the creation of a curve called \"relative velocity of base level variation\". This curve may also be calculated synthetically from sedimentary facies, gamma ray and velocity logs. With this synthetic curve it was possible to do a \"reverse path\" procedure and generated a diagenetic paragenesis predictive method. The coquina reservoir has a high level of heterogeneity due to stratigraphic cyclicality and due to eodiagenetic transformations. The understanding of diagenetic controls led to a diagenetic predictive method creation on 1D (well) and 3D (geocell grid). This knowledge can be used for the characterization and management of others carbonates associated oil fields.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-15T19:32:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Jorge da Silva Krening.pdf: 839422 bytes, checksum: 55407cba3675d45dbd4436f048b32596 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-02-19 / Since its creation in the beginning of the nineteenth century, the credit union has played an essential role in the global economy. Due to actions based on the less favoured class in the past, the cooperatives have always embraced the idea of solidarity and unity, something that is deeply rooted in its principles. Throughout its history, there was the need for improvement, maturity and evolution in its way of managing and directing, mainly due to the big growth of the segment which occurred after the mid-1990. By having the financial intermediation as their main focus, the credit unions keep playing a fundamental role in the sustainable development of Brazil, particularly because of their ability to fund consumption and production. Some issues such as the huge dependence on the spread in order to cover operational costs, and also its vulnerabilities, contribute to make the cooperatives become less competitive if compared to the other institutions. Some particularities involving its structure and culture end up creating some conflicting interests, mainly among cooperative members (owners) and managers. In order to describe the legal structure that rules the credit unions in Brazil regarding the decision on the internal controls model, Resolution CMN 2.554/98 and Government Circular CMN 3.467/09 has been drawn up. Both are considered as clear and formal in the acceptance of conceptual structure COSO as internal controls framework. It is clear that the action of Central Bank of Brazil in following up the international trends that involve standardization through international recommendations imply in their compliance and observance. This study is aimed at investigating the acceptance by the credit unions of Sao Paolo state to the government Circular CMN 3.467/09. The answers to the matter have been searched: Are the cooperatives of Sao Paulo state checking the relevant aspects contained in the Government Circular CMN 3.467/09? By using qualitative and quantitative approaches, interviews and data colleting have been conducted through an electronic form on the internet. Using the qualitative approach, agents and people in charge of internal control were interviewed in 8 of a 159 credit unions affiliated to Sicoob Central Cecresp, since they have been considered as large ones if using the criteria established by this Central. By using the quantitative approach, the 151 cooperatives have received an electronic form. Based on the effected analysis, we conclude that the researched credit unions adopt the relevant and intrinsic aspects of Circular CMN 3.467/09. Through the quantitative analysis, it was possible to evidence the adherence of the control components. Finally, in the qualitative aspects, we perceive the need for a more involvement of the management particularly concerning question of control culture and formalizing policies and procedures. / Desde sua criação no início do século dezenove que o cooperativismo de crédito vem desempenhando papel fundamental na economia mundial. Apoiado em ações voltadas para uma classe menos favorecida no passado, o cooperativismo sempre empunhou a bandeira da solidariedade e união, algo enraizado de forma profunda em seus princípios. Durante sua trajetória, houve a necessidade de aprimoramento, amadurecimento e evolução da sua forma de gestão e administração, muito em função do grande crescimento do segmento, que ocorreu principalmente a partir de meados dos anos noventa. Tendo como foco principal a intermediação financeira, as cooperativas de crédito continuam exercendo um papel fundamental para o desenvolvimento sustentável do Brasil, muito em função da sua capacidade de financiar o consumo e a produção. Alguns problemas como a voraz dependência do spread para cobrir custos operacionais, e ainda, fragilidades inerentes, contribuem para que as cooperativas se tornem menos competitivas, comparado as demais instituições. Particularidades envolvendo sua estrutura e culturas acabam por gerar alguns conflitos de interesse, principalmente entre os cooperados (proprietários) e gestores. Para descrever o arcabouço legal que rege as cooperativas de crédito no Brasil no que tange à determinação do modelo de controles internos, recorre-se a Resolução CMN 2.554/98 e Circular CMN 3.467/09. Ambas são tidas como exemplos claros e formais da adoção da estrutura conceitual COSO como framework de controles internos. Ficam evidentes as ações do Banco Central do Brasil em acompanhar as tendências internacionais que envolvem padronização, através das recomendações internacionais, implicando seu cumprimento e observância. Esse estudo objetivou investigar a adoção pelas cooperativas de crédito do estado de São Paulo à Circular CMN 3.467/09. Buscaram-se respostas quanto à indagação: As cooperativas do estado de São Paulo estão observando os aspectos relevantes contidos na Circular CMN 3.467/09? Adotando-se um enfoque quantitativo e qualitativo, foram realizadas entrevistas e coleta de dados por meio de formulário eletrônico via web. De forma qualitativa foram entrevistados agentes e responsáveis pelos controles internos em oito das cento e cinquenta e nove cooperativas de crédito, filiadas a Sicoob Central Cecresp, por serem consideradas de grande porte, por critérios estabelecidos por esta Central. Com base nas análises efetuadas conclui-se que as cooperativas pesquisadas estão adotando os aspectos relevantes e intrínsecos contidos na Circular CMN 3.467/09. Através da análise, quantitativamente, foi possível estabelecer a aderência dos componentes de controle. Finalmente, dos aspectos qualitativos, percebe-se a necessidade de um maior envolvimento da administração, principalmente no quesito cultura de controle e formalização de políticas e procedimentos.

When searching for better and more practical interfaces between users and their computers, additional or alternative modes of communication between the two parties would be of great use. This thesis handles the possibilities of using eye and head movements as well as voice input as these alternative modes of communication. One part of this project is devoted to find possible interaction techniques when navigating in a computer interface with movements of the eye or the head. The result of this part is four different controls of an interface, adapted to suit this kind of navigation, combined together in a demo application. Another part of the project is devoted to the development of an application, with voice control as primary input method. The application developed is a simplified version of the application ActiViewer., developed by AerotechTelub Information&Media AB.

The work and results presented in this dissertation concern two complimentary studies that are rooted in surface acoustic waves and transducer study. Surface acoustic wave devices are utilized in a variety of fields that span biomedical applications to radio wave transmitters and receivers. Of interest in this dissertation is the study of surface acoustic wave interaction with polydimethylsiloxane. This material, commonly known as PDMS, is widely used in the microfluidic field applications in order to create channels for fluid flow on the surface of a piezoelectric substrate. The size, and type of PDMS that is created and ultimately etched on the surface of the substrate, plays a significant role in its operation, chiefly in the insertion loss levels experienced. Here, through finite element analysis, via ANSYS® 15 Finite Element Modeling software, the insertion loss levels of varying PDMS sidewall channel dimensions, from two to eight millimeters is investigated. The simulation is modeled after previously published experimental data, and the results demonstrate a clear increase in insertion loss levels with an increase in channel sidewall dimensions. Analysis of the results further show that due to the viscoelastic nature of PDMS, there is a non -linear increase of insertion loss as the sidewall dimensions thicken. There is a calculated variation of 8.31 decibels between the insertion loss created in a microfluidic device with a PDMS channel sidewall thickness of eight millimeters verse a thickness of two millimeters. Finally, examination of the results show that insertion loss levels in a device are optimized when the PDMS sidewall channels are between two and four millimeters. The second portion of this dissertation concerns the calibration of an ultrasonic transducer. This work is inspired by the need to properly quantify the signal generated by an ultrasonic transducer, placed under a static loading condition, that will be used in measuring ultrasonic bone conducted frequency perception of human subjects. Ultrasonic perception, classified as perception beyond the typical hearing limit of approximately 20 kHz, is a subject of great interest in audiology. Among other reasons, ultrasonic signal perception in humans is of interest because the mechanism by which either the brain or the ear interprets these signals is not entirely understood. Previous studies have utilized ultrasonic transducers in order to study this ultrasonic perception; however, the calibration methods taken, were either incomplete or did not properly account for the operation conditions of the transducers. A novel transducer calibration method is detailed in this dissertation that resolves this issue and provides a reliable means by which the signal that is being created can be compared to the perception of human subjects.

Solar energy is an abundant renewable source, which is expected to play an increasing role in the grid's future infrastructure for distributed generation. The research described in the thesis focuses on the analysis of integrating multi-megawatt photovoltaics (PV) systems with battery energy storage into the existing grid and on the theory supporting the electrical operation of components and systems. The PV system is divided into several sections, each having its own DC-DC converter for maximum power point tracking and a two-level grid connected inverter with different control strategies. The functions of the battery are explored by connecting it to the system in order to prevent possible voltage fluctuations and as a buffer storage in order to eliminate the power mismatch between PV array generation and load demand. Computer models of the system are developed and implemented using the PSCADTM/EMTDCTM software.

Rotational falls, or somersault falls, have led to serious and fatal injuries during the cross-country phase of Eventing competitions. Research to improve the safety of the sport began in 2000 after five fatal injuries occurred in the 1999 Eventing season. These efforts led to safety devices such as air jackets, improved helmets, and frangible/deformable fences. The focus of this thesis is to develop a more complete understanding of the horse-fence interaction as the approach motion transitions to a rotational fall. To achieve this, a large distribution of inertial properties was compiled through the development of a cylinder-based inertia approximation and a citizen science effort to gather equine geometrical measurements through a survey distributed by the United States Eventing Association (USEA). Furthermore, fundamental kinematic properties of the horse and rider were gathered from the literature. These distributions were used to conduct a Monte Carlo analysis to examine if the approach conditions of the horse and rider would result in a transition to a rotational fall upon horse-fence contact. Through the analysis the sensitivity of the main control parameters was explored to determine the dominant variables in the transition.

The modern smart grid would involve deep integration between measurement nodes, communication systems, artificial intelligence, power electronics and distributed resources. On one hand, this type of integration can dramatically improve the grid performance and efficiency, but on the other, it can also introduce new types of vulnerabilities to the grid. To obtain the best performance, while minimizing the risk of vulnerabilities, the physical power system must be designed as a security aware system. In this dissertation, an interoperability and communication framework for microgrid control and Cyber Physical system enhancements is designed and implemented taking into account cyber and physical security aspects. The proposed data-centric interoperability layer provides a common data bus and a resilient control network for seamless integration of distributed energy resources. In addition, a synchronized measurement network and advanced metering infrastructure were developed to provide real-time monitoring for active distribution networks. A hybrid hardware/software testbed environment was developed to represent the smart grid as a cyber-physical system through hardware and software in the loop simulation methods. In addition it provides a flexible interface for remote integration and experimentation of attack scenarios. The work in this dissertation utilizes communication technologies to enhance the performance of the DC microgrids and distribution networks by extending the application of the GPS synchronization to the DC Networks. GPS synchronization allows the operation of distributed DC-DC converters as an interleaved converters system. Along with the GPS synchronization, carrier extraction synchronization technique was developed to improve the system’s security and reliability in the case of GPS signal spoofing or jamming. To improve the integration of the microgrid with the utility system, new synchronization and islanding detection algorithms were developed. The developed algorithms overcome the problem of SCADA and PMU based islanding detection methods such as communication failure and frequency stability. In addition, a real-time energy management system with online optimization was developed to manage the energy resources within the microgrid. The security and privacy were also addressed in both the cyber and physical levels. For the physical design, two techniques were developed to address the physical privacy issues by changing the current and electromagnetic signature. For the cyber level, a security mechanism for IEC 61850 GOOSE messages was developed to address the security shortcomings in the standard.

The objective of this master's thesis is to describe and analyze role of risk management in corporate governance. Specifically, a thesis focuses on comparison of existing practices in chosen states and examines whether quality of risk management in corporate governance is different in large and mid capitalaization companies. The thesis is divided into several parts: firstly, theory of corporate governance and risk management are introduced with explanation of their interconnection, which also contain defined list of methods and tools for evaluation of risk management and corporate governance quality. In the analytical part of the thesis, comparative analysis of risk management practices in different states is applied with evaluation of their quality, methods of statistical analysis are employed to test the hypothesis about difference of risk management quality in companies with large and mid capitalization and strength and weaknesses of corporate governance and risk management in particular states are summarized.

The present thesis analyzes the application of capital controls and their impact on the economy in the short and long term. These regulatory measures have gone through many periods and opinions in which they were considered as both positive and negative instrument not only of monetary policy. Global financial crisis of 2008 has again raised a lot of questions dealing with this topic. Capital controls may help ease the acute problems associated with inflows or outflows in the short term but they will not solve the issue of the country's susceptibility to movements of primarily debt capital. Long-term capital closeness (whether in terms of export or import) may causes, inter alia, the excessive accumulation of savings in the domestic closed economy or lack of capital for economic development. Therefore, when applying capital controls it is also necessary to improve the country's institutional quality which proved to be an important determinant of capital flows.