Orientador: Nilo Sérgio Sabbião Rodrigues / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-24T00:46:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Mendes_GiseleSandovalJunqueira_M.pdf: 3718624 bytes, checksum: ea4bfd0d0f64ffc76bbc5cc7e3aa8d84 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: O Programa Nacional de Alimentação Escolar (PNAE) tem enfrentado mudanças significativas desde a sua criação. Atualmente, tem como objetivo, além de fornecer alimentação aos alunos durante o período escolar, melhorar suas condições nutricionais e a capacidade de aprendizagem e formar hábitos alimentares saudáveis. Apesar das mudanças visarem à melhoria da qualidade das refeições servidas e do gerenciamento, o PNAE ainda enfrenta dificuldades, o que implica principalmente na qualidade da alimentação escolar. Novas tecnologias, como o sistema cook chill e vegetais minimamente processados (VMP), vem sendo desenvolvidas e aplicadas em vários segmentos da alimentação de coletividades, pelas vantagens que oferecem principalmente para a produção centralizada de refeições, sendo porém, raras as prefeituras que se propõem a estudá-las e implantá-las. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi analisar o PNAE no estado de São Paulo em relação aos sistemas de produção de refeições utilizados, centralizado (SC) e descentralizado (SD), identificando os fatores de sucesso e insucesso, além de avaliar o SC com foco na utilização de novas tecnologias, como cook chill e VMP. Foi realizada uma pesquisa quali-quantitativa não probabilística por julgamento, com a elaboração e aplicação de instrumentos de coleta de dados, inicialmente em uma amostra de 54 municípios. A partir dessa amostra, obteve-se uma segunda, por amostragem probabilística sistemática, composta por doze municípios, sendo seis com SC e seis com SD. Em visitas técnicas nesses municípios, foram aplicados outros dois instrumentos de coleta de dados que foram analisados estatisticamente por distribuição de frequência e medidas de tendência central. Verificou-se a influência dos sistemas em relação a alguns fatores: a oferta de alimentos foi considerada adequada somente em quatro dos seis municípios com SD. A taxa de adesão média à alimentação escolar nos municípios com esse sistema foi de 79% contra 62% nos municípios com SC, podendo haver associação com a atratividade e a temperatura das refeições (em três destes municípios as refeições foram distribuídas com temperaturas inferiores a 60°C). Considerada fator de sucesso no SD, a atratividade obteve nota máxima (dez pontos) em três municípios. Nos municípios com SC, a pontuação máxima foi sete para um município. Nos municípios com SD, em quatro de dez unidades escolares, a porcentagem de sobras foi inferior a 7%. Nos municípios com SC, em seis de dez unidades escolares, também foi menor que 7% e houve menor desperdício, com índice médio de resto de 16% em relação ao SD (11%). Em cinco unidades escolares dos municípios com SD, o índice de restos foi menor que 6%. Os resultados mostraram que há a necessidade de estudar novas alternativas que possam garantir a produção com eficiência de refeições adequadas, seguras e atrativas. De acordo com os resultados, a centralização da produção associada à utilização de novas tecnologias, pode ser eficaz desde que haja adequações às peculiaridades de cada município / Abstract: The Brazilian School Meal Programme (PNAE) has faced significant changes since its creation. Besides providing food to students during the school day, it aims to improve learning and encourage healthier eating habits. Despite the recent managerial efforts, PNAE still faces challenges such as the improvement of the quality of school meals. On the other hand, new technologies have been developed and applied to food services, for example, the cook-chill system and minimally processed vegetables (MPV), which are especially suitable for centralized meals production. However, seldom are the Brazilian counties - responsible for the PNAE local administration - that invest in these nonconventional food processing technologies. The objective of this study was to assess the PNAE management in counties located at the state of São Paulo, Brazil, attempting to identify factors of success or failure with respect to meals production systems - centralized (CS) or decentralized (DS). Initially, a sample of 54 counties was determined and from them a sub-sample (N=12) was systematically drawn, being six CS-cities and six DS-cities. Technical visits in the sampled cities were made and a quali-quantitative methodological approach was used to collect data, which were further submitted to descriptive statistically analyses summarized to be analyzed and interpreted. Food supply could be considered adequate in only four of the six cities with DS. About 79% of the students in the cities of DS make their meals in the schools' restaurants, versus 62% in cities with CS and this fact may be due to attractiveness and the temperature of the meals: in three of CS-cities, the meals were served at temperatures lower than 60°C, which diminishes sensory acceptability. Considered a success factor in DS, attractiveness reached the highest rate (ten points) in three cities, while in cities with CS, the highest score was only seven. In four out of ten schools in the cities with DS the percentage of surplus was lower than 7%. Conversely, in cities with CS six out of ten schools presented surplus lower than 7%. With respect to plate waste CS schools showed an average rate of 16% compared to only 11% in DS schools. In conclusion, results showed that there is a need to consider new alternatives to ensure meals production efficiency aiming at safety and attractiveness. Moreover, the centralized production associated with the new cooking technologies, can be effective as long as they can be adapted to the peculiarities of each city / Mestrado / Consumo e Qualidade de Alimentos / Mestra em Alimentos e Nutrição

2 pp. / Warm temperatures increase the risk for food-borne illness which can spoil cook-outs and picnics. This article provides information about the necessary precautions to take in order to assure the food you serve is safe to eat.

This document deals with the development of drilling tools by means of CAD and CAE technologies. At first, a brief overview of various design procedures of 3D drill models is presented, possibilities of measurement of force and moment loading during drilling are mentioned, a chip formation mechanism is briefly described and then a list of commonly used explicit (mesh) finite element methods used for cutting simulations is presented. A meshless SPH method have been selected for this work. Although it is able to handle the large deformations easily, it has been used for cutting simulations very rarely and only an orthogonal cutting simulations related information can be found in scientific databases. It has been demonstrated on the orthogonal cutting simulation of A2024-T351 alloy that was also the starting point for SPH simulation of drilling. The following is a decription of the design, simulation and prototyping of new drilling tools - drills with three and two cutting edges and an internal chip channel. This document is focused in detail on the variant with two cutting edges for which SPH drilling simulation has also been performed. Some drawbacks related to more precise chip simulation demands have been revealed, especially a rapid increase in number of SPH elements followed with prolongation of a computational time. Information related to the design of the drilling head with two cutting edges were then used to create the patent application.

This thesis describes the results of a study of 33 tephra layers found within two peat sections near Anchor Point and Homer, Alaska, on the lower Kenai Peninsula. Numerous lower Cook Inlet volcanoes have been active through the Holocene. Tephra layers found at these two sites provide a partial record of their eruptive activity. The hazards that accompany this activity have increased as populations and commercial activities expand and air traffic over the region increases. The tephras analyzed for this study provide an initial geochemical database for the lower Cook Inlet volcanoes. The database is available in electronic format at the U.S. Geological Survey, Alaska Volcano Observatory. The Anchor Point and Homer sections contain tephras from Augustine, Iliamna, and possibly other volcanoes in the region. Anchor Point, the principal section for this study, yielded ten 14C ages ranging from 645 ± 85 cal yr BP at a depth of 14 cm to 8810 ± 205 cal yr BP at 270 cm. Seventeen tephra layers from Anchor Point and 16 from Homer were characterized by stratigraphic position, age, and grain-discrete major-element geochemical analysis by electron microprobe. Nine tephra layers are correlated by geochemical analysis between the Anchor Point and Homer sections. Several newly discovered tephra layers have been correlated with source volcanoes, three with Augustine and at least seven with Iliamna Volcano. The average recurrence interval of tephra fall events at Anchor Point is approximately 520 yrs.

Numerous supraglacial and proglacial lakes have developed on debris-covered glaciers in conjunction with 20th-century retreat associated with global warming. When a glacier holds a substantial debris cover on its lower reach and/or is calving into a proglacial water body, the behaviour of its terminus can be modified to varying degrees compared to that of land-terminating or debris-free glaciers. The terminus is not just retreating from its frontal position but it is disintegrating through several processes that are linked. An improved understanding of these glacier margins is needed for the prediction and management of hazards associated with these types of lakes for hydroelectric power generation, recreational purposes and areas threatened by potential glacier outburst floods as well as for the interpretation of glacio-geological records and reconstruction of former glacial environments and palaeoclimate. The principal research question of this study is how processes of ice loss contribute to the terminus disintegration of a debris-covered, lake-calving glacier. This is addressed by an application of a field-based strategy which includes extensive field observations of variables, processes and their controls, and subsequent analysis of the data in the light of previous models and concepts. The study attempts to combine and integrate different aspects of glaciological research that have previously been examined mostly separately. It investigates the prevalent processes at the glacier terminus and their controls over different time periods ranging from days to years at Mueller, Hooker and Tasman Glaciers in Mount Cook National Park, New Zealand. The data form the basis for models of calving and pond development and future retreat scenarios. This study has demonstrated that this glacial environment is characterised by ice-frontal processes with complex inter-relationships that vary between glaciers and in particular between stages of terminus development. While surface ice melt in the terminus area is substantially reduced by supraglacial debris, sub-debris melt contributes the largest fraction of ice loss. Other important effects of debris are restraining thermal undercutting, reducing subaqueous melt and decreasing buoyancy. Data from supraglacial ponds and proglacial lakes show that limnological factors become increasingly important with increasing pond/lake size. Changes in water currents and temperature lead to changes in significance and rates of ice loss processes, the most important being the change from melting to predominantly calving. This study has confirmed the hypothesis that thermal undercutting is the rate-controlling process for calving. This process is controlled by the cliff geometry, debris supply, subaqueous geometry and water temperatures, currents and level variations. The results from the examination of calving processes suggest that the process of regular, progressive calving through the stages suggested previously may not be widely applicable to slow-moving, lake-calving glaciers. The several forms of subaerial calving identified in this study can present themselves as largely independent events, a combination of events or as a progression. At the central submerged part of the ice face, subaqueous ice melt is likely to be the dominant form of ice loss, leading to horizontal ice loss. Subaqueous calving is prevalent in gently-sloping lateral areas, leading to vertical ice loss. This process is controlled by buoyancy forces which are affected by sedimentation and lake and glacier geometry. The onset of subaqueous calving in the earlier stages of lake development is a crucial process for the transition to faster disintegration and ice loss, accelerating subaqueous melt. Due to the complex inter-relationships attempts to formulate general relationships between calving or retreat rates and other glaciological parameters may not be feasible.

The demands imposed on teachers who are L2 speakers of English, in the Teaching of English as a Second Language (TESL) have had far-reaching consequences. In these situations, the consequences are compounded when the teacher is a L3 speaker of English teaching English to students who are predominantly L2/L3 speakers. Such consequences were explicitly stated in a number of reports, reviews and observations (Elley, 1979; Chamberlain, 1987; Laws and Horsley, 1988; The Ministerial Taskforce, 1989) and others. Issues relating to quality of education and quality of English teaching were frequently addressed and questioned. The author's experience as a teacher of English, Head of the English Department at Titikaveka College and English Adviser for secondary schools led to a growing concern and need to delve into these problems at both the primary and secondary levels. In the absence of research in this important area, the author sought to conduct investigation in four schools. The author was further motivated to conduct research as a result of a number of recent changes within the education system. Major concerns were firstly, the introduction of the Grade 6 National Examination in 1991; secondly, the change-over from the South Pacific English Option paper to a full New Zealand English paper in the New Zealand School Certificate (NZSC) Examination in 1989; and finally, the introduction of the New Zealand Bursary Examination in 1992. The question foremost in the author's mind was how adequately were the schools equipped to implement such changes given an array of major constraints. In this study, it is hypothesised that, most of the problems related to TESL in the Cook Islands stem primarily, and mainly from the poor quality of teachers in the classroom. This does not deny the existence of problems which emanate from other factors which impact on TESL, such as the language policy and curriculum, the adequacy or inadequacy of teaching resources, and whether indeed they are appropriate and the kinds of teaching methods which prevail. These are all acknowledged as contributing factors. The argument presented in this study, is that, while these are contributing factors, they are considered not as important as the teacher factor. The thrust of this thesis recognises the teacher as the most important classroom resource, the "key" factor which ultimately determines the quality and indeed the success or failure of an education system. This is true in the particular context of the Cook islands where teaching-learning resources, by its broadest definition, are very limited. In terms of the quality of the teacher's resourcefulness, this in turn is determined by his/her level of education and the kind of training received. Underlying the thesis presented is the contention that if the teacher is well-educated and highly-trained, then teaching and learning for the child make the possibility of attaining Level IV, the highest stage in Beeby's paradigm more likely. That is, teaching which stresses meaning and understanding, problem solving and creativity and the catering of individual differences (Beeby 1966: 72). Needless to say, the converse is more likely to happen, where and when teachers have had very limited education, inadequate and inappropriate training. In accordance with the purpose as outlined in Chapter 1, this study comprises 6 chapters and a conclusion. Chapter 1 discusses the nature of the problem from a number of interrelated dimensions, which have to varying degrees impacted on the teaching of ESL in the Cook Islands. The chapter concludes by stressing the purpose and relevance of the study in terms of educational, economic and social significance. Chapter 2 reviews and discusses, from a historical perspective, the literature as it relates firstly to the teaching of English in the Pacific but more specifically the teaching of English in the Cook Islands. The chapter then discusses the theoretical development and research in the teaching and learning of ESL in an attempt to arrive at a theoretical framework. Chapter 3 presents the research instruments and procedures used to gather and analyse the data. In the main, office sources, classroom observations, questionnaires and interviews formed the basis for eliciting data. Chapter 4 draws together the major findings of the study. The limited size of the sample placed some restrictions on the analysis of results derived from this study. Nevertheless, the analysis identified some significant trends upon which conclusions can be drawn. The last two chapters, Chapter 5 and Chapter 6 deal with the interpretative aspects of the study with the intention of arriving at valid recommendations to the problems identified. In summary, the study found that the teacher in the Cook Islands context is the key factor in the process of teaching and learning of ESL. When the teacher is well-educated and adequately trained, then the possibility of quality teaching and meaningful learning becomes a reality for the student.

<p>I den här studien görs ett försök att finna ut varför kommunen väljer cook chill, om det blir någon näringsförlust när man använder metoden och vad pedagogerna anser om maten som serveras. Tre metoder har använts; intervjuer, enkäter och litteraturstudier. Två personer inervjuades; kommunens kostansvarige och den ansvarige vid centralköket. 50 stycken enkäter skickades till pedagoger vid fyra olika förskolor och 26 stycken kom tillbaka.Det framgår i studien att det är ekonomiskt fördelaktigt i kommunen att använda sig av cook chillmetoden, då många förskolor inte är anpassade för matlagning i eget kök. Det finns dock studier som visar på att metoden medför vissa näringsförluster. Pedagogerna vid förskolor med mottagningskök ansåg att maten som serverade inte var speciellt bra och de var oroliga över näringsinnehållet och hur alla tillsatser påverkar barnen. De påvisade även vikten av eget som kök som en pedagogisk resurs för att skapa matlust och goda matvanor.</p>

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I den här studien görs ett försök att finna ut varför kommunen väljer cook chill, om det blir någon näringsförlust när man använder metoden och vad pedagogerna anser om maten som serveras. Tre metoder har använts; intervjuer, enkäter och litteraturstudier. Två personer inervjuades; kommunens kostansvarige och den ansvarige vid centralköket. 50 stycken enkäter skickades till pedagoger vid fyra olika förskolor och 26 stycken kom tillbaka.Det framgår i studien att det är ekonomiskt fördelaktigt i kommunen att använda sig av cook chillmetoden, då många förskolor inte är anpassade för matlagning i eget kök. Det finns dock studier som visar på att metoden medför vissa näringsförluster. Pedagogerna vid förskolor med mottagningskök ansåg att maten som serverade inte var speciellt bra och de var oroliga över näringsinnehållet och hur alla tillsatser påverkar barnen. De påvisade även vikten av eget som kök som en pedagogisk resurs för att skapa matlust och goda matvanor.

<p>This dissertation offers a comprehensive model of contemporary nation-state sovereignty. To do so, it examines the mutually constitutive relationship between sovereignty and present-day globalization as well as the role of law and capital in creating, maintaining, and driving that relationship.</p><p>The scholarly treatment of nation-state sovereignty has been inadequate for several reasons. Older theories of sovereignty could not have foreseen the unprecedented technological advances that underlie our current system and therefore do not sufficiently explain it. More recent theories of sovereignty, in turn, tend to be too narrowly focused, such that a given model of sovereignty often only applies to that particular condition. Furthermore, the academic literatures on sovereignty and nationalism, while occasionally referencing each other, have failed to recognize that the two phenomena are parts of the same whole and therefore must be more fully integrated. </p><p>This dissertation argues that a comprehensive model of contemporary nation-state sovereignty must include two symbiotic elements. The first, referred to here as <italic>emotional sovereignty</italic>, involves subjective relationships with the state. As such, the substance of this element is unique for each group. The second element is a <italic>functional/instrumental</italic> element. It addresses ways that the sovereignty serves as an interface-mechanism with other sovereignties, like compatible nozzles attaching and linking variously-sized hoses. It likewise explains how sovereignty functions as a value-maximization mechanism. In short, a sovereignty must control its relationships with others in order to accumulate as much capital as possible in order to protect and perpetuate aspects of the domestic culture that are deemed most valuable. This <italic>functional/instrumental</italic> element, while used in distinct ways by different groups, is largely identical in form among all states.</p><p>From these multiple angles it becomes evident that nation-state sovereignty is not one single power but instead a set of powers, such that each power entails a strategic option that can be negotiated, delegated, mortgaged or surrendered. Nation-state sovereignty is therefore rendered meaningful only in connection with other nation-state sovereignties; in the contemporary situation, this means globalization. Sovereignty is, after all, an <italic>ad hoc</italic> solution to a particular set of historically and contextually emerging dilemmas; as the dilemmas have continued to change, so have the solutions. And so although people, goods, and ideas have always flowed across borders, whether geographic or cultural, the speed, nature, and extent of all such movement in the contemporary age is unprecedented. Today, all sovereignties - across the globe - are connected in diverse and manifold ways. This dissertation therefore provides a model of globalization that goes beyond the simple movement of people, goods, capital, and ideas to explain the conceptual transformations that have made today's globalization possible; the processes that drive it; and the role of the nation-state, and in particular nation-state sovereignty, as a necessary component of globalization itself. </p><p>The dissertation integrates these theories of sovereignty and globalization to show how the connections created by systems of nation-state law serve as the framework for many of the core processes of globalization, while flows of capital within and enabled by that framework fuel those processes. It shows that there are at least three important aspects of this relationship between sovereignty, globalization, law and capital: First, because of the connections of law, capital, and labor, <underline>every</underline> state is implicated in the production of <underline>every good</underline>, a phenomenon here referred to as <italic>co-production</italic>. Together with the <italic>co-consumption</italic> of those goods, <italic>co-production</italic> is the driving force behind globalization; as such, one can likewise say that nation-states <italic>co-produce</italic> globalization itself through the legal regulation of the movement of capital and individuals. Second, nation-states remain the central structural machinery of globalization. Third, globalization is not uniform. To be sure, the effects of globalization have transformed every culture on the planet and capitalism has been the vehicle for doing so. But just as not all cultures are the same, all capitalisms are not the same either. No model of sovereignty and globalization is therefore complete without a mechanism for accounting for differences in culture and capitalism.</p><p>The research that is the foundation for this dissertation was undertaken primarily in the South Pacific region, focusing on Cook Islanders in the Cook Islands, New Zealand, and Australia. Methods included participant observation, legal and documentary research, as well as informal and semi-structured interviews.</p> / Dissertation