Nos domínios visuais, interpretações são iniciadas pela identificação de feições em imagens que irão, posteriormente, dar suporte aos processos mais abstratos de inferência. Para desenvolver sistemas de conhecimento neste tipo de domínio é necessário buscar a melhor representação do conhecimento visual para ser utilizado pelos métodos de inferência. A representação em formato simbólico deste conhecimento auxilia na captura do conhecimento implícito presente em imagens, permitindo seu uso nos processos de raciocínio, mesmo aceitando que parte desse conhecimento não é externalizado e, em conseqüência, não poderá ser representado adequadamente. Estudos recentes têm utilizado anotação de imagens como uma maneira capaz de auxiliar na explicitação do conhecimento, ampliando a expressividade dos formalismos de representação e permitindo o registro das informações associadas às imagens. Embora anotações de imagens flexibilizem a captura do conhecimento, ontologias são associadas às anotações para garantir a formalização do conhecimento nas imagens, suprindo os termos de domínio que podem ser usados para anotar e auxiliar a uniformização da linguagem nas consultas. O objetivo desse trabalho é capturar e documentar o conhecimento visual que dá suporte à inferência nas tarefas de interpretações. Nesse trabalho é elaborada uma maneira de identificar objetos em imagens que contenham feições diagnósticas através da utilização de uma ontologia de domínio pré-existente. Essa identificação de objetos é explorada para permitir a localização física de uma determinada feição em um objeto real. O resultado disso é a identificação de feições em uma imagem tendo-se um referencial de posição segundo um sistema de coordenadas espacial, possibilitando o seu re-posicionamento. O trabalho ainda explora recursos para a melhor utilização de informações relacionadas a uma imagem. Dessa forma, serve de documentação auxiliar para prover diferencial em interpretações. O domínio de aplicação deste trabalho é a Petrografia Sedimentar que tem como uma das tarefas a descrição quantitativa e qualitativa dos minerais que compõem uma amostra de rocha, visando a análise do potencial de um reservatório de petróleo. As informações são visualizadas em uma amostra de rocha e, assim, um especialista toma decisões quanto à viabilidade de exploração do reservatório. Esse modelo foi validado através da implementação de um módulo de anotação de imagem e de referenciamento de objetos, juntamente com um hardware. O processo de descrição de amostra de rocha é detalhado para se explorar o conhecimento em imagens com a precisão da localização dos objetos nela identificados. Essa abordagem complementa os modelos de representação simbólica, que normalmente são insuficientes para capturar a semântica das feições que dão suporte a inferência em domínios visuais. / Problem solvers in visual domains apply image interpretation to extract evidences to support the reasoning process in the search of solution. In order to develop knowledge systems in this kind of domain, it is necessary to represent the knowledge that is extracted from the scenes in the domain in such way that can be used by the inference methods. The symbolic representation formalisms help in shading light on the implicit knowledge embodied in images, allowing its use in reasoning processes, even accepting that part of this knowledge can not be properly expressed by the experts and, in consequence, it is never going to be adequately represented in knowledge models. Some studies use image annotation to extend the semantic capture of the visual knowledge beyond the expressiveness of representation formalisms, allowing that additional content could be described and stored with the images. Although the annotation is a more flexible way of capturing knowledge, ontologies are used along with it to guarantee the formalization of the knowledge annotated in the images, supplying the domain terms that can be used in the annotation process and helping the uniformization of the language and further consultation. The goal of this work is capturing and documenting the visual knowledge that supports inference on interpretation tasks. The work offer a way of identifying objects in images that correspond to diagnostic features and describing them with the support of a pre-existent domain ontology. The object identification is associated to the physical location of the feature in the real object, with the help of a hardware appliance. The result is the feature identification in the image with the reference of its position in a system of spatial coordinates. The work also explores multimedia resources for the best use of information associated to the image, providing an extra-support for knowledge documentation for interpretation tasks. The application domain of this work is the sedimentary petrography, the formal description of rocks in the scope of Petrological studies. The task in focus is the compositional description of minerals in a rock sample, both in qualitative and quantitative way, in order to evaluate the potential of a petroleum reservoir. Several aspects of the rock are studied by the geologist to suggest better techniques for exploration and production of oil fields. The approach defined in this project was validated through the implementation of an image annotation and referencing modules associated to microscope stage appliance that allows the computer to control the movement of the stage during the description process. The whole process of rock sample analysis using the software and the hardware is detailed in order to expose the visual knowledge and its physical position in the rock sample. This approach complements the symbolic representation models that are usually insufficient to capture the semantic of diagnostic features that support reasoning in visual domains.

Nos domínios visuais, interpretações são iniciadas pela identificação de feições em imagens que irão, posteriormente, dar suporte aos processos mais abstratos de inferência. Para desenvolver sistemas de conhecimento neste tipo de domínio é necessário buscar a melhor representação do conhecimento visual para ser utilizado pelos métodos de inferência. A representação em formato simbólico deste conhecimento auxilia na captura do conhecimento implícito presente em imagens, permitindo seu uso nos processos de raciocínio, mesmo aceitando que parte desse conhecimento não é externalizado e, em conseqüência, não poderá ser representado adequadamente. Estudos recentes têm utilizado anotação de imagens como uma maneira capaz de auxiliar na explicitação do conhecimento, ampliando a expressividade dos formalismos de representação e permitindo o registro das informações associadas às imagens. Embora anotações de imagens flexibilizem a captura do conhecimento, ontologias são associadas às anotações para garantir a formalização do conhecimento nas imagens, suprindo os termos de domínio que podem ser usados para anotar e auxiliar a uniformização da linguagem nas consultas. O objetivo desse trabalho é capturar e documentar o conhecimento visual que dá suporte à inferência nas tarefas de interpretações. Nesse trabalho é elaborada uma maneira de identificar objetos em imagens que contenham feições diagnósticas através da utilização de uma ontologia de domínio pré-existente. Essa identificação de objetos é explorada para permitir a localização física de uma determinada feição em um objeto real. O resultado disso é a identificação de feições em uma imagem tendo-se um referencial de posição segundo um sistema de coordenadas espacial, possibilitando o seu re-posicionamento. O trabalho ainda explora recursos para a melhor utilização de informações relacionadas a uma imagem. Dessa forma, serve de documentação auxiliar para prover diferencial em interpretações. O domínio de aplicação deste trabalho é a Petrografia Sedimentar que tem como uma das tarefas a descrição quantitativa e qualitativa dos minerais que compõem uma amostra de rocha, visando a análise do potencial de um reservatório de petróleo. As informações são visualizadas em uma amostra de rocha e, assim, um especialista toma decisões quanto à viabilidade de exploração do reservatório. Esse modelo foi validado através da implementação de um módulo de anotação de imagem e de referenciamento de objetos, juntamente com um hardware. O processo de descrição de amostra de rocha é detalhado para se explorar o conhecimento em imagens com a precisão da localização dos objetos nela identificados. Essa abordagem complementa os modelos de representação simbólica, que normalmente são insuficientes para capturar a semântica das feições que dão suporte a inferência em domínios visuais. / Problem solvers in visual domains apply image interpretation to extract evidences to support the reasoning process in the search of solution. In order to develop knowledge systems in this kind of domain, it is necessary to represent the knowledge that is extracted from the scenes in the domain in such way that can be used by the inference methods. The symbolic representation formalisms help in shading light on the implicit knowledge embodied in images, allowing its use in reasoning processes, even accepting that part of this knowledge can not be properly expressed by the experts and, in consequence, it is never going to be adequately represented in knowledge models. Some studies use image annotation to extend the semantic capture of the visual knowledge beyond the expressiveness of representation formalisms, allowing that additional content could be described and stored with the images. Although the annotation is a more flexible way of capturing knowledge, ontologies are used along with it to guarantee the formalization of the knowledge annotated in the images, supplying the domain terms that can be used in the annotation process and helping the uniformization of the language and further consultation. The goal of this work is capturing and documenting the visual knowledge that supports inference on interpretation tasks. The work offer a way of identifying objects in images that correspond to diagnostic features and describing them with the support of a pre-existent domain ontology. The object identification is associated to the physical location of the feature in the real object, with the help of a hardware appliance. The result is the feature identification in the image with the reference of its position in a system of spatial coordinates. The work also explores multimedia resources for the best use of information associated to the image, providing an extra-support for knowledge documentation for interpretation tasks. The application domain of this work is the sedimentary petrography, the formal description of rocks in the scope of Petrological studies. The task in focus is the compositional description of minerals in a rock sample, both in qualitative and quantitative way, in order to evaluate the potential of a petroleum reservoir. Several aspects of the rock are studied by the geologist to suggest better techniques for exploration and production of oil fields. The approach defined in this project was validated through the implementation of an image annotation and referencing modules associated to microscope stage appliance that allows the computer to control the movement of the stage during the description process. The whole process of rock sample analysis using the software and the hardware is detailed in order to expose the visual knowledge and its physical position in the rock sample. This approach complements the symbolic representation models that are usually insufficient to capture the semantic of diagnostic features that support reasoning in visual domains.

Im Rahmen einer Diplomarbeit wurden 2015 die untertägigen Polygonzugnetze der Gruben Unterbreizbach/Merkers der K+S KALI GmbH im Lagebezug ETRS89/UTM neu orientiert und Ergebnisse verschiedener Messepochen ausgeglichen. Für die Schaffung eines weiteren Anschlusspunktes erfolgten zur Koordinatenübertragung im Schacht Merkers 2 eine mechanische Schachtlotung und eine Steilschachtmessung nach dem Verfahren von Mecke/Ackermann aus dem Jahr 2002. Die Methoden werden gegenübergestellt und die erreichten Genauigkeiten diskutiert. / Within the framework of a diploma thesis the underground mining coordinate system of Unterbreizbach/Merkers K+S KALI GmbH became reorientated in the reference system ETRS89/UTM with an adjustment of results from different ages of measurement. For the development of a further termination point a mechanical shaft plumbing and a steep shaft measurement according to Mecke/Ackermann from 2002 took place. The methods will be compared followed by a discussion of the reached accuracies.

In this thesis I focus on finding the position of computers on the Internet. This need for locating computers originated in the last several years through the creation of overlay networks. For this activity there are many algorithms. This paper describes the King method that estimated the distance between communicating stations by using the domain name system. The aim of this work is to verify the accuracy of the King method in experimental PlanetLab network. This network provides access for more than 1000 stations worldwide.

This thesis investigates the mechanisms behind the control of a typical two line kite, where the lines are attached to the kite side by side. This arrangement gives the kite flyer the ability to apply a roll angle to the kite, which then results in a yawing motion. The reason for this yaw rotation has not been adequately described previously. The definitions of roll and yaw for a kite have been re-defined to match the real world behaviour of the kite-bridle-line system. Specifically, these are defined as rotations relative to the lines rather than the kite itself. This detail has been neglected in previous research, and has a significant effect on the turning behaviour of a kite. A static model of a kite represented by flat disks was created. This model allows the out of balance forces and moments to be found for a kite when it is held at any position. When the kite is held with a roll angle applied, the disk angles of attack become unequal. This causes a change in the magnitude, direction, and point of action of the aerodynamic forces on each disk, which can lead to a yaw moment. While this does not give a complete picture of how a kite turns, it does explain one of the two mechanisms that cause a kite to begin to yaw when a roll angle is applied. The other mechanism is due to the velocity of the roll rotation, and is out of the scope of this thesis since a dynamic analysis would be required. The static model showed that any variation to kite geometry or any parameter that affects the equilibrium position of the kite will affect turning response. The most important of these parameters for a simple kite represented by two disks is the dihedral angle. A minimum negative dihedral angle (or anhedral) is required for a kite to turn in the expected direction when a roll angle is applied. The value of the minimum anhedral angle required for this behaviour varies with other parameters, but is generally between 8° and 20°. Other parameters such as bridle geometry also affect the turning response of a kite, primarily because they alter the equilibrium positions of the kite and line. Altering these equilibrium positions has a strong effect on turning response, since it changes the initial disk angles of attack. Additionally, if the kite and line are not aligned perpendicular to each other (which is a rare condition for a kite) a roll angle further changes the disk angles of attack, since the roll angle is applied about an axis relative to the line rather than the kite. An investigation into the effect of varying wind velocity on turning response showed that it has an important effect. Some kites will reverse their response to a given roll angle at some wind velocities, which could make the kite very difficult to control. Additionally, some kites can alter their equilibrium positions sharply with wind velocity, again causing varying turning behaviour as the wind conditions change. Future work should examine the dynamic turning response of kites. A dynamic simulation could be used to examine how the turning response of a kite is influenced by the rate at which a control input is applied. Additionally, the behaviour of the kite once the initial turning movement has begun could be assessed.

Animal home range estimations are important for conservation planning and protecting the habitat of threatened species. The accuracy of home range calculations is influenced by the map projection chosen in a geographic information system (GIS) for data analysis. Different methods of projection will distort spatial data in different ways, so it is important to choose a projection that meets the needs of the research. The large number of projections in use today and the lack of distortion comparison between the various types make selecting the most appropriate projection a difficult decision. The purpose of this study is to quantify and compare the amount of area distortion in animal home range estimations when projected into a number of projected coordinate systems in order to understand how the chosen projection influences analysis. The objectives of this research are accomplished by analyzing the tracking data of four species from different regions in North and South America. The home range of each individual from the four species datasets is calculated using the Characteristic Hull Polygon method for home range estimation and then projected into eight projected coordinate systems of various scales and projection type, including equal area, conformal, equidistant, and compromise projections. A continental Albers Equal Area projection is then used as a baseline area for the calculation of a distortion measurement ratio and magnitude of distortion statistic. The distortion measurement ratio and magnitude calculations provide a measurement of the quantity of area distortion caused by a projection. Results show the amount distortion associated with each type of projection method and how the amount of distortion changes for a projection based on geographic location. These findings show how the choice of map projection can have a large influence on data analysis and illustrate the importance of using an appropriate PCS for the needs of a given study. Distorted perceptions can influence decision-making, so it is important to recognize how a map projection can influence the analysis and interpretation of spatial data.

Οι ροές φλεβών άνωσης παρουσιάζουν μεγάλο ενδιαφέρον στην περιβαλλοντική υδραυλική και στη μηχανική των ρευστών, επειδή εμφανίζονται σε αρκετά φαινόμενα που σχετίζονται με τη διάθεση υγρών αποβλήτων ή θερμικών απορρίψεων σε υδάτινους αποδέκτες καθώς επίσης και την εκπομπή αερίων ενώσεων από καμινάδες στην ατμόσφαιρα. Στην παρούσα Διδακτορική Διατριβή μελετήθηκε η ροή κεκλιμένης δισδιάστατης ή κυκλικής ανωστικής φλέβας εντός ακίνητου ή κινούμενου αποδέκτη και η αλληλεπίδραση μεταξύ ανωστικών φλεβών. Στα υπάρχοντα μαθηματικά μοντέλα, ο υπολογισμός του πεδίου ροής και διάχυσης μιας κεκλιμένης ανωστικής φλέβας πραγματοποιείται επιλύοντας το σύστημα των διαφορικών εξισώσεων της συνεχείας, της ορμής και της διατήρησης της μάζας του ιχνηθέτη, για τη μέση ροή, σε ένα καρτεσιανό ή κυλινδρικό σύστημα συντεταγμένων. Με αυτό τον τρόπο όμως, παραλείπονται όροι από τις εξισώσεις που προσδίδουν μεγαλύτερη ακρίβεια. Ακόμη, το φαινόμενο της αποκόλλησης μαζών από την ανωστική φλέβα έχει μεν παρατηρηθεί σε πειραματικές εργασίες διαφόρων ερευνητών αλλά δεν έχει προσδιοριστεί ποσοτικά. Μία ακόμη αδυναμία που χαρακτηρίζει τα υπάρχοντα μαθηματικά μοντέλα, είναι ότι θεωρούν τον αποδέκτη απεριορίστων διαστάσεων με συνέπεια τα αποτελέσματά τους να μην ακολουθούν τα αντίστοιχα πειραματικά αποτελέσματα, τα οποία φέρουν την επιρροή των ορίων, αφού πρακτικά δεν γίνεται να πραγματοποιηθούν σε αποδέκτες απεριορίστων διαστάσεων. Η παρούσα Διατριβή επιχειρεί να συμβάλλει στη βελτίωση των παραπάνω αδυναμιών, προτείνοντας τη μαθηματική περιγραφή της ελεύθερης κεκλιμένης τυρβώδους ανωστικής φλέβας σε ένα καμπυλόγραμμο ορθογώνιο ή κυλινδρικό σύστημα συντεταγμένων, ώστε να επιτευχθεί καλύτερη ακρίβεια στον υπολογισμό των μέσων χαρακτηριστικών της ροής. Επίσης, αναπτύσσεται ένα μαθηματικό μοντέλο, το οποίο προσομοιώνει τη διαφυγή των μαζών που αποκολλώνται από το σώμα της ανωστικής φλέβας, και όπως φαίνεται, τα δύο αυτά στοιχεία επηρεάζουν τόσο την τροχιά της φλέβας όσο και την αραίωση. Στο σημείο αυτό, η παρούσα Διατριβή χρησιμοποιεί τη μέθοδο της συμμετρικής εικονικής πηγής για την απόκτηση λύσης του προβλήματος σε ημίχωρο. Θεωρείται, λοιπόν, κατοπτρικά ως προς το όριο όμοια εικονική πηγή με την πραγματική, ανωστική φλέβα, η οποία αλληλεπιδρά δυναμικά με την ανωστική φλέβα της πραγματικής πηγής. Τέλος, τα ανωτέρω συνδυάζονται στην ανάπτυξη ενός μοντέλου, το οποίο υπολογίζει τα χαρακτηριστικά του πεδίου μέσης ροής και διάχυσης από την αλληλεπίδραση N κατακορύφων ανωστικών φλεβών σε διάταξη τύπου ροζέτας εντός ήρεμου αποδέκτη. Το μοντέλο αυτό παρέχει ακρίβεια 2ης τάξης. Η παρούσα διατριβή αναπτύσσεται σε έξι κεφάλαια. Στο πρώτο Κεφάλαιο, πραγματοποιείται μια εισαγωγή στο αντικείμενο της Διατριβής. Αναφέρονται τα πεδία στα οποία συναντώνται φαινόμενα ροών από ανωστικές φλέβες και η πρακτική σημασία τους. Επίσης, αναφέρονται οι στόχοι οι οποίοι επιδιώκονται μέσω της Διατριβής. Το δεύτερο Κεφάλαιο, περιέχει βιβλιογραφική ανασκόπηση, στην οποία αναφέρονται τα κυριότερα μαθηματικά μοντέλα για τις περιπτώσεις των ελευθέρων και των πολλαπλών κυκλικών ή δισδιάστατων ανωστικών φλεβών. Επίσης, παρουσιάζονται οι σημαντικότερες διαθέσιμες ερευνητικές εργασίες διεξαχθέντων συναφών πειραμάτων, των οποίων οι μετρήσεις χρησιμοποιούνται στον έλεγχο των αποτελεσμάτων, τα οποία προκύπτουν από την εφαρμογή των μαθηματικών μοντέλων που αναπτύσσονται στην παρούσα Διατριβή. Στο τρίτο Κεφάλαιο, αναπτύσσονται τα υποστηρικτικά μοντέλα, τα οποία ενσωματώνονται στο γενικότερο μαθηματικό μοντέλο υπολογισμού των κεκλιμένων ανωστικών φλεβών και στο μοντέλο της αλληλεπίδρασής τους. Αρχικώς, κατασκευάζεται το σύστημα το καμπυλογράμμων ορθογωνίων και κυλινδρικών συντεταγμένων και διατυπώνονται οι εξισώσεις της συνεχείας, της ορμής και της διατήρησης της μάζας του ιχνηθέτη για τη μέση ροή στο αντίστοιχο σύστημα. Στην συνέχεια, περιγράφεται η ανάπτυξη του μοντέλου για τον πυρήνα της Ζώνης Εγκατάστασης της Ροής, το οποίο υπολογίζει τις πραγματικές εγκάρσιες κατανομές των ταχυτήτων και των συγκεντρώσεων ξεκινώντας από την έξοδο του ακροφυσίου έως το πέρας του πυρήνα. Τέλος, αναπτύσσεται το μαθηματικό μοντέλο, το οποίο περιγράφει τη διαφυγή των μαζών που αποκολλώνται από το πεδίο ροής μιας κεκλιμένης δισδιάστατης ή κυκλικής τυρβώδους ανωστικής φλέβας. Στο τέταρτο Κεφάλαιο, παρουσιάζεται ένα ολοκληρωμένο μαθηματικό μοντέλο για μια κεκλιμένη δισδιάστατη ή κυκλική τυρβώδη ανωστική φλέβα σε ήρεμο ή κινούμενο αποδέκτη, το οποίο ενσωματώνει τα επί μέρους μοντέλα του τρίτου Κεφαλαίου. Το μοντέλο, συγκρίνεται με τα διαθέσιμα πειραματικά δεδομένα της διεθνούς βιβλιογραφίας και ταυτοχρόνως ρυθμίζεται η προσομοίωση της διαφυγής των μαζών που αποκολλώνται. Στο πέμπτο Κεφάλαιο εξετάζεται η αλληλεπίδραση μεταξύ τυρβωδών ανωστικών φλεβών. Στο πρώτο μέρος του Κεφαλαίου προτείνεται ένα μοντέλο 2ης τάξης, το οποίο υπολογίζει τα χαρακτηριστικά του μέσου πεδίου ροής και διάχυσης από την αλληλεπίδραση Ν κατακορύφων κυκλικών ανωστικών φλεβών από διαχύτη τύπου ροζέτας. Στο δεύτερο μέρος, μελετάται η δυναμική αλληλεπίδραση μεταξύ ανωστικών φλεβών. Αναπτύσσεται το σύστημα των εξισώσεων, το οποίο ενσωματώνει τη δυναμική αλληλεπίδραση, και αντιμετωπίζεται η ύπαρξη στερεών ορίων στο πεδίο ροής ανωστικής φλέβας μέσω της αλληλεπίδρασης των ανωστικών φλεβών από την πραγματική και τη συμμετρική εικονική της πηγή. Στο έκτο Κεφάλαιο, παρουσιάζονται τα συμπεράσματα, τα οποία προκύπτουν από την εφαρμογή των διαφόρων μαθηματικών μοντέλων της Διατριβής, τα οποία εν συντομία, είναι τα εξής: • Αναπτύσσεται ένα μαθηματικό μοντέλο, το οποίο υπολογίζει με πολύ μεγάλη ακρίβεια την κεκλιμένη δισδιάστατη ή κυκλική τυρβώδη ανωστική φλέβα, για αρχικές γωνίες κλίσης -75° ≤ θ0 ≤ 90°. • Η προσομοίωση της διαφυγής των μαζών, που αποκολλώνται από την ανωστική φλέβα, προσεγγίζει ακριβέστερα την τροχιά των κεκλιμένων φλεβών, όπως αυτή προσδιορίζεται από τις πειραματικές μετρήσεις. • Λόγω έλλειψης πειραματικών δεδομένων για την περίπτωση της κεκλιμένης δισδιάστατης τυρβώδους ανωστικής φλέβας, ο συντελεστής Λ, που χαρακτηρίζει τις αποκολλήσεις, λαμβάνεται ίσος με 0,06, για την περίπτωση όπου θ0 = 0°. • Για την κεκλιμένη κυκλική τυρβώδη ανωστική φλέβα, προτείνεται Λ = 0,34 για -75° ≤ θ0 ≤ -15° και Λ = 0,00 για -15° < θ0 ≤ 90°, δηλώνοντας ότι οι διαφυγές σε αυτές τις γωνίες είναι αμελητέες. • Προβλέπεται με χαρακτηριστική ακρίβεια το εξωτερικό όριο των κεκλιμένων κυκλικών τυρβωδών ανωστικών φλεβών και με ικανοποιητική ακρίβεια η τροχιά, συγκριτικά με τα διαθέσιμα αποτελέσματα των αντιστοίχων πειραμάτων. Η σύγκριση του εσωτερικού ορίου εξαιτίας της ύπαρξης των διαφυγών είναι δυσδιάκριτη και πιθανόν να εμπεριέχει σφάλματα. • Ο υπολογισμός των χαρακτηριστικών της ροής, από την αλληλεπίδραση N κατακορύφων κυκλικών τυρβωδών ανωστικών φλεβών από διαχύτη τύπου ροζέτας εντός ήρεμου αποδέκτη, δίνουν ικανοποιητικά αποτελέσματα συγκρινόμενα με τα υπάρχοντα πειραματικά και θεωρητικά δεδομένα • Η αλληλεπίδραση Ν ομοίων ή διαφορετικών δισδιάστατων ή κυκλικών τυρβωδών ανωστικών φλεβών αντιμετωπίζεται χρησιμοποιώντας τη θεωρία του δυναμικού πεδίου. • Η αντιμετώπιση των εξωτερικών ορίων, χρησιμοποιώντας τη δυναμική αλληλεπίδραση μεταξύ ανωστικών φλεβών δίνει ενθαρρυντικά αποτελέσματα. Τέλος, στα Παραρτήματα περιγράφεται αναλυτικώς η μαθηματική ανάπτυξη του κάθε μοντέλου και δίνονται σε μορφή διαγραμμάτων τα θεωρητικά αποτελέσματα με τα αντίστοιχα πειραματικά δεδομένα για τα διάφορα χαρακτηριστικά των κεκλιμένων κυκλικών ανωστικών φλεβών. / In this Doctoral Thesis a mathematical model that predicts the mean flow and mixing parameters of inclined plane and round turbulent jets in a stationary or moving uniform fluid environment is developed. Also, the interaction of multiple buoyant jets is mathematically examined. The existing mathematical models predict the mean flow and mixing properties of an inclined plane and round turbulent buoyant jets in a uniform stationery or moving environment solving the system of partial differential equations of continuity momentum and tracer conservation of mass written in cartesian or cylindrical coordinates. By this way, the terms that give a better precision are omitted. Also, the escaping masses from the main buoyant jet flow that are experimentally observed are not quantified. Furthermore, these models assume that the receiver is infinite so the predicted properties do not coincide to experimental data. These experimental data are affected by the boundaries as the experiments cannot be conducted in boundless environment. The present Thesis, attempts to improve the aforementioned weaknesses. In this Thesis, a mathematical description of an inclined turbulent plane or round buoyant jet is proposed, where the partial differential equations for continuity, momentum and tracer conservation are written in orthogonal and cylindrical curvilinear coordinates in order to achieve better accuracy of the mean flow and mixing parameters. The escaping masses from the main buoyant jet flow are simulated, and the model can be successfully applied to initial discharge inclinations θ0 from 90° to -75° with respect to the horizontal plane. This is based on the idea that masses may escape from the buoyant jet zones where considerable intermittency occurs and entrainment shows large variations having a very weak, zero or negative mean value and at the same time some buoyant chunks lose their inertia due to reversal motions imposed by the large eddies. Thus, the only governing force on these masses is buoyancy. This complementary approach introduces a concentration coefficient, called Λ, which is calibrated using experimental evidence. This phenomenon is sharper in motionless environment. The present model has incorporated the second-order approach and, regarding the jet-core region, a jet-core model based on the advanced integral model for the production of more correct transverse profiles of the mean axial velocities and mean concentrations than the common Gaussian or top-hat profiles. The partial differential equations for momentum and tracer conservation are written in orthogonal and cylindrical curvilinear coordinates for inclined plane and round buoyant jets, respectively, and they are integrated under the closure assumptions of (a) quasi-linear spreading of the mean flow and mixing fields, and (b) known transverse profile distributions. The integral forms are solved by employing the Runge–Kutta algorithm. This model is applied to predict the mean flow properties (trajectory characteristics, mean axial velocities and mean concentrations) for inclined plane and round buoyant jets. The results predicted are compared with experimental data available in the literature, and the accuracy obtained is more than satisfactory. The best values of Λ were found to be in the range from 0.30 to 0.42, indicating a mean value ± standard deviation of Λ = 0.344 ± 0.053 for -75° ≤ θ0 ≤ -15°. Thus Λ = 0.34 is adopted as the suitable value for all cases of round buoyant jets with -75° ≤ θ0 ≤ -15°, while for the rest range -15° < θ0 ≤ 90° the pertinent value is Λ = 0. For the inclined plane buoyant jets, the available experimental data are rather restricted to only trajectories and concentrations of horizontal discharges, which allow the determination of a suitable value Λ = 0.08. The Entrainment Restriction Approach is employed in interacting round buoyant jets discharged vertically upwards from a rosette type diffuser into a calm environment. Incorporating the second order approach, the prediction of the mean-flow properties achieves better accuracy. The present Thesis solves the interaction of N identical or not inclined turbulent plane or round buoyant jets using the potentional theory. The occurrence of boundaries is handled via the method of symmetric virtual origin. A mirror image to the boundary, which is identical to the real buoyant jet, is assumed that dynamically interacts with the buoyant jet issued form the real source.

Darbe ištirtos ir palygintos dviejų elektrofotografinių mašinų „Xerox DC5000“ ir „Conica Minolta 6500“ spalvų reprodukavimo galimybės. Tyrimas buvo atliekamas dviem spaudos mašinomis po tam tikro spaudų skaičiaus atspausdinant kalibracinį testą (lapą su specialiai spektrofotometrui paruoštais vienodo dydžio įvairių atspalvių kvadratėliais, kuriuose yra skirtingas visų keturių CMYK spalvų rastrinių taškų skaičius), kurio spalvų intensyvumas buvo matuojamas spektrofotometru „Efi ES–1000“. Nustatyta, kad spaudos mašinos „Xerox“ reprodukuojamų spalvų sodris didesnis lyginant su „Minolta“, tai lemia spaudo padengimas laku, kuris sukelia veidrodinį efektą, eliminuojama patenkanti į matavimo prietaisą išsklaidyta šviesa. Nustatytas savikalibracinės sistemos netobulumas bei abiejų mašinų spaudų skaičius, po kurio mašina turi buti kalibruojama. Darbą sudaro 7 dalys: įvadas, literatūros apžvalga, tyrimų metodika, rezultatai ir jų aptarimas, išvados ir rekomendacijos, literatūros sąrašas, priedai. Darbo apimtis – 57 p. teksto be priedų, 3 lentelės, 33 paveikslai, 15 bibliografinių šaltinių. Darbo priedai pridedami darbo pabaigoje. / The research regarding colour reproduction possibilities of two electrographic machines “Xerox DocuColor 5000” and “Conica Minolta Bizhub pro C6500” was made. In it two stamped machines were used, which had to stamp fixed numbers of calibration test (a paper with specially made, same size and various colours quadrants for spectrofotometer, where is different number of all four CMYK bitmap colour dots), which colour intensity was measured with using spaectrofotometer “Efi ES-1000”. The results have shown that “Xerox” machine has larger colour reproduction depth comparing to “Minolta” . This condition is made because of varnish that covers stamp. It creates specular effect and eliminates resolved light that comes to measuring devices. Self calibrating system cracks were discovered as well. Also two machines have to be calibrated after fixed number of stamps. Thesis has 7 parts: Introduction, literature review, research methodology, results, results discussion, conclusion and recommendation, literature list, appendix. Thesis consist of: 57p. text without appendix, 3 tables, 33 pictures, 15 bibliographical.

Simulations of the wind climate in complex terrain may be useful in many cases, e.g. for wind energy mapping. In this study a new mass-consistent model (MCM), the λ-model, was developed and the ability of the model was examined. In the model an initial wind field is adjusted to fulfill the requirement of being non-divergent at all points. The advance of the λ- model compared with previous MCM:s is the use of a terrain-influenced coordinate system. Except the wind field, the model parameters include constants α, one for each direction. Those constants have no obvious physical meaning and have to be determined empirically. To determine the ability and quality of the λ-model, the results were compared with results from the mesoscale MIUU-model. Firstly, comparisons were made for a Gauss-shaped hill, to find situations which are not caught by the λ-model, e.g. wakes and thermal effects. During daytime the results from the λ-model were good but the model fails during nighttime. From the comparisons between the models the importance of the α-constants were studied. Secondly, comparisons between the models were made for real terrain. Wind data from the MIUU-model with resolution 5 km was used as input data and was interpolated to a 1 km grid and made non-divergent by the λ-model. To study the quality of the results, they were compared with simulations from the MIUU-model with resolution 1 km. The results are quite accurate, after adjusting for a difference in mean wind speed between MIUU-model runs on 1km and 5 km resolution. Good results from the λ-model were reached if a climate average wind speed was calculated from several simulations with different wind directions. Especially if the mean wind speed for the domain in the λ-model was modified to the same level as in the MIUU 1 km. The λ-model may be a useful tool as the results were found to be reasonable good for many cases. But the user must be aware of situations when the model fails. Future studies could be done to investigate if the λ-model is useable for resolutions down to 100 meters. / Modellering av vindklimat i komplex terräng är användbart i många sammanhang, t ex vid vindkartering för vindenergi. I den här studien utvecklas och undersöks användbarheten av en sk. Mass-Consistent Model, λ-modellen. Modellen bygger på att ett initialt vindfält justeras för att uppfylla kontinuitetsekvationen i alla punkter. För att göra vindfältet divergensfritt används en metod som bygger på variationskalkyl. Fördelen med denna nya modell jämfört med tidigare är användandet av ett terränginfluerat koordinatsystem. I teorin för λ-modellen införs en parameter α. Då denna inte har någon självklar fysikalisk betydelse behöver den bestämmas empiriskt.   För att undersöka kvalitén hos λ-modellen gjordes jämförelser med den mesoskaliga MIUU-modellen. Det första steget var att jämföra körningar över en Gaussformad kulle, detta för att jämföra modellerna och finna situationer som λ-modellen inte löser upp. Exempel på sådana är termiska effekter och vakar. Resultaten under dagtid var bra medan under nattetid var det stora skillnader mellan modellerna. Utifrån resultaten kunde betydelsen av α-parametern studeras.   Nästa steg var att jämföra med verklig terräng. Detta gjordes för ett område i Norrbotten. Här användes vinddata från MIUU-modellen med upplösning 5 km som indata för att beräkna vinden på en skala 1 km. För att undersöka kvalitén hos λ-modellen användes data från MIUU-modellen med upplösning 1 km som jämförelse. Resultaten avseende vindvariationerna i terrängen är tillfredställande, dock med något för höga vindhastigheter i λ-modellen. Detta visade sig bero på för högre medelvind i MIUU 5 km än i MIUU 1 km. Jämförelse mellan modellerna gjordes även för Suorva-dalen i Lappland vilken omges av bergig terräng. Resultaten här var sämre avseende medelvindarna, men med bättre resultat avseende vindriktningarna.   Bra resultat för λ-modellen nåddes då resultat från flera simuleringar slogs samman till ett medelvärde. Framförallt blev resultatet bra då medelvinden justerades till samma nivå som MIUU 1 km.   Sammanfattningsvis kan sägas att resultaten från λ-modellen är rimliga i många situationer men att det är viktigt att veta i vilka situationer den inte fungerar. Framtida undersökningar bör göras för att undersöka om modellen är användbar för upplösningar ner till ca 100 meter.

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