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During the twentieth century, as Canadian voters began to associate the brand of their major political parties with the characteristics of their leaders, the Liberal Party of Canada’s leadership races evolved into events of national importance. This study examines this transformation through the 1948, 1958 and 1968 leadership conventions. It incorporates perspectives from inside the Liberal Party as well as the Canadian media’s portrayals of the conventions. This thesis explores the alternating pattern of anglophone and francophone Party leaders, the complications associated with the predictability of the outcome, the evolution of convention tactics to recruit delegate support, Party (dis)unity throughout the contests, and the political science theories that deconstruct the conventions and predict outcomes. It also details how, over time, the political ambitions of senior-ranking members trumped the interests the Liberal Party.

The last four decades of the nineteenth century witnessed a significant growth of leisure hours for a growing number of South Australians, particularly working class males; it was accompanied by an upsurge in both organised and informal recreation activity. The upsurge owed much to major advances in communication during the period – in transport by rail, steamship and late in the century, the bicycle, to the network of telegraph stations which by the mid 1870s, spanned much of the colony, the country and finally linked the colony to much of the wider world, and to the growth of local and daily newspapers and specialist journals. Industry, government and commerce drove these advances, but recreation benefited from all of them and came to be a major element of commercial activity itself, as some activities generated not only participants, but spectators and audiences. These developments in turn stimulated a demand for facilities, both indoor and outdoor, which came to be met by private groups, public authorities and commercial operators, or combinations of the three. However, not all sections of the South Australian community looked favourably on aspects of these developments. Some social, religious and political forces, both separately and later as an alliance, combined to target elements of the recreation activities which emerged within the new leisure, particularly those of the working classes. They feared a return to public disorder arising from unseemly and licentious behaviour which accompanied many of the activities of the occasional pre-industrial seasonal leisure periods. These forces drew on contemporary programs in America and Britain in their campaign to quell ‘social evils’ including intemperance, gambling and what they regarded as inappropriate behaviour on Sundays, the Lord’s Day. They advocated the uses of statutes to constrain, if not eliminate what many in the community regarded as acceptable recreational activity. Others from the reforming forces determined on ‘rationalising’ the recreation of the working classes by introducing programs which they regarded as educational and self-improving, based essentially on their own middle class experience. A further restraint were contemporary conventions which determined matters of dress, conduct and behavioural expectations affecting areas of recreational activities; they were particularly severe on women. Other conventions affected full participation by men in a small number of sporting activities. The thesis examines the origin, nature and conduct of these forces in South Australia each of which sought to discipline aspects of mainly working class recreation of the period. It concludes with an assessment of the outcomes as they appeared at the time of Federation. / Thesis (Ph.D.) - University of Adelaide, School of History and Politics, 2010

The last four decades of the nineteenth century witnessed a significant growth of leisure hours for a growing number of South Australians, particularly working class males; it was accompanied by an upsurge in both organised and informal recreation activity. The upsurge owed much to major advances in communication during the period – in transport by rail, steamship and late in the century, the bicycle, to the network of telegraph stations which by the mid 1870s, spanned much of the colony, the country and finally linked the colony to much of the wider world, and to the growth of local and daily newspapers and specialist journals. Industry, government and commerce drove these advances, but recreation benefited from all of them and came to be a major element of commercial activity itself, as some activities generated not only participants, but spectators and audiences. These developments in turn stimulated a demand for facilities, both indoor and outdoor, which came to be met by private groups, public authorities and commercial operators, or combinations of the three. However, not all sections of the South Australian community looked favourably on aspects of these developments. Some social, religious and political forces, both separately and later as an alliance, combined to target elements of the recreation activities which emerged within the new leisure, particularly those of the working classes. They feared a return to public disorder arising from unseemly and licentious behaviour which accompanied many of the activities of the occasional pre-industrial seasonal leisure periods. These forces drew on contemporary programs in America and Britain in their campaign to quell ‘social evils’ including intemperance, gambling and what they regarded as inappropriate behaviour on Sundays, the Lord’s Day. They advocated the uses of statutes to constrain, if not eliminate what many in the community regarded as acceptable recreational activity. Others from the reforming forces determined on ‘rationalising’ the recreation of the working classes by introducing programs which they regarded as educational and self-improving, based essentially on their own middle class experience. A further restraint were contemporary conventions which determined matters of dress, conduct and behavioural expectations affecting areas of recreational activities; they were particularly severe on women. Other conventions affected full participation by men in a small number of sporting activities. The thesis examines the origin, nature and conduct of these forces in South Australia each of which sought to discipline aspects of mainly working class recreation of the period. It concludes with an assessment of the outcomes as they appeared at the time of Federation. / Thesis (Ph.D.) - University of Adelaide, School of History and Politics, 2010

As a lucrative tourism sector, the meetings, incentives, conventions, and exhibitions (MICE) sector has been significantly affected by crises in recent years, from the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks, to the SARS and bird flu epidemics, to the tsunami of late 2004. One of the key effects of such crises has been growing safety concerns when it comes to crisis-struck MICE destinations. In turn, this has impacted on both MICE customers’ perceived risk in terms of purchasing MICE products, and their decision to follow through on planned MICE events. In addition, the MICE sector reveals noticeably differing levels of crisis vulnerability when compared to other tourism sectors; in particular, one of the clear differences lies in the decision making process itself, given that MICE sector buyers sponsor the endusers of MICE products, and are thus heavily liable for the safety of attendees. Not surprisingly, any life-threatening situation in MICE destinations discourages buyers from taking the decision to purchase. In contrast to other tourism sectors where the buyer and end-user are generally one and the same, in MICE tourism customers and consumers remain distinct. Taken together, both the impacts of crisis and crisis vulnerability suggest that crises can affect business continuity in the MICE sector significantly. In turn, MICE suppliers need to understand the impacts of crisis on tourism demand in the MICE sector, and come to terms with the key factors contributing to crisis vulnerability in order to better cope with, and sustain, their MICE businesses through crisis situations. To this end, the core aim of this research is to identify the critical success factors responsible for effective crisis management in the MICE sector. To achieve this, this research has developed three research questions, and investigated these questions through qualitative data collection and analysis of thirty-seven in-depth interviews with MICE suppliers in Thailand. The findings of these interviews provide both rich and substantively meaningful understandings of pertinent crisis management issues. More specifically, through detailed analysis of this data, this research examines the impact of crises on tourism demand in the MICE sector; the factors contributing to crisis vulnerability in the sector; and finally, the critical success factors of crisis management as they apply to the sector. In sum, this research achieves its research aims by providing ten critical success factors (CSFs) which organizations need to implement to successfully manage crisis situations. In summary, the findings of this research provide a contribution to knowledge by highlighting that the characteristics of the MICE product market not only contribute to fragmentation within the MICE sector, but also to both crisis vulnerability and crisis management approaches in a context of MICE tourism. Both the contributions and implications of this research have the potential to contribute to better crisis management in the MICE sector and tourism industry as a whole.

Thesis (M.A.)--Humboldt State University, 2009. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 87-90). Also available via Humboldt Digital Scholar.

Este trabalho consiste no estudo sobre como a inclusão de ferramentas de comunicação digital nas organizações pode influir na cultura e na comunicação. A ênfase recai na investigação de como a utilização do Correio Eletrônico, da Intranet e das Listas de Discussão podem modificar o processo de comunicação organizacional através da criação de novas práticas culturais que possibilitam a participação dos funcionários no processo comunicativo. A análise resgata o modo como essas ferramentas foram implantadas, a sua apropriação pelos membros organizacionais e as práticas culturais que foram geradas a partir do seu uso. Para isso, realizou-se um estudo de caso na Companhia de Processamento de Dados do Rio Grande do Sul (Procergs). O estudo contempla o relato dos funcionários da organização que utilizam essas ferramentas diariamente nas rotinas de trabalho. Por meio da fala dos participantes, constatou-se que essas ferramentas proporcionam maior envolvimento desses funcionários no processo de comunicação. Entretanto, elas não horizontalizam a relação existente entre os funcionários e a organização, que permanece sendo o espaço de conexão do relacionamento comunicacional. / This master thesis addresses the inclusion of digital communication tools in organizations and how it affects their culture and communication habits. The focus is on how the adoption of Electronic Mail, Intranet and Discussion Lists may change the processes of organizational communication by creating new cultural conventions that enable employees to participate in the communicative process. A case study at Companhia de Processamento de Dados do Rio Grande do Sul (Procergs) were conducted to evaluate how these tools were adopted, how the staff assimilated them and what cultural conventions were created by their use. This case study collected various reports given by staff members who use these tools on the daily work routine. The interviews demonstrated that digital communication tools allow a better involvement of the employees in the communication process. However, the tools by themselves do not equalize the relationship between the organization and its employees, which remains as the connecting space to communicative interaction.

Fréquemment utilisée par la Cour de cassation ainsi que par les juridictions du fond, la notion de clause autonome fait aujourd'hui partie des concepts reconnus par la doctrine pour son utilité. L'autonomie permettrait notamment au juge de « sauver » opportunément une clause d'un contrat promis à l'anéantissement et de lui faire produire effet. Pourtant, à l'analyse, l'autonomie des clauses possède de solides fondements qui devraient permettre un développement des clauses autonomes.Dans un premier temps, au-delà de leur aspect matériel, elles constituent de véritables conventions dont la nature ne peut être révélée qu'en cas d'anéantissement du contrat dans lequel elles sont insérées.L'autonomie se traduit donc comme la faculté d'une clause à survivre malgré l'anéantissement du contrat qui la porte.Dans un second temps, on doit déduire de la nature conventionnelle des clauses autonomes qu'elles forment avec la convention qui les porte un groupe de contrats. Cette qualification possède de nombreuses conséquences, notamment quand à la formation du groupe. Plus importantes encore sont les incidences de cette qualification quant à la circulation du groupe. / No summary available

Os mercados da pecuária familiar podem ser entendidos como convenções, visto que essas explicam a coordenação das ações dos diferentes atores, uma vez que contemplam a diversidade de dinâmicas que podem existir nos diferentes mercados. Pode-se dizer que, se não ativamente planejadas e constituídas pelos próprios atores, as relações de mercados são ao menos mediadas por eles, pois enquanto alguns afastam seus processos de produção e trabalho do mercado, outros neles se engajam. Por essa razão, não basta compreender por que determinados atores tomam dadas decisões, é preciso compreender por que o fazem e quais as consequências dessas decisões. Diante disso, o objetivo desta tese é compreender como são constituídos os mercados da pecuária familiar, mediante uma análise das características que orientam as interações entre os atores sociais dos distintos canais de comercialização e da identificação e caracterização dos diferentes tipos de mercados e das razões de sua estruturação. Tendo como objeto de estudo a pecuária familiar, foram realizadas entrevistas com 39 pecuaristas familiares nos municípios de Bagé, Dom Pedrito e Pinheiro Machado, no período compreendido entre outubro de 2015 e março de 2016. A construção das representações mentais dos atores sociais se dá pelas interações e representações sobre a realidade, aliadas às suas relações coletivas e suas experiências ao longo do tempo. Pode-se concluir que está em curso um processo de padronização racial dos bovinos para atender à demanda do mercado da carne, por outro lado a ovinocultura permanece como atividade secundária, com pouco ou nenhum interesse na comercialização dos animais. De modo geral, convenções de confiança, fidelidade e colaboração apresentam-se como relevantes para a determinação dos canais de comercialização, de modo que a melhor venda é aquela realizada na propriedade rural com o pagamento no ato da venda. Em essência, as convenções que orientam as formas de comercialização são constituídas de diferentes maneiras, sobretudo como fruto da valoração diferenciada que os atores lançam sobre os processos de constituição dos mercados. Os principais canais de comercialização para o terneiro/novilho são o corretor 43,6% e o terminador 41%, o reprodutor comumente é adquirido por meio da troca com outro pecuarista familiar. Os tipos de mercados que sustentaram a análise merecem ajustes à realidade da pecuária familiar, em que é possível haver cruzamentos entre os tipos identificados, visto que não se constituem de relações lineares. A análise mostrou que o pecuarista familiar faz acessa mais de uma canal de comercialização para uma mesma categoria animal, em que os elementos de regulação são reproduzidos nesses diferentes mercados. / The markets of family livestock can be understood as conventions, since they explain the coordination of the actions of the different actors, since they contemplate the diversity of dynamics that can exist in the different markets. It can be said that, if not actively planned and constituted by the actors themselves, market relations are at least mediated by them, for while some distract their production processes and market work, others engage in them. For this reason, it is not enough to understand why certain actors make decisions, it is necessary to understand why they do so and the consequences of those decisions. The objective of this thesis is to understand how the markets of family farming are constituted by analyzing the characteristics that guide the interactions between the social actors of the different marketing channels and the identification and characterization of the different types of markets and the reasons for structure. Aiming at the study of family livestock, interviews were conducted with 39 family ranchers in the municipalities of Bagé, Dom Pedrito and Pinheiro Machado, between October 2015 and March 2016. The construction of the mental representations of social actors is done by the interactions and representations about reality, allied to their collective relations and their experiences over time. It can be concluded that a process of racial standardization of cattle is in progress to meet the demand of the meat market. On the other hand, sheep farming remains a secondary activity with little or no interest in the commercialization of the animals. In general terms, trust, loyalty and collaboration agreements are relevant for the determination of the marketing channels, so that the best sale is the one held at the rural property with the payment at the time of sale. In essence, the conventions that guide the forms of commercialization are constituted in different ways, mainly as a result of the differentiated valuation that the actors throw on the processes of constitution of the markets. The main marketing channels for the calf / steer are the 43.6% broker and the 41% terminator, the breeder is commonly purchased through the exchange with another family farmer. The types of markets that supported the analysis deserve adjustments to the reality of family livestock, where there may be crosses between identified types, since they are not linear relationships. The analysis showed that the family farmer makes access to more than one marketing channel for the same animal category, in which the regulatory elements are reproduced in these different markets.

Currently, although we are not jeopardized by global conflicts, but when the threat of chemical or biological attack, especially from the side of some of terrorist groups or a belligerent state, is still real, it is necessary to use all possible available measures for the conservation of global security against conventional weapons and weapons of mass destruction. The aim of this thesis is the following: To analyze texts of both stated Conventions and thus to get a consolidated view on the issue of biological and chemical weapons from the legislative point of view. To obtain, on the basis of the analysis and systematic comparison of particular provisions, an overview of identical and different elements in both Conventions. On the basis of results of the mutual comparison of particular provisions of both Conventions, to assess, according to their versions, meaning and extent, the influence on performance of both Conventions. After meeting these objectives it was possible to provide an answer to the stated research question: Are the measures formulated in international Conventions on the Prohibition of Biological and Chemical weapons sufficient in their importance, versions and extent, including the effective control? For the purpose of this thesis, theoretical part is focused especially on defining biological and chemical weapons and effective warfare agents. Furthermore, in order to obtain the idea of the importance of existence of international Conventions on the Prohibition of Biological and Chemical Weapons there is given a brief history of the use of these weapons in armed conflicts and a history accompanying negotiations regarding their prohibition. For completeness, the current state of biological and chemical weapons and compliance with both Conventions are given in conclusion. Second part of the thesis is devoted to the analysis and comparison of texts of both Conventions, so objectives of the thesis could be achieved and the research question could be answered. Stated objectives were achieved with the assistance of methods of the qualitative research. After detailed analysis of both texts and systematic assessment of individual measures contained in them, there were detected especially the range and overall text of each Convention. Subsequently, identical and different articles were mutually compared in order to observe the differences, which could have an impact on the performance of both conventions. After overall review of compliances and differences, and after the assessment of the scale, version and meaning of particular different provisions, the research question could be answered, and at the same time basic recommendations, whose importance may represent means to more efficient implementation of individual provisions of Conventions, could be defined. On the basis of results of comparison of particular provisions of both Conventions, in response to the research question it is necessary to state, that actions formulated in CWC, including its Annexes, appear to be sufficient for compliance with arising obligations. While measures contained in BWC, in particular in terms of the absence of any control measures, which could be used as an effective feedback regarding the implementation of provisions of the Convention, optionality to declare information on activities unrestricted by the Convention and inaccurate definition of components seem to be insufficient in its version, extent and meaning for this purpose. Essential reformation regarding the implementation of the objectives of BWC would be adoption of a complex of control measures according to the design of CWC, which has major impact on the objectives of the Convention. Proposed completion of existing articles, in case of which the change in wording would extend the scope of their versions and increase the emphasis on some areas of contained provisions for more efficient implementation of the Convention, may be also beneficial.