Corrosion of reinforcement in reinforced concrete is a huge problem. Corrosion of reinforcement has a great effect on the service life of reinforced concrete structures. The subject of this work is to verify the inhibitors properties and their efficiency using physical and electrochemical methods. The aim of this work is the design of formwork panels with corrosion protection. The formwork panels are on different material basis. Corrosion protection is ensured by the use of migration corrosion inhibitors.

Magnesium and its alloys have many interesting properties and thanks to them it can be used in many applications (transport industry, medicine etc.). Disadvantage of these materials is their high corrosion rate. For this reason, there is an effort to achieve high corrosion resistance through different modifications of magnesium and its alloys. In recent years the superhydrophobization of the surface seem to be an attractive solution for this question. This type surface modification minimalize contact between the surface and water. In this diploma thesis the superhydrophobic surface was created on the magnesium alloy AZ91. The first step included pretreatment of AZ91 surface by etching in solution of SnCl2 or ZnCl2. Next step was superhydrophobization in the ethanolic solution of stearic acid. The surface morphology and elemental analysis of the superhydrophobic coating were explored by use of scanning electron microscope (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). The adhesion properties of the coating on the AZ91 were analysed by means of scratching test. Contact and sliding angles were measured for superhydrophobic coatings. Electrochemical characterization of the coatings was determined using potentiodynamic polarization (PD) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Finally, the analysis of composition and the functional groups was made using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and the phase composition analysis was performed using X-ray diffraction (XRD). The results show that the coatings prepared by etching did not lead to good corrosion properties, even though the value of contact angle was about 150 °. The reduction of corrosion resistance could be caused by not obtaining required surface morphology or insufficient binding of stearic acid in the form of stearate to the sample surface.

När en metall är omgärdad av en elektrolyt, så som havsvatten, kommer det att byggas upp en naturlig potential. Det sker en elektronvandring mellan materialet och havsvattnet och ju större potentialskillnad desto större sannolikhet att metallen kommer korrodera. Korrosion är en stor och viktig fråga för offshorekonstruktioner och byggnader.  För att uppnå en konstruktions designade livslängd kan åtgärder vidtas med hänsyn till kapitalkostnader och drift- och underhållskostnader.  Denna studie syftar till att jämföra ekonomiska för- och nackdelar hos de två korrosionsskyddssystemen Galvanic Anode Corrosion Protection (GACP) och Impressed Current Cathodic Protection (ICCP) på havsbaserade vindkraftsfundament. Det förstnämnda systemet använder offeranoder och det sistnämnda är ett katodiskt korrosionsskydd med hjälp av påtryckt ström.  Studien bestod av flera steg av litteraturstudier där teori om korrosion och korrosionssystem användes för att till slut kunna jämföra valda korrosionsskyddssystem.  Resultatet visar att GACP har fler fördelar och färre nackdelar än ICCP och skulle därmed vara mer ekonomiskt fördelaktig i marina miljöer. GACP ger också önskad effekt direkt vid installation och behöver inte någon strömkälla, ICCP är mer komplicerat och är inte effektivt förrän hela systemet är monterat och i drift. Dessutom behöver ICCP extra strömkälla samt kablage. / When a metal is surrounded by an electrolyte, such as seawater, a natural potential will be built up. An electron migration between the material and the seawater will happen and the greater the potential difference, the greater the probability that the metal will corrode. Corrosion is an important issue when it comes to offshore structures. In order to achieve a structure designed lifetime, measures can then be taken with regard to capital costs and operating and maintenance costs. This study aims to compare the economic advantages and disadvantages of the two, Galvanic Anode Corrosion Protection (GACP) and Impressed Current Cathodic Protection (ICCP), corrosion protection systems on offshore wind power foundations. The first mentioned system uses sacrificial anodes and the second is a cathodic corrosion protection by an applied current. The study consisted of several stages of literature studies where theory of corrosion and corrosion systems was used to finally be able to make a comparison between selected corrosion protection systems. The result shows that GACP has more advantages and fewer disadvantages than ICCP and would thus be more economical. GACP, for example, is efficient during installation and does not need an additional power source, but ICCP is more complicated and not efficient until complete assembly of the entire system and requires additional power source and cables. Right now, there is no design standard available with detailed requirements and advice has been given as for galvanic anodes systems.

Low slope roofs are roofs with an inclination between 1:16 and 1:4 and have been constructed and preferred for many years due to the benefits they present. The goal of the present work is to study the following problems of low slope roofs, as they are suggested by previous relevant theses and the current needs of the market. Moisture transfer in low slope roofs with constant exposure to high levels of relative humidity. Is protection against corrosion required for steel beams placed directly under the external membranes? If yes, what kind of protection is that? Roof drainage on low slope roofs The study of the first subject was based on simulations of this type of structures in order to see how external moisture affects the moisture level and the potential for corrosion on steel beams. The main goal was to conclude whether we can actually build inverted roofs with steel plates or beams lying right under the roof membrane and what kind of protection is more appropriate to apply, in case it is required. According to the literature review conducted on roof structures, corrosion and corrosion protection, as well as the results of the simulations, the main factor defining the corrosion potential is the indoor environment. Moreover, paint coating seems to be the indicated anticorrosive protection. Regarding drainage, the study focused on the literature review of the current situation, the solutions applied, the existing regulations and guidelines regarding the type of systems used (full flow or gravity, internal or external), the construction of drainage valleys (inclined or horizontal) and the placement and dimensioning of drains and overflows, in order to create a short handbook with issues to be considered by the roof engineer. The main conclusions are that drain valleys are suggested to be constructed completely horizontal, in order to facilitate the cooperation between drains, and that full-flow systems are more efficient than gravity ones and should be preferred, as long as the roof is not exposed to solid material and prone to its accumulation around drains (e.g. roofs covered with vegetation or stone ballast, with overhanging or nearby trees).

This bachelor thesis was made in collaboration with Scania. The objective was to find the cause for defects found in some rear axle welds. It was known axle material was coated with anti-corrosive oil. Oils were examined through ICP-AES, and then compared to the composition found on the surface of the steel samples. Elements found in the oils vastly differed from one another. One of the oils contains large amounts of aluminium while the other contains high levels of calcium. When samples surfaces were analysed using EDS, phases consisting of aluminium and calcium were observed. These results indicate that the wrong anti-corrosive had been used for the axle material which gave substandard welds. The oil used contained elements with a low vaporisation temperature, such as calcium. This causes instabilities in the keyhole, leading to collapse. Collapse of the keyhole facilitates the formation of defects.

As ligas de alumínio vêm sendo amplamente usadas nas indústrias aeronáuticas e automobilísticas por suas propriedades mecânicas superiores às do metal puro. Entretanto, como as propriedades de corrosão dessas ligas variam, sendo piores do que as do alumínio puro, surge a necessidade de estudos de diferentes métodos de proteção contra a corrosão. O uso de coberturas protetoras é uma alternativa para diminuir os processos corrosivos e, desta maneira, aumentar a vida útil desses materiais. Das coberturas de conversão existentes, as mais usadas ainda são à base de cromo, porém o cromo tem se mostrado danoso ao meio ambiente e à saúde humana. Por outro lado, as coberturas de conversão à base de óxidos de cério, ambientalmente mais corretas e menos nocivas, já têm sido usadas com sucesso para este propósito. Ademais, partindo do consenso sobre o bom desempenho da polianilina (PAni) em proteger metais oxidáveis contra a corrosão, inclusive o alumínio e suas ligas, o presente estudo propõe o desenvolvimento de proteção anticorrosiva de ligas de alumínio pela combinação de camadas de conversão à base de óxidos de cério associada com camadas de PAni nas ligas de alumínio das séries AA1xxx e AA6xxx. A combinação de camadas duplex surge como uma alternativa promissora por: (i) possibilitar a formação de pontos de ancoragem sobre a superfície, promovidos pelas camadas de conversão à base de óxidos de cério, para a posterior deposição de PAni; (ii) ampliar o uso das camadas de conversão à base de óxidos de cério isoladamente ou combinadas com PAni e (iii) promover o melhor sinergismo na proteção contra a corrosão das ligas de alumínio e de outros materiais pela associação e maior interação desses sistemas. / Aluminium alloys have been widely used in automobile and aircraft industries for their superior mechanical properties to the pure metal. However, as the corrosion properties of these alloys vary, being worse than those of pure aluminium, there is a need for studies of different methods of corrosion protection. The use of protective coverings appears as an alternative to reduce the corrosion process and thereby increase the useful life of these materials. Conversion of existing coverage, the most used are still based on chrome, but chrome has proven harmful to the environment and human health. Furthermore, coverage of cerium-based conversion, more environmentally friendly and healthy, have already been successfully used for this purpose. Furthermore, based on the consensus on the proper performance of polyaniline (PAni) to protect oxidizable metals against corrosion, including aluminium and its alloys, this study proposes the development of corrosion protection of aluminium alloys by combining layers of cerium conversion associated with layers of polyaniline on aluminium alloys AA1xxx and AA6xxx series. The combination of double layers arises as a promising alternative, which may: (i) facilitating formation of anchor points on the surface, driven by layers of cerium conversion, for the subsequent deposition of PAni (ii) expand the use of cerium conversion coatings alone or combined with PAni and (iii) promote synergy in protection against corrosion of aluminium alloys and other materials by the association and greater interaction of these systems.

This dissertation presents techniques for high-order simulation of electromagnetic fields, particularly for problems involving ships with ferromagnetic hulls and active corrosion-protection systems. A set of numerically constrained hexahedral basis functions for volume integral equation discretization is presented in a method-of-moments context. Test simulations demonstrate the accuracy achievable with these functions as well as the improvement brought about in system conditioning when compared to other basis sets. A general method for converting between a locally-corrected Nyström discretization of an integral equation and a method-of-moments discretization is presented next. Several problems involving conducting and magnetic-conducting materials are solved to verify the accuracy of the method and to illustrate both the reduction in number of unknowns and the effect of the numerically constrained bases on the conditioning of the converted matrix. Finally, a surface integral equation derived from Laplace’s equation is discretized using the locally-corrected Nyström method in order to calculate the electric fields created by impressed-current corrosion protection systems. An iterative technique is presented for handling nonlinear boundary conditions. In addition we examine different approaches for calculating the magnetic field radiated by the corrosion protection system. Numerical tests show the accuracy achievable by higher-order discretizations, validate the iterative technique presented. Various methods for magnetic field calculation are also applied to basic test cases.

Les composés hybrides organiques-inorganiques représentent une classe intéressante de matériaux dotés d'un très large éventail d'applications potentielles dans les revêtements protecteurs, les micro-optiques, conducteurs ioniques, membrane échangeuse de protons etc. Depuis le début des années 1990, le développement de la chimie sol-gel, dite «Chimie Douce», a donné naissance à une nouvelle ère de matériaux hybrides, où des conditions douces de synthèse ont permis un accès simplifié aux matériaux nanocomposites. Parmi les divers précurseurs sol-gel, des organoalkoxysilanes sont très attractifs en raison de leur stabilité, leur faible toxicité et de leur accessibilité. Mais l'insolubilité de ces précurseurs a jusqu'à présent limité leur utilisation dans un procédé sol-gel conventionnel.L'essentiel de la chimie détaillée dans cette thèse porte sur la formation de films hybrides à partir de n-alkylsilanes. Tout d'abord, la partie linéaire et alkyle hydrophobe peut fournir des propriétés barrières à la pénétration de l'eau et des ions, ce qui est un élément clé dans la protection contre la corrosion de substrats métalliques. Deuxièmement, les alkylsilanes possèdent la géométrie et la composition appropriée à un auto-assemblage pour générer des nanostructures périodiquement ordonnées. Récemment, la recherche menée dans le LPIM à Mulhouse démontré le potentiel d’une photopolymérisation inorganique sans solvant. Basée sur la photogénération de superacides par photolyse de sels d'onium qui sont photoamorceurs cationiques classiques, cette voie offre une chance pour étudier l’aptitude de film à base d’alkylsilanes pour la protection des métaux (Partie I) et l'assemblage supramoléculaire (Partie II). / Hybrid organic-inorganic materials have attracted tremendous attention due to their wide range of potential applications in protective coatings, micro-optics, ionic conductors, proton-exchange membrane and so on. Since the early 1990s, the development of sol-gel chemistry (“Chimie Douce”) has given birth to a new age of hybrid materials, where mild synthetic conditions allowed a simplified access to well dispersed and chemically designed nanocomposite materials. Among various sol-gel precursors, organo alkoxysilanes are very attractive because of their superior stability compared to other hybrid precursors, low toxicity and accessibility. However, their insolubility in polar solvents and water has so far limited their use in conventional classic hydrolytic sol-gel procedure.In this thesis, the combination of a UV-driven solvent-free sol-gel process simultaneously to organic photopolymerization has been introduced to form hybrid films based on simple n-alkylsilane building blocks. Based on the photogeneration of superacids under photolysis of onium salts that are conventional photoinitiators, this pathway offers a new chance to investigate alkylsilanes in metal corrosion protection (Part I) and supramolecular assembly (Part II). As the linear and hydrophobic alkyl moiety can provide barrier-properties to the penetration of water and ions, which is a key feature in the corrosion protection of metallic substrates, in part I, the effect of alkyl chain structure of the alkylsilanes as well as their proportions on the corrosion resistance properties has been studied by Salt spray tests and Electron impendence spectroscopy. Furthermore, an effort to correlate the corrosion resistance and coating structure was made as a range of characterization techniques have been implemented (Real time FTIR, 29Si solid state NMR and contact angle measurement). Secondly, alkylsilanes have the proper geometry and composition to self-assemble and generate periodically ordered nanostructures. In part II, the influence on the mesostructure, alkyl chain packing arrangement and its conformational order, which come from alkyl chain length of the silane precursors and the experimental conditions (light intensity, temperature and humidity), has been investigated depending on various characterization techniques (X ray diffraction, microscope, solid state NMR, RT-FTIR). As an application example, a patterned 3D multilayer crystalline organosilica film has been amplified via a facile photopattrerning pathway.

<p>Idén till detta arbete uppstod som en följd av att vi på den fartygsförlagda praktiken upptäckt att kunskapen om katodiskt korrosionsskydd är mycket bristfällig hos många ombordanställda. Vi har även gjort en mindre undersökning bland yrkesverksamma maskinister för att se hur kunskapsnivån inom detta område ligger ombord. Undersökningen visar att vår hypotes om kunskapsnivån stämde till stor del. Ytterliggare ett skäl till att vi studerat det här området är att vi själva har velat fördjupa oss i ämnet, då våra egna erfarenheter endast varit att skriva av siffror från en display. Vår huvudfrågeställning har varit, Hur fungerar katodiskt korrosionsskydd ombord på fartyg? För att få svar på denna frågeställning har vi bedrivit litteraturstudier inom ämnet. De teoretiska kunskaperna har vi samlat från internet och böcker. De praktiska kunskaperna har vi fått från tidigare praktikperioder samt under praktik på MS Silja Galaxy under perioden december 2008 till januari 2009.</p> / <p>The idea for this exam paper arose under our onboard training periods. Under these periods we understood that the knowledge in cathodic corrosion protection was poor among the engine personal. We have also made a minor survey among marine engineers to see how the knowledge in this area is onboard. The survey shows that our hypothesis on the level of knowledge corresponded to a large extent. Further reason why we studied this area is that we wanted to deepen us in this subject, when our own experience only was to write numbers from a display. Our main question has been how cathodic corrosion protection work at ships. In order to answer this question, we conducted literature studies in the subject. The theoretical knowledge we have gathered from internet and books. The practical knowledge we have gained from previous training periods and during onboard training on MS Silja Galaxy in December 2008 to January 2009.</p>

Idén till detta arbete uppstod som en följd av att vi på den fartygsförlagda praktiken upptäckt att kunskapen om katodiskt korrosionsskydd är mycket bristfällig hos många ombordanställda. Vi har även gjort en mindre undersökning bland yrkesverksamma maskinister för att se hur kunskapsnivån inom detta område ligger ombord. Undersökningen visar att vår hypotes om kunskapsnivån stämde till stor del. Ytterliggare ett skäl till att vi studerat det här området är att vi själva har velat fördjupa oss i ämnet, då våra egna erfarenheter endast varit att skriva av siffror från en display. Vår huvudfrågeställning har varit, Hur fungerar katodiskt korrosionsskydd ombord på fartyg? För att få svar på denna frågeställning har vi bedrivit litteraturstudier inom ämnet. De teoretiska kunskaperna har vi samlat från internet och böcker. De praktiska kunskaperna har vi fått från tidigare praktikperioder samt under praktik på MS Silja Galaxy under perioden december 2008 till januari 2009. / The idea for this exam paper arose under our onboard training periods. Under these periods we understood that the knowledge in cathodic corrosion protection was poor among the engine personal. We have also made a minor survey among marine engineers to see how the knowledge in this area is onboard. The survey shows that our hypothesis on the level of knowledge corresponded to a large extent. Further reason why we studied this area is that we wanted to deepen us in this subject, when our own experience only was to write numbers from a display. Our main question has been how cathodic corrosion protection work at ships. In order to answer this question, we conducted literature studies in the subject. The theoretical knowledge we have gathered from internet and books. The practical knowledge we have gained from previous training periods and during onboard training on MS Silja Galaxy in December 2008 to January 2009.