Four geographic information system methods were applied to determine connectivity and fragmentation for a corridor from Riding Mountain National Park to Duck Mountain Provincial Park and Forest. Least-cost path modelling showed that presently there is no corridor of continuous forest or corridor of undeveloped land between these two areas, of which developed land appears to fragment all possible paths. Maps generated from spatial graphs and least-cost path modelling show that undisturbed land and forest is concentrated in the western Bluewing Corridor. Due to its greater connectivity, the Bluewing corridor is the preferred route for a corridor between these conservation areas.

The shopping centre was born in Europe and matured in North America, and it now exists in cities with a wide variety of cultures and politics (Dawson, 1983: 1). According to Casazza et al. (1985:1), the shopping centre is probably the most successful land use, development, real estate, and retail business concept of the 20th century. According to Casazza et al. (1985: 2), the shopping centre is a specialised, commercial land use and building type that previously thrived primarily in suburbia, but today is found throughout the country. When using the term ?shopping centre? accurately, a shopping centre refers to: ?A group of architecturally unified commercial establishments built on a site that is planned, developed, owned and managed as an operating unit related in its location, size, and type of shops to the trade area that it serves. The unit provides on-site parking in definite relationship to the types and total size of the stores? (Casazza et al., 1985: 2). This study investigated the need for a new shopping centre in Klerksdorp. Therefore, this study determined whether a new shopping centre in Klerksdorp would be viable. Klerksdorp and its district are quite unique in certain ways, especially due to the farming and mining activities that are found there. Klerksdorp provides goods and services especially for the people residing in Klerksdorp itself, Kanana, Alabama, Jouberton, Hartbeesfontein, Orkney, Vaal Reefs and Stilfontein. The main shopping activity is generally found in the Central Business District (CBD) of Klerksdorp and its surrounding areas. Klerksdorp has only one major shopping centre (the City Mall) that provides goods and services for the people in an enclosed surrounding area. This causes an over concentration in the CBD and too much traffic in an already limited space. The need for Klerksdorp to provide a bigger centre for the citizens of the town, as well as the surrounding areas, is high. Another regional shopping centre close to Klerksdorp is found in Potchefstroom, namely the Mooirivier Mall, and mainly provides in the extra shopping needs of the people living in Klerksdorp and its surrounding areas. This study therefore determined whether there is a need for a shopping centre from a retail and consumer point of view, and also whether it will be viable. The empirical study revealed that approximately half of the respondents are not satisfied with the current shopping centres in Klerksdorp and that more than half of the respondents feel that the shopping centres do not cater for enough parking. The study revealed that, from a consumer point of view, there is definitely a need for a new shopping centre in Klerksdorp. Urban-Econ Development Economists (2009: 56) concluded that the retail market has been fairly buoyant, and although the effects of interest rate hikes and increased inflation and global recession have become visible, fair growth is still expected in the following years, once the economy starts to recover. This indicates that Klerksdorp has a need for a new shopping centre, as 89,705 m2 GLA is available. This shows that if a new shopping centre is built, the other shopping centres in Klerksdorp will still be sustainable, and a new shopping centre will be sustainable and viable. / Thesis (M.Art. et Scien. (Town and Regional Planning))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2011.

Four geographic information system methods were applied to determine connectivity and fragmentation for a corridor from Riding Mountain National Park to Duck Mountain Provincial Park and Forest. Least-cost path modelling showed that presently there is no corridor of continuous forest or corridor of undeveloped land between these two areas, of which developed land appears to fragment all possible paths. Maps generated from spatial graphs and least-cost path modelling show that undisturbed land and forest is concentrated in the western Bluewing Corridor. Due to its greater connectivity, the Bluewing corridor is the preferred route for a corridor between these conservation areas.

The shopping centre was born in Europe and matured in North America, and it now exists in cities with a wide variety of cultures and politics (Dawson, 1983: 1). According to Casazza et al. (1985:1), the shopping centre is probably the most successful land use, development, real estate, and retail business concept of the 20th century. According to Casazza et al. (1985: 2), the shopping centre is a specialised, commercial land use and building type that previously thrived primarily in suburbia, but today is found throughout the country. When using the term ?shopping centre? accurately, a shopping centre refers to: ?A group of architecturally unified commercial establishments built on a site that is planned, developed, owned and managed as an operating unit related in its location, size, and type of shops to the trade area that it serves. The unit provides on-site parking in definite relationship to the types and total size of the stores? (Casazza et al., 1985: 2). This study investigated the need for a new shopping centre in Klerksdorp. Therefore, this study determined whether a new shopping centre in Klerksdorp would be viable. Klerksdorp and its district are quite unique in certain ways, especially due to the farming and mining activities that are found there. Klerksdorp provides goods and services especially for the people residing in Klerksdorp itself, Kanana, Alabama, Jouberton, Hartbeesfontein, Orkney, Vaal Reefs and Stilfontein. The main shopping activity is generally found in the Central Business District (CBD) of Klerksdorp and its surrounding areas. Klerksdorp has only one major shopping centre (the City Mall) that provides goods and services for the people in an enclosed surrounding area. This causes an over concentration in the CBD and too much traffic in an already limited space. The need for Klerksdorp to provide a bigger centre for the citizens of the town, as well as the surrounding areas, is high. Another regional shopping centre close to Klerksdorp is found in Potchefstroom, namely the Mooirivier Mall, and mainly provides in the extra shopping needs of the people living in Klerksdorp and its surrounding areas. This study therefore determined whether there is a need for a shopping centre from a retail and consumer point of view, and also whether it will be viable. The empirical study revealed that approximately half of the respondents are not satisfied with the current shopping centres in Klerksdorp and that more than half of the respondents feel that the shopping centres do not cater for enough parking. The study revealed that, from a consumer point of view, there is definitely a need for a new shopping centre in Klerksdorp. Urban-Econ Development Economists (2009: 56) concluded that the retail market has been fairly buoyant, and although the effects of interest rate hikes and increased inflation and global recession have become visible, fair growth is still expected in the following years, once the economy starts to recover. This indicates that Klerksdorp has a need for a new shopping centre, as 89,705 m2 GLA is available. This shows that if a new shopping centre is built, the other shopping centres in Klerksdorp will still be sustainable, and a new shopping centre will be sustainable and viable. / Thesis (M.Art. et Scien. (Town and Regional Planning))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2011.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--York University, 2006. Graduate Programme in Environmental Studies. / Typescript. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 311-327). Also available on the Internet. MODE OF ACCESS via web browser by entering the following URL: http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:NR29539

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:23:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010-03-30Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:09:29Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 mello_pb_me_arafo.pdf: 2440580 bytes, checksum: dda996c24968844c61b4acb0db2832e7 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / O corredor bucal é definido como o espaço que existe bilateralmente entre a superfície vestibular dos dentes superiores posteriores visíveis e a comissura labial durante o sorriso. Este espaço escuro também é conhecido como espaço negativo. O objetivo da presente pesquisa foi analisar o corredor bucal durante o sorriso de 150 indivíduos de 10 a 19 anos de idade, verificando se há mudança no tamanho desse espaço em diferentes idades, se há diferença entre os gêneros e se existe uma relação de proporção entre a distância inter pré-molares, a largura inter comissura e o corredor bucal. Foram realizadas fotografias digitais padronizadas em norma frontal do sorriso amplo posado que foram transferidas para um computador e os contornos das imagens dos corredores bucais e sua medida linear foram delimitados e calculados pelo programa Image Tool 3.0. Uma linha entre as comissuras labiais direita e esquerda foi definida medindo a largura inter comissura. A área inter labial do sorriso e do corredor bucal foi delimitada e calculada. As distâncias entre as cúspides vestibulares dos primeiros pré-molares superiores foram medidas em modelos de gesso comum e as mesmas foram transferidas para um computador para posteriores comparações. A análise dos dados foi realizada obtendo estimativas por intervalo de confiança, análise de variância com dois critérios de classificação, comparação múltipla de médias e coeficiente de correlação de Pearson. O corredor bucal aumentou com a idade. Os indivíduos do gênero masculino apresentam corredor bucal maior que os do gênero feminino, porém em relação ao percentual da largura inter comissura não há diferença entre os gêneros. / The buccal corridor is defined as the space that exists bilaterally between the vestibular surface of the subsequent superior teeth visible and the labial comissure during the smile. This dark space is also known as negative space. The objective of the present research is to analyze the buccal corridor during the smile of 150 individuals from 10 to 19 years of age, verifying if there is change in the size of that space in different ages and if exists a relationship of proportion among the inter premolar distance, the inter comissure width and the buccal corridor. Digital standardized pictures were accomplished in frontal norm of the posed wide smile that were transferred for a computer and the outlines of the images of the buccal corridors and linear measure were delimited and calculated by the program Image Tool 3.0. A line between the right and left comissures was defined measuring the inter comissure width. The inter labial area of the smile and buccal corridors were delimited and calculated. The distances among the vestibular cusps of the first superior premolars were measured in casts of common plaster and were transferred for a computer for subsequent comparisons. The analysis of the data was accomplished obtaining confidence intervals, analysis of variance with two classification criteria, multiple mean test and Pearson correlation coefficient to complete data. Buccal corridor increases with age. Males have bigger buccal corridor than females, but there is no difference between gender when calculated as percentage related with the inter comissure width.

Naturally-functioning riparian ecosystems provide important habitat for wildlife and serve as corridors for individuals to move from one area of suitable habitat to the next. Site-level quality and landscape-level connectivity of wildlife habitat are of critical importance to myriad species across the landscape in southern Illinois. However, multi-scale analyses of habitat suitability and connectivity of riparian corridors are rare in the literature. The first objective of this study evaluated microhabitat quality at 4 streams (3 treatments, 1 control) restored 30 years ago following strip mining for coal in Perry County, Illinois. Microhabitat differences were very minor among restored and control stream sites. Of the 41 variables measured, 14 differed among sites, 4 of which were uncorrelated: canopy cover, overstory hard mast, bare ground, and herbaceous ground cover; thus, restored riparian buffers were comparable to unmined sites, indicating that restoration efforts were successful. The second objective assessed broad-scale habitat connectivity of stream corridors across the Coastal Plain, Shawnee Hills, and Southern Till Plain Natural Divisions in southern Illinois. Landscape metrics were measured from 3,157 ha of riparian buffers utilizing the 31 longest stream segments across these study sites. Of the 39 variables measured, 17 differed among sites, 3 of which were uncorrelated: mean patch size of forested area, area-weighted mean shape index of wetland patches, and the mean nearest neighbor distance between wetland patches. The Shawnee Hills division had the largest mean patch size of forests, Coastal Plain wetlands had the most connectivity via mean nearest neighbor metrics, and Southern Till Plain wetlands were the most fragmented via their area-weighted mean shape indices. These findings can be useful to land managers when preserving or restoring riparian wildlife habitat in southern Illinois and throughout the Midwest.

Orientador: Luiz Gonzaga Gandini Júnior / Banca: Lídia Parsekian Martins / Banca: Alexandre Fortes Drummond / Resumo: O corredor bucal é definido como o espaço que existe bilateralmente entre a superfície vestibular dos dentes superiores posteriores visíveis e a comissura labial durante o sorriso. Este espaço escuro também é conhecido como espaço negativo. O objetivo da presente pesquisa foi analisar o corredor bucal durante o sorriso de 150 indivíduos de 10 a 19 anos de idade, verificando se há mudança no tamanho desse espaço em diferentes idades, se há diferença entre os gêneros e se existe uma relação de proporção entre a distância inter pré-molares, a largura inter comissura e o corredor bucal. Foram realizadas fotografias digitais padronizadas em norma frontal do sorriso amplo posado que foram transferidas para um computador e os contornos das imagens dos corredores bucais e sua medida linear foram delimitados e calculados pelo programa Image Tool 3.0. Uma linha entre as comissuras labiais direita e esquerda foi definida medindo a largura inter comissura. A área inter labial do sorriso e do corredor bucal foi delimitada e calculada. As distâncias entre as cúspides vestibulares dos primeiros pré-molares superiores foram medidas em modelos de gesso comum e as mesmas foram transferidas para um computador para posteriores comparações. A análise dos dados foi realizada obtendo estimativas por intervalo de confiança, análise de variância com dois critérios de classificação, comparação múltipla de médias e coeficiente de correlação de Pearson. O corredor bucal aumentou com a idade. Os indivíduos do gênero masculino apresentam corredor bucal maior que os do gênero feminino, porém em relação ao percentual da largura inter comissura não há diferença entre os gêneros. / Abstract: The buccal corridor is defined as the space that exists bilaterally between the vestibular surface of the subsequent superior teeth visible and the labial comissure during the smile. This dark space is also known as negative space. The objective of the present research is to analyze the buccal corridor during the smile of 150 individuals from 10 to 19 years of age, verifying if there is change in the size of that space in different ages and if exists a relationship of proportion among the inter premolar distance, the inter comissure width and the buccal corridor. Digital standardized pictures were accomplished in frontal norm of the posed wide smile that were transferred for a computer and the outlines of the images of the buccal corridors and linear measure were delimited and calculated by the program Image Tool 3.0. A line between the right and left comissures was defined measuring the inter comissure width. The inter labial area of the smile and buccal corridors were delimited and calculated. The distances among the vestibular cusps of the first superior premolars were measured in casts of common plaster and were transferred for a computer for subsequent comparisons. The analysis of the data was accomplished obtaining confidence intervals, analysis of variance with two classification criteria, multiple mean test and Pearson correlation coefficient to complete data. Buccal corridor increases with age. Males have bigger buccal corridor than females, but there is no difference between gender when calculated as percentage related with the inter comissure width. / Mestre

In diesem Beitrag wird das Korridorverfahren im vertikalen Finanzausgleich der Länder hinsichtlich seiner impliziten Eigenschaften analysiert. Ausgegangen wird hierbei von einer asymmetrischen Informationsstruktur, bei der die Kosten der Bereitstellung lokaler öffentlicher Güter nicht allgemein bekannt sind, ebenso wenig wie deren Umfang, Qualität und Struktur. Zwar setzt das Korridorverfahren die Kenntnis dieser Informationen seitens des Landes nicht voraus, es kann jedoch gezeigt werden, dass dieser vermeintliche Vorteil stets mit einer Reduktion des Erwartungswerts der Korridorverteilung unter das statistische Mittel der realen kommunalen Budgetdefizite erkauft wird, was auch für den Vergleich der entsprechenden Wachstumsraten gilt. Dazu nehmen wir eine Formalisierung des Korridorverfahrens vor, das in der Folge als generalisierte Verteilung einer transformierten Zufallsvariable interpretiert und in spezifische Wahrscheinlichkeitsverteilungen implementiert wird, was wiederum die exakte Bestimmung seiner charakteristischen Maße erlaubt. Als eine wesentliche Implikation der deduzierten Resultate ist zu konstatieren, dass das Korridorverfahren entgegen der Intention als Maß zur Bestimmung „der angemessenen Finanzausstattung“ der Kommunen im vertikalen Finanzausgleich nicht geeignet ist und die kommunale Aufgabenerfüllung in dynamischer Sicht in Frage steht.

abstract: Land use change driven by human population expansion continues to influence the integrity and configuration of riparian corridors worldwide. Wildlife viability in semi-arid regions depend heavily on the connectivity of riparian corridors, since water is the primary limiting resource. The Madrean Archipelago in northern Mexico and southwestern United States (US) is a biodiversity hotspot that supports imperiled wildlife like jaguar (Panthera onca) and ocelot (Leopardus pardalis). Recent and ongoing infrastructure developments in the historically understudied US-México borderlands region, such as the border wall and expansion of Federal Highway 2, are altering wildlife movement and disconnecting essential habitat. I used wildlife cameras to assess species occupancy, abundance, and related habitat variables affecting the use of washes as corridors for mammals in semi-arid Los Ojos (LO), a private ranch within a 530 km2 priority conservation area in Sonora, México located south of the border and Federal Highway 2. From October 2018 to April 2019, I deployed 21 wildlife cameras in five different riparian corridors within LO. I used single- season occupancy models and Royal Nichols abundance models to explore the relationship between habitat variables and use of riparian corridors by mammal communities of conservation concern within this region. Twenty-one mammal species were recorded in the study area, including American black bear (Ursus americanus), white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) and the first sighting of jaguar (Panthera onca) in this region in 25 years. For the 11 medium- and large-bodied mammals recorded, habitat variables related to perennial river characteristics (distance to river, weekly water, and site width) and remoteness (distance from highway, elevation, and NDVI) were important for occupancy, but the direction of the relationship varied by species. For commonly observed species such as mountain lion (Puma concolor) and white-nosed coati (Nasua narica), topographic variety was highly informative for species abundance. These results highlight the importance of habitat diversity when identifying corridors for future protection to conserve wildlife communities in semi-arid regions. Additionally, this study provides robust evidence in support of mitigation measures (e.g. funnel fencing, over- or under- passes) along Federal Highway 2, and other barriers such as the border wall, to facilitate wildlife connectivity. / Dissertation/Thesis / Masters Thesis Biology 2020