Incrementar a eficiência do processo de refrigeração do sêmen é de grande interesse na reprodução da espécie equina, à medida que a população de equinos cresce, também aumenta a demanda para a comercialização e transporte de sêmen refrigerado. Esse trabalho foi realizado para verificar os efeitos de diferentes diluidores para refrigeração de sêmen equino a 5°C sobre a cinética, membranas, morfologia e cromatina espermáticas durante 12 horas de armazenagem. Foram utilizados quatro ejaculados de quatro garanhões de diferentes raças, colhidos em intervalos semanais. Imediatamente após a colheita, o sêmen in natura foi avaliado quanto ao movimento espermático utilizando-se o sistema computadorizado de análise espermática (CASA), integridade das membranas plasmática e acrossomal e o potencial de membrana mitocondrial, utilizando-se sondas fluorescentes (PI, H342, FITCPSA e JC-1, por microscopia de epifluorescência), morfologia espermática por microscopia de contraste de interferência diferencial (DIC) e desnaturação da cromatina pela coloração de Azul de Toluidina. Logo após as análises, o sêmen foi diluído usando-se três diluidores diferentes: SMT, à base de leite desnatado e meio de Tyrode (adaptado de: PADILLA; FOOTE, 1991), BSAG, diluidor contendo BSA (adaptado de: GIBB et al., 2011) e SMK, à base de leite desnatado (KENNEY et al., 1975; controle), em seguida foi envasado em bisnagas na concentração de 50 x 106 sptz/mL e refrigerado a 5°C em caixas BotuFLEX® (Botupharma, Botucatu-SP), durante um período de 12 horas. O sêmen foi analisado 5 minutos após a diluição (T0), 4 (T4), 8 (T8) e 12 horas (T12) após a refrigeração quanto ao movimento espermático, integridade das membranas plasmática e acrossomal e o potencial de membrana mitocondrial, morfologia espermática e desnaturação da cromatina. A análise estatística foi realizada empregando-se o programa computacional Statistical Analysis System (SAS inst. Inc.). Para todas as variáveis foi utilizada a análise de variância (ANOVA). Para comparação das médias, foi utilizado o método de Tukey sendo considerado o nível de significância de 5%. Foram observadas interações entre tempo X tratamento para a maioria das características de cinética espermática. Dentre os efeitos encontrados dos diluidores, destaca-se que SMT e SMK foram superiores na preservação das motilidades total e progressiva e porcentagem deespermatozoides rápidos em detrimento ao diluidor BSAG. Quanto à preservação das membranas o diluidor SMT (56,6±18,7%) foi significativamente superior ao SMK (49,6±18,6%), que por sua vez foi superior ao BSAG (25,8±14,8%) quanto à porcentagem de espermatozoides com membranas plasmática e acrossomal íntegras e alto potencial mitocondrial (PIAIA). Comportamento semelhante foi observado para o percentual de membrana plasmática e de potencial de membrana mitocondrial. Contrariamente, a membrana acrossomal não foi afetada pela refrigeração do sêmen a 5ºC por até 12 horas independente do diluidor. Foi encontrado maior percentual de defeitos totais quando o sêmen foi refrigerado utilizando o diluidor BSAG (50±12,4%) do que SMT (42,6±11,2%) e SMK (41,8±12,4%). Quando se avaliou a cromatina espermática não foram notados efeitos do tempo de refrigeração nem dos diluidores; todavia, ao se comparar com o sêmen in natura notou-se um aumento no percentual de espermatozoides com desnaturação intermediária da cromatina após 12 horas de refrigeração a 5ºC com o diluidor BSAG. Conclui-se que a refrigeração do sêmen equino a 5ºC altera a cinética espermática de forma oscilante entre os diluidores no decorrer do tempo até 12 horas. Os diluidores SMT e o SMK preservam melhor a cinética, integridade de membranas e morfologia espermática do que o diluidor BSAG. / To develop the efficiency of cooling semen is the great advantage in the equine reproduction, as according to the equine population to grow up, too increase the demand to market and transport of cooling semen. This experiment was performed to verify the effects of different extenders to equine cooling semen at 5°C on the sperm kinetic, membranes, morphology and chromatin during 12 hours of storage. Were utilized four ejaculates from four stallions of different breeds, collected a week. Immediately after the collection, the in natura semen was evaluated as the sperm movement using the Computer-Assisted Semen Analysis (CASA), integrity of plasma and acrossomal membranes and mitochondrial membrane potential, using the fluorescent probes (PI, H342, FITC-PSA and JC-1, by epifluorescência microscopy), sperm morphology by microscopy of differential interference contrast (DIC) and chromatin denaturation by Toluidine blue. As soon as finished the analyses, the semen was diluted using three different extenders: SMT, skim milk based and Tyrode medium (adapted from PADILLA; FOOTE, 1991), BSAG, extender containing BSA (adapted from GIBB et al., 2011) and SMK, skim milk based (KENNEY et al., 1975; control), following was packed in flasks at 50 x 106sperm/mL concentration and cooling at 5°C in BotuFLEX® (Botupharma, Botucatu-SP) box, during 12 hours. The semen was analyzed 5 minutes after dilution (T0), 4 (T4), 8 (T8) and 12 hours (T12) after cooling about sperm movement, plasma and acrossomal membranes integrity and mitochondrial membrane potential sperm morphology and chromatin denaturation. The statistical analysis was performed using Statistical Analysis System (SAS inst. Inc.) software. To all variables was utilized the analysis of variance (ANOVA). To media comparison was utilized the Tukey method, considering the significant level at 5%. Were observed interactions between times X treatment to majority of sperm kinetic characteristic. Among the found effects of the extenders, it was detached that SMT and SMK were superior to preserve total and progressive motility and percentage of rapid sperm in detriment to BSAG extender. It about the membranes preservation the SMT extender (56.6±18.7%) was significantly superior to SMK (49.6±18.6%), which was superior to BSAG (25.8±14.8%) as percentage of sperm with plasma and acrossomal membranes integrity and high mitochondrial potential (PIAIA). Behavior similar was observed to the plasma membrane integrity and potential mitochondrial membrane percentage. Contrary, The acrossomal membrane was not affected by semen cooling at 5ºC until 12 hours independently of the extender. It was found major percentage of defect total to cooling semen using BSAG (50±12.4%) extender compared to SMT (42.6±11.2%) and SMK (41.8±12.4%). When evaluated the sperm chromatin were not found effect of the cooling time neither of the extenders; however, when compared to in natura semen notice an increase on the percentage of spermatozoa with moderate chromatin denaturation after 12 hours of cooling at 5ºC with BSAG extender. It was concluded that the equine semen cooling at 5ºC change the sperm kinetic oscillating way among extenders during the time until 12 hours. The SMT and SMK extenders are better to preserve the sperm kinetic, membranes integrity and morphology than BSAG extender.

Graphite is used as a moderating material and as a structural component in a number of current generation nuclear reactors. During reactor operation stresses develop in the graphite components, causing them to deform. If significant numbers of graphite components were to fail in this manner, the material’s effectiveness as a neutron moderator will be reduced, and the reactor’s safe operation may be compromised. It is therefore important to understand how the microstructure of graphite affects the material’s response to these stresses. Despite much research into the effects of stress on nuclear grade graphite, there remain gaps in our understanding of this process, and there are a number of frequently observed limitations in the current research. Many existing studies either focus on the bulk material, ignoring the important changes at the microlevel; or focus on residual stresses due to the lack of available in-situ data. An experimental programme was designed to study stress-induced changes to the microstructures of Gilsocarbon and Pile Grade A graphite used in UK nuclear reactors. Particular focus was paid to the deformation of the pore structure, since graphite is highly porous and the porosity has a significant effect on the strength and structural integrity of the graphite components. A compression rig was used to simulate the build-up of operational stresses, during which confocal laser microscopy and X-ray tomography were performed to quantify changes to the pore structure at the microlevel; while X-ray diffraction was performed to study deformation of the crystal lattice and quantify the build-up of lattice strains. Pore properties of interest included pore area, surface area, volume, eccentricity, orientation, angularity and separation. Crystal lattice properties of interest included layer spacing, unit cell and crystallite size parameters, lattice strains and Bacon Anisotropy Factor. The experimental and analytical techniques were designed to significantly enhance our current understanding of how graphite responds to stress, with each observation made using a novel technique or improving the effectiveness of existing techniques. These studies have enabled significant novel observations and discussions of the stress-induced deformation behaviour of nuclear grade graphite to be made.

No description available.

Entre as biotécnicas da reprodução, a inseminação artificial (IA) é a que proporciona maior amplitude de resultados nos programas de melhoramento genético animal. A adequada seleção dos atributos produtivos e reprodutivos de fêmeas e principalmente dos machos é a base essencial para a maximização do potencial dessa técnica. O sêmen para IA pode ser fresco, fresco diluído, refrigerado e congelado. Os diluidores têm papel fundamental na expansão do volume seminal, permitindo seu fracionamento na preservação do sêmen no processo de refrigeração, eles devem ser atóxicos, ter pH e pressão osmótica compatíveis com a sobrevivência espermática, de baixo custo e fácil preparo. Sendo assim o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a conservação de sêmen ovino resfriado com diluente de Kenney (K) ou diluente de Kenney mais gema de ovo (KG) por até 48 horas. Foram utilizados quatro carneiros, sendo feitas 40 colheitas. Logo após o sêmen era dividido em duas alíquotas uma com o diluente de K e outra alíquota com diluente de KG. As amostras foram resfriadas à 10ºC. As análises subjetivas usuais foram feitas nos tempos 0, 24 e 48 horas. Estas análises incluíram turbilhonamento, motilidade e vigor. Foram feitas também análises de testes funcionais como a avaliação da integridade das membranas plasmática e acrossomal através das colorações de eosina-nigrosina e técnica da coloração Fast Green / Rosa Bengala (POPE, 1991) respectivamente, avaliação da atividade citoquímica mitocondrial através da coloração de diaminobenzidina (DAB) e avaliação da susceptibilidade do espermatozóide ao estresse oxidativo através da avaliação dos níveis de substâncias reativas ao ácido tiobarbitúrico após a incubação com sistema gerador constituído de sulfato de ferro e ascorbato. Neste trabalho o tempo afetou significativamente a motilidade e o vigor espermático, caindo de 79,16±1,41 para 40,25±2,55 após 48hs e de 3,92±0,06, para 2,57±0,10 após 48hs respectivamente. O tempo influenciou também a integridade das membranas plasmática e acrossomal, fazendo com que houvesse uma queda gradativa nas integridades (0hs=95,75±0,36, 24hs=90,69±0,99, 48hs=86,11±1,45) e (0hs=90,34±0,80, 24hs=84,33±1,30, 48hs=76.67±1,69) respectivamente. Foi possível observar também que ao longo do tempo houve uma diminuição da atividade mitocondrial e um aumento nas espécies reativas ao ácido tiobarbitúrico (TBARS), que diferiu do tempo 0hs para o tempo 48hs (807,42±39.22 e 937,76 ± 41,87). Verificou-se ainda que o meio K apresentou maiores valores de vigor do que o meio KG (p=0,0144), e que o meio K foi capaz de preservar melhor a atividade mitocondrial P=0,0005. A concentração de TBARS no diluente K correlacionou-se negativamente com as variáveis motilidade, vigor, integridade de membrana plasmática e acrossomal. No diluente KG as correlações do TBARS e DAB III foram positiva (r=0,35), demonstrando que quanto maior a quantidade de células com baixa atividade mitocondrial, maior a concentração de TBARS. Foi também encontrada uma correlação negativa entre a variável integridade de acrossomo (ACRO) e TBARS (r=-0,40; P=0,0001), mostrando que quanto menor a porcentagem de células com acrossomo integro, maior a concentração de substancias reativas ao acido tiobarbitúrico. Concluindo que o diluente K foi eficaz em preservar as características seminais de ovino por até 48 horas e que a adição da gema de ovo ao diluente de Kenney não foi capaz de melhorar estas características. / Among the reproductive biotechniques routinely used in animal production, the artificial insemination (AI) is known to provide a greater gain in genetic improvement programs. The adequate selection of female and especially male productive and reproductive traits is the keystone to maximize the potential of this technique. Semen used for AI can be used fresh diluted or not, chilled and frozen. An essential role is played by semen extenders on volume expansion, allowing not only the fractioning in multiple insemination doses, but also the maintenance of sperm fertilizing potential. Therefore, for semen fractioning, chilling or cryopreservation, extenders are required to be atoxic, must maintain pH and osmolarity compatible to the sperm survival, and should be preferably inexpensive and easy to prepare. Therefore, the objective of the present study was to evaluate chilled ram semen using the Kenney extender (K) of the Kenney extender with egg yolk (KG) for 48 h. Forty ejaculates of four rams were (n=40) were used. Samples were equally divided into two aliquots and extended in K extender and KG extender. Samples were chilled at 10ºC and evaluated immediately after chilling (0h), 24 and 48 h later. These analyses included gross motility (swirl pattern), individual motility and vigor. Functional test analyses such as evaluation of plasma membrane integrity using the eosin-nigrosin staining technique, acrosome integrity using the fast green / bengal rose staining method (POPE, 1991), mitochondrial cytochemical activity evaluation utilizing diaminobenzidine (DAB) staining and assessment of sperm susceptibility to the oxidative stress based the levels of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances after the incubation with ferrous sulphate and ascorbate (TBARS) were performed. In this study, a significant influence of chilling period was found for spermatic motility and vigor dropping from 79.16±1.41 to 40.25±2.55 after 48 hours and from 3.92±0.06 to 2.57±0.10 after 48 hours, respectively. Time also negatively influenced the integrity of plasma and acrosomal membrane (0hr=95.75±0.36, 24hrs=90.69±0.99, 48hrs=86.11±1.45; and 0hr=90.34±0.80, 24hrs=84.33±1.30, 48hrs=76.67±1.69, respectively). Also, during the course of time there was a decrease in mitochondrial activity and an increase in TBARS, with an increase from moment 0 to 48 hrs (807.42 ± 39.22 and 937.76 ± 41.87). It was also found that the medium K had greater values of vigor than the medium KG (p=0.0144), and that the medium K was capable of better preserve mitochondrial activity (P=0.0005). A negative correlation was found between the TBARS concentration with motility and vigor and plasma and acrosomal membrane integrity when samples were stored with the extender K. In the KG extender, the TBARS and DAB III correlations were positive (r=0, 35) indicating that showing that the greater the number of cells with low mitochondrial activity, the higher the TBARS concentration. Also, a negative correlation between the acrosomal integrity variable (ACRO) and TBARS (r=-0, 40; P=0,0001) was found, which demonstrates that the lower the percentage of cells with intact acrosomal, the higher the susceptibility to the oxidative stress. Therefore, results indicated that the K extender was effective in preserve the seminal characteristics of ovine for 48 hours and the addition of egg yolk to kenney extender was not capable of improving such characteristics.

The presented thesis focuses on designing a cryogenic cell for the study of water ice in an environmental scanning electron microscope (ESEM). This cell allows the study ice in the temperature range 80 K – 300 K in a nitrogen gas environment with a pressure of up to 400 Pa. The cell is cooled by a flow cooling system, where liquid or gaseous nitrogen is used as a refrigerant. The cell consists of a double-walled vessel with vacuum insulation, a flow-through heat exchanger, a sample well, and a cooled cell lid. The heat exchanger was designed to be able to dissipate the heat load at the level of 1 W. The exchanger is equipped with an electric resistance heater with an output of approximately 60 W, enabling heating of the sample at speeds of up to 100 K·min-1. The design also includes an LN2 gateway located on the door of the vacuum chamber of the microscope, to which the capillaries of the heat exchanger for the intake and outlet of refrigerant are connected. During the experimental verification of the cryogenic cell in the test vacuum chamber with a pressure of GN2 ~ 400 Pa, the limit temperature of 77.5 K on the sample well was reached.

No description available.

Rapid growth of digitalization has urged Data Centres (DC) to be more energy efficient by recovering waste heat from server racks that would otherwise be wasted. This techno-economic study is focused on upgrading low temperature waste heat from typical Air-Cooled DC for District Heating Network (DHN) market in Stockholm region. The methodology is carried out by four system configurations that are experimented with different historical electricity data, impacts of climate change with simulated weather data, and variations in DHN temperature as the heat supply scenario development. The results show that DC configuration with combination of both free-cooling and waste heat recovery can foster techno-economic benefits by reducing cooling consumption by 55.6%, compared to DC configuration with free-cooling only; and further lowering Power Usage Effectiveness (PUE) from 1.95 to 1.52. Lifecycle Operational Expenditure (LCO) has also been used as the economic indicator to represent the maximum initial investment that data centre should accept when deciding to recover the waste heat to the DHN. Moreover, the new technical Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) were introduced to support the decision-making in the supply of recovered waste heat to DHN. The electricity price was further identified to have greater impact than the effect of climate change for the overall techno-economic performance. On one specific hand, heat supply with Price-Limit scenario concluded that 40.18% of available waste heat from DC is not profitable should it be injected to DHN in the case of low electricity price. In the case when the electricity price is high, the amount of waste heat not injected to DHN increases to 58.57%. / <p>The thesis defense presentation was held digitally on Zoom on June 19th 2023 at 09.00 CEST</p>

Deep learning has gained traction in thermal engineering due to its applications to process simulations, the deeper insights it can provide and its abilities to circumvent the shortcomings of classic thermodynamic simulation approaches by capturing complex inter-dependencies. This works sets out to apply probabilistic deep learning to power plant operations using historic plant data. The first study presented, entails the development of a steady-state mixture density network (MDN) capable of predicting effective heat transfer coefficients (HTC) for the various heat exchanger components inside a utility scale boiler. Selected directly controllable input features, including the excess air ratio, steam temperatures, flow rates and pressures are used to predict the HTCs. In the second case study, an encoder-decoder mixturedensity network (MDN) is developed using recurrent neural networks (RNN) for the prediction of utility-scale air-cooled condenser (ACC) backpressure. The effects of ambient conditions and plant operating parameters, such as extraction flow rate, on ACC performance is investigated. In both case studies, hyperparameter searches are done to determine the best performing architectures for these models. Comparisons are drawn between the MDN model versus standard model architecture in both case studies. The HTC predictor model achieved 90% accuracy which equates to an average error of 4.89 W m2K across all heat exchangers. The resultant time-series ACC model achieved an average error of 3.14 kPa, which translate into a model accuracy of 82%.

With the initiative taken by the SUNRISE project (Sustainable Nuclear Energy Research in Sweden) to construct a Lead-cooled research reactor, this thesis intends to extend the knowledge within nuclear fuel development. By using integral iterative modelling and simulating techniques that mimic real-world phenomena, novel fuel materials like uranium nitride are assessed for future validation.  The work deals with the fuel performance analysis of the SUNRISE LFR, employing the TRANSURANUS fuel performance code. This code contains a collection of model parameters that simulate the thermo-mechanical behaviour of the fuel cladding system on an engineering scale of the reactor core. A comparative study is performed for UO$_2$ and UN fuels using the same input data such as fuel geometry. In addition, predefined information relating to the neutronics analysis for the reactor was used as input to the TRANSURANUS code along with literature reviews to select the accurate models on the reactor, fuel, and its behaviour. Furthermore, a sensitivity study is carried out to assess the models and parameters affected by more significant uncertainty.  The uncertainty analysis of the UN fuel's swelling models is performed using the Dakota toolkit. The sampling of input data using the Dakota software coupled with the nuclear simulation program TRANSURANUS produced partial rank correlation coefficients significant to the modelling. However, since the assessed models displayed the same correlation coefficients, the results conclude that a deeper understanding of the theoretical swelling model might be required. / I samverkan med initiativet av SUNRISEprojektet (Sustainable Nuclear Energy Research inSweden) som syftar att bygga en blykyld forskningsreaktor, avser denna avhandling att utökakunskapen inom kärnbränsleutveckling. Med användning av integral iterativ modellering ochsimuleringstekniker som efterliknar verkliga fenomen bedöms nya bränslematerial somuranmononitrid för framtida validering. Arbetet behandlar analysen av bränsleprestanda för SUNRISE LFR, med användning avTRANSURANUS bränsleprestandakod. Denna kod innehåller en samling modellparametrarsom simulerar det termomekaniska beteendet hos bränslebetäckningssystemet i en tekniskskala för reaktorkärnan. En jämförande studie utförs för UO2 och UN-bränslen med sammaingångsdata som t.ex bränslegeometrin. Dessutom användes fördefinierad information om denneutroniska analysen för reaktorn som ingångsdata till TRANSURANUSkoden tillsammans medgranskning av litteratur för att välja lämpliga modeller för reaktorn, bränslet och dess beteende.Därtill genomfördes en känslighetsstudie för att bedöma de modeller och parametrar sompåverkas av mer betydande osäkerhet. Osäkerhetsanalysen av UN-bränslets svällningsmodeller utförs med hjälp av Dakota-verktyget.Samlingen av indata med Dakota-programmet i kombination medkärnkraftssimuleringsprogrammet TRANSURANUS gav korrelationskoefficienter för partiell rangviktiga för modelleringen. Eftersom de utvärderade modellerna visade sammakorrelationskoefficienter, tyder slutsatsen på att en djupare förståelse av den teoretiskasvällningsmodellen krävs

No description available.