Inflammation and aberrant microRNAs expressions promote colon cancer growth and progression. However, the molecular mechanisms that link these pathways remain to be determined. In this dissertation, the causal relationship between inflammation and aberrant microRNAs expressions were explored. Elevated expression of prostaglandin E₂ (PGE₂) receptor EP4 has been seen in human colon cancer. However, the mechanism by which EP4 receptor protein is deregulated is not known. Experiments in this dissertation demonstrate, for the first time, that the EP4 receptor is negatively regulated by miR-101.In previous work, we show that S100P is induced by stimulation of the PGE₂/EP4 receptor signaling pathway. S100P is a ligand for Receptor for Advance Glycation End-products (RAGE). However, little is known about the downstream targets of S100P/RAGE signaling. Here, we demonstrated that S100P/RAGE receptor signaling induces expression of miR-155 via the transcription factor AP-1. In addition, we investigated the genes that are downstream of S100P/RAGE/miR-155 pathway. Our microarrays and bioinformatics analyses identified two novel miR-155 targets, WNK1 and ZNF493 that are down-regulated upon activation of the S100P/RAGE/miR-155 pathway. Lastly, we investigated whether inhibition of S100P/RAGE signaling pathway would be beneficial as a cancer therapy using methyl-2-acetamidoacrylate (M2AA). M2AA treatments decreased colon cancer cells viability and also suppressed colon tumor growth and metastasis in vitro and also in the CAM assay in vivo. Taken together, our results suggest that modulation of S100P/RAGE signaling by M2AA offers therapeutic potential as anti-metastatic agents. In summary, this dissertation provides new insights on the molecular events that link inflammation pathways and microRNAs to colon cancer as well as show that therapeutic strategies targeting these pathways could be effective in treatment of neoplasia.

Τα καρκινώματα του λάρυγγα και του λαρυγγοφάρυγγα αποτελούν τη συχνότερη κακοήθη νεοπλασία Κεφαλής & Τραχήλου. Οι προκαρκινικές βλάβες είναι ενδιάμεσοι σταθμοί της καρκινογένεσης, που καταλήγει στον καρκίνο. Παράλληλα με την καρκινογένεση συμβαίνει ενεργοποίηση κυττάρων του υποεπιθηλιακού στρώματος. Η χημειοπρόληψη είναι απόπειρα φαρμακολογικής ανακοπής της καρκινογένεσης. Ο πυρηνικός υποδοχέας PPARγ καταλήγει σε διαφοροποίηση αρκετών κυττάρων. Ο RXRα ετεροδιμερίζεται με τον PPARγ και άλλους πυρηνικούς υποδοχείς. Ο μεταγραφικός παράγοντας NF-κB ενισχύει την κυτταρική επιβίωση και φλεγμονή. Ο μεμβρανικός υποδοχέας EGFR κινητοποιεί μιτογόνες διαδικασίες. Η COX-2 συνθέτει προσταγλανδίνες. Κατά την παρούσα εργασία, μελετήθηκε με ανοσοϊστοχημεία σε τομές παραφίνης η έκφραση των πέντε μορίων στο φυσιολογικό λαρυγγικό επιθήλιο, προκαρκινικές βλάβες και καρκινώματα διαφόρων Grade, καθώς και το υποκείμενο στρώμα, σε ιστικά δείγματα λάρυγγα από 127 ασθενείς. Από τους PPARγ, NF-κB(υπομονάδα p65) και RXRα, που εμφάνισαν μεικτή υποκυττάρια εντόπιση, οι δύο πρώτοι αναγνωρίστηκαν κυρίως στο κυτταρόπλασμα και ο τρίτος στον πυρήνα. Οι EGFR και COX-2 παρουσίασαν μεμβρανική και κυτταροπλασματική ανοσοδραστικότητα αντίστοιχα. Η έκφραση του υποδοχέα PPARγ συσχετίστηκε θετικά με την καλή διαφοροποίηση των όγκων. Ο RXRα ελαττώθηκε κατά την καρκινογένεση. Τα επίπεδα των παραγόντων NF-κB, EGFR και COX-2 παρουσίασαν αύξηση στην καρκινογένεση. Η COX-2 συσχετίστηκε αρνητικά με το Grade των όγκων. Στις υπόλοιπες συσχετίσεις μελετήθηκε η συνέκφραση των παραγόντων σε κάθε ασθενή. Παρατηρήθηκε στο φυσιολογικό και προνεοπλασματικό επιθήλιο, θετική σχέση της COX-2 με τους υπόλοιπους παράγοντες. Επιβεβαιώθηκε η συνέργεια των PPARγ & RXRα, ως προς την πρόκληση διαφοροποίησης στα καρκινικά κύτταρα. Διαπιστώθηκε κατασταλτική επίδραση του PPARγ στην καρκινογόνο δράση του NF-κB. Αποκαλύφθηκε συνεργιστική δράση της COX-2 στην PPARγ-εξαρτώμενη διαφοροποίηση, οφειλόμενη πιθανόν σε προσφορά της 15d-PGJ2, από το ένζυμο στον πυρηνικό υποδοχέα. Κατά την εκτίμηση του μικροπεριβάλλοντος, αξιολογήθηκε η έκφραση σε συνάρτηση με την ύπαρξη καρκινώματος και το βαθμό διαφοροποίησής του. Οι μυοϊνοβλάστες που περιβάλλουν καρκινώματα (CAFs), παρουσιάζουν επαγωγή των RXRα, NF-κB και COX-2. Μάλιστα η υψηλή έκφραση COX-2 στους CAFs, συνδυάζεται με υψηλό Grade. Ενεργοποίηση στους CAFs, συνδέεται με υπερ-δραστήρια NF-κB σηματοδότηση στο καρκίνωμα. Ο NF-κB υπερεκφράζεται στα λεμφοκύτταρα που διηθούν τους όγκους (TILs). Επίσης τα μακροφάγα γύρω από νεοπλάσματα (TAMs), περιέχουν υψηλό PPARγ. Η χρήση αγωνιστών των PPARγ, RXRα, με παράλληλη αναστολή των NF-κB, EGFR και COX-2, θα είχε πιθανότατα ευνοϊκό αποτέλεσμα στην αναστροφή της λαρυγγικής καρκινογένεσης. Το χημειοπροληπτικό σχήμα, θα ήταν ωφέλιμο να τροποποιείται ύστερα από εξατομικευμένη αξιολόγηση του δικτύου των πέντε παραγόντων. / Carcinomas of the larynx and laryngopharynx are the most common malignancies of the Head&Neck. The precancerous lesions are mid-points of carcinogenesis, which results in cancer. Carcinogenesis is accompanied by reactive initiation of stromal cells. Chemoprevention pursues the arrest of carcinogenesis, by pharmacological means. PPARγ, a nuclear receptor, promotes cellular differentiation. The nuclear receptor RXRα partners with PPARγ or other members of the superfamily. The transcription factor NF-κB enhances cell survival and inflammation. The receptor EGFR receives growth signals. The enzyme COX-2 perpetuates inflammation by means of prostaglandin synthesis. The present study, utilizing paraffin section immunohistochemistry, assessed expression of the five molecules in normal laryngeal epithelium, precancerous lesions and carcinomas, along with their adjacent stroma. Clinical samples were derived from 127 patients who had undergone biopsy or laryngectomy. Of the three molecules demonstrating mixed subcellular presence, PPARγ and NF-κB(p65 subunit) localized more frequently in cytoplasm, whereas RXRα expression was mainly nuclear. EGFR and COX-2 staining patterns were membranous and cytoplasmic, respectively. PPARγ correlated with high tumor differentiation. RXRα was diminished in dysplasia and cancer. NF-κB, EGFR and COX-2, were upregulated as tumorigenesis progressed. COX-2 showed an inverse relationship with tumor Grade. The remaining correlations are based on coexpression analysis of the aforementioned factors. COX-2 was positively associated in normal and preneoplastic epithelia with the four regulating proteins. The data verify the synergistic effect of PPARγ and RXRα, regarding potentiation of neoplastic cell differentiation. Suppressive influence of PPARγ on NF-κB–mediated carcinogenesis was manifested. COX-2 overexpression was shown to reinforce the beneficial role of PPARγ in cell differentiation, probably due to production of the receptor agonist 15d-PGJ2. Subepithelial stroma was examined with regard to immunoreactivity in relation to the presence of invasion as well as to tumor Grade. Carcinoma Associated Myofibroblasts (CAFs), manifested upregulation of RXRα, NF-κB and COX-2, which mediate in concert angiogenesis, inflammation, and tumor spread. Intense COX-2 expression in CAFs, correlated with poor tumor differentiation. CAF activation was associated with intense NF-κB signalling in cancer cells. NF-κB was overexpressed in Tumor Infiltrating Lymphocytes (TILs). Finally, in Tumor Associated Macrophages (TAMs), PPARγ was induced. PPARγ, RXRα agonists, combined with NF-κB, EGFR and COX-2 inhibitors, would likely restrain laryngeal carcinogenesis. Subtle variations in the chemopreventive regimen, based on personalized molecular profiling, would hopefully achieve a patient-tailored therapeutic approach.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-10-06T13:03:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2014-02-21. Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2015-10-06T13:18:24Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000849020.pdf: 1810469 bytes, checksum: 8cb36dbb1ddaf5d18fd121986ec0dad0 (MD5) / testicular neoplasms are sporadic findings. They are described as benign, but they can metastasize or express malignant features with the animal ageing, which makes necessary the better understanding of theses neoplasms behavior in dogs. The aim of this study was to characterize the immunoexpression of Ki-67, COX-2, MMP-9 and p53 in testicular neoplasms of fifty dogs, to verify the relation among histological pattern of the neoplasms and breed, age and testicular localization; and also to verify the immunoexpression of these markers in different types of testicular tumours. Ki-67, MMP-9 and p53 immunostaining were more intense in seminomas, whereas COX-2 presented a more intense staining in Leydig cell tumors. The histological and immunohistochemical analyses of the subtypes of canine seminomas, especially the diffuse seminoma, may result in significant differences which would allow the use of these markers as prognostic factors. The histopathological features associated with the day-history of the animals and with these markers may contribute to the characterization of the biological behavior of canine testicular neoplasms

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No. of bitstreams: 1 TeseNB.pdf: 25264059 bytes, checksum: f823e6e565d3555a5d49056afd7c39fe (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-06-30 / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / In this work are presented the in silico study of the formation of complexes between organochalcogens compounds with enzymes COX-1 and COX-2 that were carried out in order to study their potential to act as selective inhibitors of COX-2 and thus as anti-inflammatories, as well as the results of in vitro and in vivo experiments of this activity. There were modeled and studied 15 organochalcogens compounds and their enantiomers, with a structure similar to that of the selective drug celecoxib. Compounds 2-(phenylseleno)-2-(2-ethyl-X)acetophenones-4’Y-substituted , with Y = H, Br, CH3, OCH3, NO2 and X = SO2, SO, S, were modeled using as starting point the crystallographic structure of the compound with Y = Br and X = SO. The three dimensional structures of the COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes were obtained from the PDB. The results of the molecular docking calculations were evaluated considering the patterns of orientations/conformations, intermolecular interactions, π interactions and scores. The results of these experiments allowed to propose a mechanism of action as well as a preferred bonding mode that would explain the activity of these compounds as possible inhibitors of COX-2, which is a condition necessary to act as anti-inflammatory. In particular, the compound where Y = OCH3 and X = SO2 (5-OCH3) being selective to COX-2 is the one with the best chances to act as an anti-inflammatory. This is because the OCH3 substituent occupied the S1 subsite of the enzyme, maintaining the interaction with His90 and the SO2 moiety interacts with the Tyr355, an important amino acid for the metabolism of the COX-2 substrate, the arachidonic acid. The other interactions made by the compound, such as π interactions, are important for fixing the ligand in the active site, although they are not directly related to its selectivity. The experiments in vitro and in vivo confirm the in silico results, as the enzyme immunoassay showed that this compound exhibits greater inhibition of COX-2 relative to COX-1. Furthermore, the activity of the 5-OCH3 compound was evaluated with the classical models of edema formation, that is the carrageenan and zymosan induced inflammation in the rat paw, resulting in a significant reduction in paw thickness after two hours and decreasing of the temperature after one hour of the application of the anti-inflammatory agent. As the best results were obtained for the model of paw edema elicited by carrageenan this suggests that the compound acts better in the case of acute inflammation. / Neste trabalho são apresentados o estudo in silico da formação de complexos entre compostos organocalcogênios e as enzimas COX-1 e COX-2 realizado com o objetivo de estudar seu potencial para atuar como inibidores seletivos da COX-2, e portanto como anti-inflamatórios, bem como os resultados dos experimentos in vitro e in vivo desta atividade. Na presente pesquisa, foram modelados e estudados 15 compostos organocalcogênios e seus enantiômeros, com estrutura similar à do fármaco seletivo celecoxibe. Os compostos da família 2-(fenilseleno)-2-(etil-X)acetofenonas-4’Y-substituídas, com Y = H, Br, CH3, OCH3, NO2 e X = SO2, SO, S, foram modelados tendo como ponto de partida a estrutura cristalográfica do composto da mesma família com Y = Br e X= SO. As estruturas tridimensionais das enzimas COX-1 e COX-2 foram obtidas no PDB. Os resultados dos cálculos de docking molecular foram avaliados considerando-se o padrão de orientações/conformações, as interações intermoleculares, as interações π e os escores. OS resultados desses experimentos permitiram propor um mecanismo de ação, bem como um modo de ligação preferencial para explicar a atuação desses compostos como possíveis inibidores da COX-2, condição necessária para atuar como anti-inflamatório. Em particular, o composto com Y = OCH3 e X = SO2 (5-OCH3) é o que apresentou o melhor potencial para atuar como anti-inflamatório, sendo seletivo à COX-2. Isto porque o substituinte OCH3 ocupou o subsítio S1 dessa enzima, mantendo a interação com a His90 e o grupo SO2, apresentou interação com a Tyr355, aminoácido importante para o metabolismo do substrato da COX-2, o ácido araquidônico. As outras interações feitas pelo composto, como as interações π, são importantes para fixação do ligante ao sítio ativo, embora não estejam diretamente ligadas com a sua seletividade. Os experimentos in vitro e in vivo permitiram confirmar os resultados dos experimentos in silico, uma vez que o ensaio imunoenzimático mostrou que este composto apresenta maior inibição da COX-2 em relação à COX-1. Ainda, a atividade do composto 5-OCH3 foi avaliada em modelo de edema de pata induzido por carragenina e zymosan, como agentes irritantes, resultando em uma diminuição significativa da espessura das patas após duas horas e diminuição da temperatura após uma hora da aplicação do agente anti-inflamatório. Uma vez que os melhores resultados foram obtidos para o modelo do edema de pata com a carragenina isto sugere o composto atua melhor no caso da inflamação aguda.

Le couplage étroit entre l'activité neuronale et l'augmentation du flux sanguin, appelé couplage neurovasculaire (CNV), est essentiel aux fonctions cérébrales. Ce processus est à la base de l'imagerie médicale cérébrale non invasive utilisée pour déterminer l'activité neuronale chez l'individu sain ou malade. Cependant, les mécanismes cellulaires et moléculaires du CNV restent encore débattus. La compréhension de ce processus permettra non seulement une interprétation plus fine des signaux d'imagerie cérébrale mais également un meilleur diagnostic des maladies neurologiques.De nombreux messagers vasoactifs sont impliqués dans le CNV du cortex cérébral. Les prostanoïdes, notamment libérés lors de l'activation des récepteurs NMDA, sont impliqués dans l'augmentation du flux sanguin cérébral. Cependant, l'origine cellulaire, moléculaire, la nature ainsi que les cibles de ces messagers lipidiques restent incertaines.La prostaglandine E2 (PGE2) et la prostacycline (PGI2), produits par les cyclo-oxygénases de type 1 ou 2 (COX-1 ou COX-2) et des enzymes terminales, sont les deux principaux prostanoïdes vasodilatateurs du cortex cérébral. Ce travail a montré que les vasodilatations induites par le NMDA dépendent de la COX-2 et nécessitent également l'activation des récepteurs EP2 et EP4 de la PGE2 et IP de la PGI2et que les neurones pyramidaux sont les principales cellules du cortex cérébral équipées pour la biosynthèse de la PGE2 et de la PGI2.L'ensemble de ces travaux démontre que les neurones pyramidaux jouent donc un rôle clé dans le CNV cortical via la libération de la PGE2. Produite par la COX-2, la PGE2 agit sur les récepteurs EP2 et EP4 et induit des vasodilatations. / The tight coupling between neuronal activity and cerebral blood flow, known as neurovascular coupling (NVC), is essential for brain functions. It is also the physiological basis of cerebral imaging, widely used to map neuronal activity in health and disease. Despite this importance, its cellular and molecular mechanisms are poorly understood. A better understanding of NVC will not only permit an accurate interpretation of cerebral imaging but also a better diagnosis of neurological diseases. In the cerebral cortex, numerous messengers are involved in NVC. Prostanoids, released during NMDA receptors activation, play a key role in NVC. However, the cellular and molecular origins, as well as the nature and the targets of this lipid messengers remain elusive. Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and prostacyclin (PGI2), produced by the rate limiting cyclo-oxygenases 1 or 2 (COX-1 or COX-2) and specific terminal enzymes, are the main cortical vasodilatory prostanoid. This work shows that NMDA-induced vasodilations are COX-2 dependent and require the activation of EP2 and EP4 receptors of PGE2 and IP receptors of PGI2. Furthermore, pyramidal cells are the main cell type equipped for the biosynthesis of PGE2 and PGI2 derived from COX-2 activity. In summary, these observations demonstrate that pyramidal cells play a key role in NVC by releasing PGE2 produced via COX-2 and acting on the vasodilatory EP2 and EP4 receptors.

Nach einer Gewebeschädigung stellt die Entzündungsreaktion den ersten essentiellen Schritt für die Wundheilung dar, deren anschließendes Auflösen den Übergang zur Phase der Gewebeneubildung einleitet. Voraussetzung für diesen Ablauf ist die Herunterregulierung der Aktivität proinflammatorischer M1-Makrophagen (M1-Ma) sowie die Induktion antiinflammatorischer M2-Makrophagen (M2-Ma). Zwischen diesen beiden Phänotypen steht ein breites Spektrum unterschiedlich aktivierter Ma, die in der Wundheilung aktiv sind. Die Auslöser für diesen wichtigen Übergang sind dabei weitgehend unbekannt. Es ist in in vitro Versuchen beschrieben, dass entzündlich aktivierte humane dermale Fibroblasten (dFb) die inflammatorische Aktivität von M1-Ma reduzieren und zusätzlich die Polarisierung von inflammatorisch aktivierten Monozyten zu M2-Ma fördern. Diese Effekte vermitteln sie über die Freisetzung immunmodulierender Mediatoren, insbesondere von TSG-6 und PGE2, einem Produkt der Cyclooxygenase 2 (COX 2). Bisher wurden diese Faktoren noch nicht im zeitlichen Verlauf der Entzündungsreaktion während der Wundheilung in einem in vivo Tiermodell untersucht. In dieser Arbeit konnte festgestellt werden, dass in dem angewendeten murinen in vivo Wundheilungsmodell die initiale Entzündungsreaktion nach 24 Stunden ihren Höhepunkt erreicht. Synchron dazu konnte erstmals gezeigt werden, dass das Auftreten von TSG-6 und COX-2 ebenfalls die höchste Expression am 1. Tag nach der Wundsetzung aufzeigt. In der Analyse der aufgetrennten Zellschichten der Haut wurde nachgewiesen, dass COX-2 in der epidermalen und dermalen Schicht exprimiert wird. Die Synthese von TSG-6 hingegen ist auf die Zellen in der dermalen Schicht beschränkt. Die Isolierung und Untersuchung von dFb aus dem restlichen Zellverband des Wundgewebes bestätigte dFb als Quelle für die TSG-6 Synthese. In einem weiteren Versuchsansatz mit entzündlich aktivierten humanen Keratinozyten wurde gezeigt, dass sie kein TSG-6 bilden können. Somit stellen die gewonnenen Erkenntnisse die Grundlagen zukünftiger Untersuchungen zum funktionalen Ablauf der Wundheilung dar, in welchem die dermalen Fibroblasten als zentrale Schlüsselrolle im Entzündungsgeschehen betrachtet werden müssen. Daraus können sich neue therapeutische Ansätze zur Modulation einer gestörten Wundheilung ergeben.:1 Einleitung 1.1 Aufbau und Funktion der Haut 1.2 Wundheilung 1.2.1 Phasen der Wundheilung 1.2.1 Bedeutung der Makrophagen in der Wundheilung 1.3 Beeinflussung der Entzündungsauflösung 1.4 Einfluss von dFb auf die Ma-Differenzierung 1.5 Aufgabenstellung 2 Materialien und Methoden 2.1 Materialien 2.1.1 Maus 2.1.2 Geräte und Verbrauchsmaterialien 2.1.3 Software 2.1.4 Chemikalien und molekularbiologische Reagenzien 2.1.5 Antikörper und Primer 2.2 Methoden 2.2.1 Zellkultur 2.2.2 In vivo Wundheilungsmodell 2.2.3 Aufbereitung der Gewebeproben 2.2.3.1 Gesamtwundgewebe 2.2.3.2 Auftrennung der dermalen und epidermalen Schicht 2.2.3.3 Isolierung von dermalen Fibroblasten aus Wund- und Hautbiopsien 2.2.4 Histologische Analyse 2.2.5 Zellzahlbestimmung 2.2.6 Durchflusszytometrie 2.2.7 Genexpressionsanalysen 2.2.7.1 RNA- Isolierung/Konzentrations- und Reinheitsbestimmung 2.2.7.2 Herstellung von cDNA 2.2.7.3 Quantitative Echtzeit-PCR 2.2.8 Proteinbiochemische Analysen 2.2.8.1 Proteingewinnung aus Zellkulturen 2.2.8.2 Proteinisolation aus den Wund- und Hautbiopsien 2.2.8.3 Immunoassays 2.2.8.4 Analytische Auswertung der Proteinmessungen aus den Wund- und Hautbiopsien 2.2.9 Statistische Auswertung 3 Ergebnisse 3.1 Charakterisierung der Entzündungsphase 3.1.1 Wundverschluss 3.1.2 Zeitliche Expression proinflammatorischer Mediatoren 3.1.3 Zeitliche Expression antiinflammatorischer Mediatoren 3.2 Zeitliche Expression von TSG-6 und COX-2 und deren Produkte in der Gesamtwunde 3.3 Bestimmung des Ursprungs von TSG-6 und COX-2 in der Wundheilung 3.3.1 Auftrennung des Wundgewebes in Epidermis und Dermis 3.3.1.1 Charakterisierung der Schichten 3.3.1.2 Nachweis von TSG-6 und COX-2 3.3.2 Isolierung von dFb aus dem Wundrand 3.3.2.1 Charakterisierung der separierten Zellfraktionen 3.3.2.2 Nachweis von TSG-6 und COX-2 3.4 Humanes Modell: in vitro Kultur hudFb und huKC 3.4.1 Nachweis von TSG-6 und COX-2 und deren Produkte 4 Diskussion 5 Zusammenfassung der Arbeit 6 Literaturverzeichnis A Appendix A1 Erklärung über die eigenständige Abfassung der Arbeit A2 Erklärung über die Vorbehaltlichkeit der Verfahrenseröffnung zur Verleihung des Titels Dr. med. A3 Publikationen A4 Danksagung

Polypeptide from Chlamys farreri (PCF) is a novel marine polypeptide compound isolated from gonochoric Chinese scallop Chlamys farreri, this study we further investigate the mechanisms of PCF exerting its anti-apoptotic effect. The results indicated that PCF, ROS scavenger NAC and NF-κB inhibitor MG132 effectively inhibited UVB-induced HaCaT cells apoptosis. PCF (2.84 mM) showed potential ROS scavenging activities in a kinetic process. PCF (1.42-5.69 mM) dose-dependently increased the expressions of Cu, Zn-SOD, CAT and GPx meanwhile decreased the expressions of p-NF-κB/p65 and COX-2 in UVB-induced HaCaT cells. Additionally, pretreatment with NAC significantly declined the generation of ROS and the expression of p-NF-κB/p65. We concluded that ROS, NF-κB and COX-2 are involved in UVB-induced HaCaT cells apoptosis, PCF exerts its protective effects via scavenging ROS, increasing the expression of antioxidative enzymes and inhibition the activation of NF-κB and COX-2.

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