En skola där kretsloppstanken fått genomsyra både konstruktion, system och pedagogik. Med hänsyn till området och Annedalsparkens betydelse för de boende har byggnaden infogats som ett hänsynsfullt tillägg. Delar av skolans lokaler, takterass samt kulturcenter, är tillgänglig för allmänheten och fungerar därför som en sammanbindande länk mellan områdets invånare.  Privata innergårdar, takterassen och kontakten med den allmänna parken ger en stor variation för skolbarnen utan att parkens yta tas i anspråk. Utformningen av skolans lokaler skapar en trygg och hälsosam miljö för skolbarnen både rumsligt och materialmässigt. De obehandlade mjuka träytorna nöts av barnens närvaro och ger barnen möjlighet att sätta sitt märke på historian. Att skolans ytor kan bytas ut, planka för planka, ska ge en frihet att nöta på ytorna. Förbud och begränsning ska ersättas av en ansvarsfull rättighet för barnen att få lämna spår efter sig. Korridorer har bytts ut mot ett slingrande, utflytande, sammanbindande rum som kan användas för olika ändamål; fritids, avskildhet, grupprum, matrum, förflyttningar. / A school where the principle of recycling influence construction, systems and pedagogy. In consideration to the area and Annedal park's importance to the residents, the building has been incorporated as a thoughtful addition. Parts of the school's facilities, roof terrace and Cultural Center, is available to the public and therefore acts as a connecting link between the area's residents. Private courtyards, roof terrace and the contact with the public park offer a great variety of schoolchildren without limiting the park's area. The design of the school premises creates a safe and healthy environment for school children both spatially and materially. The untreated soft wood surfaces are worn by the children’s presence and give children the opportunity to put his mark on history. The school's surfaces can be replaced; plank for plank, the children will be given a freedom to wear on the surfaces. Prohibition and restriction should be replaced by a responsible right for children to leave traces. The corridors have been replaced by a winding, effluent, interconnecting room that can be used for different purposes; leisure, privacy, study room, dining room, transfers.

Mängden solglasögon som produceras i dagens samhälle ökar för varje år, detta har genererat en hög materialåtgång. Denna studie grundar sig i design för hållbar utveckling och tillhörande designteorier inom cradle to cradle, design for disassembly och modulär design. Ytterligare teorier om hur identitet kopplat till materiella ting utreds. Syftet med studien är att försöka uppmana användare av solglasögon att agera mer hållbart. Genom dessa designteorier och tillhörande metoder har ett designexempel tagits fram. En pilotstudie användes för att undersöka respondenternas koppling till materialkännedom och identitet förknippat med solglasögon. Denna i form av en enkätundersökning. Enkäten utgör grunden i studien. Därefter tillämpades andra metoder för att kunna erbjuda ett designkoncept. Denna studies mål var att undersöka kopplingen mellan materialkonsumtion och identitet, gällande solglasögon och med det kunna uppmärksamma valet av solglasögon och även hjälpa användaren att agera ekologiskt hållbart. Studiens slutsats visar en produkt som kan hjälpa användaren på ett individuellt plan att agera mer hållbart. Produkten som tagits fram är ett exempel på ett av många olika designförslag att hjälpa användaren att agera mer hållbart. Denna produkt kan också både få och hjälpa användaren att uttrycka sin individuella identitet på olika plan. / The amount of sunglasses produced in today's society is increasing every year, this has generated high material consumption. This study is based on design for sustainable development and associated design theories in cradle to cradle, design for disassembly and modular design. Further theories on how identity is linked to material things are investigated. The purpose of the study is to try to encourage users of sunglasses to act more sustainably. Through these design theories and associated methods, a design example has been developed.A pilot study was used to investigate the respondents' connection to material awareness and identity associated with sunglasses. This in the form of a survey. The survey forms the basis of the study. Subsequently other methods were applied to be able to offer a design concept.The aim of this study was to investigate the connection between material consumption and identity regarding sunglasses and with it being able to pay attention to the choice of sunglasses and help the user to act ecologically sustainably.The study's conclusion shows a product that can help the user on an individual plan to act more sustainably. The product produced is an example of one of many different design proposals to help the user to act more sustainably. This product can also help the user to express their individual identity on different levels.

The construction and demolition (C&D) waste produced by the Canadian construction industry accounts for 27% of the total municipal solid waste disposed in landfills. However, more than 75% of C&D waste has residual value and, consequently, could be salvaged, recycled, and/or reused. The need for comprehensive and integrated waste management mechanisms, technologies, rating systems, and policies is widely recognized. A waste management hierarchy tool exists for reducing and managing waste that follows this order: preventing, minimizing, reusing, recycling, energy recovering, and finally, disposing of the waste. It appears that the highest level attained by the concrete industry in Canada is recycling (e.g., crushing concrete and using it as base aggregate). This study aims to explore the opportunities and barriers to advance to the next level in the waste management hierarchy by reclaiming concrete from decommissioned structures for reuse with minimal reprocessing. A survey was distributed to members of the Canadian concrete industry to answer two main sets of questions: 1) to what degree, if any, is the Canadian construction industry currently reclaiming waste concrete by recycling and/or reusing it? and 2) what is the perception of industry professionals on concrete reuse? What are the perceived benefits and challenges of such a practice? A total of 125 participants responded to the survey. Although the environmental advantages of concrete reuse were clear to all, views on the financial benefits were mixed. Many participants highlighted that a successful approach to concrete reuse should involve all parties and stakeholders. Overall, there is positive interest in the concept of concrete reuse; however, there is apparent uncertainty on how to approach it and, thus, there is a need for practical guidance to address various technical, logistical, and liability concerns in a comprehensive and holistic manner. Two cases studies – one for a bridge and one for a building – were developed to address some of the technical challenges associated with reusing concrete in structural applications. The case studies were based on local existing structures that were hypothetically disassembled then repurposed in conceptual redesigns. The design of connections to effectively recouple the deconstructed structural components was a focal, and challenging, aspect of the case studies; in support of shifting towards a circular economy, the connection designs were engineered to be reversible to facilitate future adaptation and/or further dismantlement. It is important to highlight that a desirable reuse project starts in the initial design phase, where the ultimate disassembly and repurposing of the structure is considered from the start (i.e., cradle to cradle design). However, since this is presently not mainstream practice, these case studies focus on the more complex task of deconstructing existing structures that were not designed with the intention of reuse. Although several challenges were encountered, this approach is an essential first step in the present framework to move the discussion forward in the context of reuse of structural concrete members.

More people are striving for increased levels of educational attainment as a result of a global shift towards a more knowledge based economy. Schools and communities have adjusted to this societal change by seeking alignment along the educational pipeline from preschool (P) to graduate school (20), otherwise known as P-20 reform. This reform often develops with the collaboration and guidance of specific P-20 leadership councils that exist at both the local and state levels. The main purpose of this qualitative study was to go beyond the mere descriptions of P-20 councils to examine the policy pathways chosen by P-20 councils, specifically the relationship between policy context, design, and implementation of P-20 reform. Texas and Tennessee were selected as case sites for a cross comparison policy analysis that utilized interviews and document analysis to examine leadership and contextual influences to the reform, with a focus on state and local P-20 councils. An interpretive theoretical framework helped garner the meaning-making of policy leaders throughout the movement’s existence, while Kingdon’s multiple streams model helped organize the episodic nature of policy. Findings showed varied approaches within and between states leading to mixed levels of sustained P-20 councils and leadership. Finally, best practices for P-20 councils are shared as the problems P-20 seeks to address continue to persist and the P-20 movement adapts to a changing local and national context focused on college and career readiness.

As a result of harmful textile production, sustainability has become the movement by which the apparel industry explores solutions to improve procedures in fashion design to maintain a healthy environment. However, the issue is consumers trust the sustainability claims and marketing materials of apparel products at face value without knowing its environmental impact. The overall purpose of this research was to compare the environmental implications of widely produced and owned apparel products through a life cycle assessment approach. This life cycle assessment study examines key environmental impact categories of the materials and production phase (cradle to gate) of a pair of jeans and a cotton t-shirt. The specific purpose of this study was to identify if the production processes make a sustainable product at the point of purchase. Furthermore, this research study compares the environmental impacts of a denim jean and dyed cotton t-shirt utilizing the ReCipe 2008 LCA tool.

A competitividade no mercado atual, aliado a uma demanda por qualidade e produtividade dos produtos, tem gerado um aumento significativo no emprego de robôs nos processos produtivos das indústrias. Entretanto, estes equipamentos estão sujeitos a apresentar problemas, mais especificamente, erros de exatidão e repetitividade em suas operações. Nesse contexto, a proposta deste trabalho consiste em aperfeiçoar o entendimento da metodologia existente para avaliação de desempenho de robôs industriais, apresentada pela norma ISO 9283, "Manipulating industrial robots - Performance criteria and related test methods", de modo a viabilizar sua aplicabilidade em testes instrumentalizados para robôs industriais. O dispositivo de avaliação de desempenho elaborado consiste num sistema conhecido como cubo-berço, projetado, construído e aplicado em um robô industrial, pertencente ao laboratório de usinagem e robótica da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS. As características de exatidão e repetitividade unidirecionais de posicionamento foram mensuradas experimentalmente com base nos critérios constantes na norma específica. Os dados foram obtidos da medição dos erros tridimensionais entre as posições atingidas nos ensaios e as posições programadas no robô de teste, através de um sistema de medição prático e de baixo custo. O dispositivo de medição é constituído por três relógios digitais, montados ortogonalmente em cada eixo do sistema de coordenadas do robô, sob uma estrutura metálica rígida, e conectados a um sistema informatizado, para a coleta e registro dos dados. Os resultados apresentados se mostraram satisfatórios, viabilizando o uso da metodologia apresentada na norma, assim como, do dispositivo de avaliação de desempenho projetado neste estudo. / The competitiveness in the current market, ally to a demand for quality and productivity of the products, has generated a significant increase in the job of robots in the productive processes of the industries. However, these equipments can present some problems, more specifically, errors precision and repeatability errors in operations. The proposal of this paper consists of perfecting the agreement of the existing methodology for evaluation of industrial robots performance, presented for norm ISO 9283, "Manipulating industrial robots - Performance criteria and related test methods", to make possible its applicability in instrumentation tests for industrial robots. The projected device consists of a known system as cube-cradle, projected, constructed and applied in an industrial robot installed on the robotics laboratory of the Rio Grande do Sul Federal University - UFRGS. The precision and repeatability characteristics of positioning had been experimentally measures on the constant criteria basis in the specific norm. The data had been gotten of the three-dimensional measurement errors between the test positions reached and the robot programmed positions, through a practical measurement system and low cost. The measurement device is constituted by three digital gages, assembled in each axle of the robot coordinate basis system, under a metallic structure, and connected to a electronic system, for the data collection and registers. The presented results had shown satisfactory, making possible the use of the methodology presented in the norm, as well, of the projected device of performance evaluation in this study.

A competitividade no mercado atual, aliado a uma demanda por qualidade e produtividade dos produtos, tem gerado um aumento significativo no emprego de robôs nos processos produtivos das indústrias. Entretanto, estes equipamentos estão sujeitos a apresentar problemas, mais especificamente, erros de exatidão e repetitividade em suas operações. Nesse contexto, a proposta deste trabalho consiste em aperfeiçoar o entendimento da metodologia existente para avaliação de desempenho de robôs industriais, apresentada pela norma ISO 9283, "Manipulating industrial robots - Performance criteria and related test methods", de modo a viabilizar sua aplicabilidade em testes instrumentalizados para robôs industriais. O dispositivo de avaliação de desempenho elaborado consiste num sistema conhecido como cubo-berço, projetado, construído e aplicado em um robô industrial, pertencente ao laboratório de usinagem e robótica da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS. As características de exatidão e repetitividade unidirecionais de posicionamento foram mensuradas experimentalmente com base nos critérios constantes na norma específica. Os dados foram obtidos da medição dos erros tridimensionais entre as posições atingidas nos ensaios e as posições programadas no robô de teste, através de um sistema de medição prático e de baixo custo. O dispositivo de medição é constituído por três relógios digitais, montados ortogonalmente em cada eixo do sistema de coordenadas do robô, sob uma estrutura metálica rígida, e conectados a um sistema informatizado, para a coleta e registro dos dados. Os resultados apresentados se mostraram satisfatórios, viabilizando o uso da metodologia apresentada na norma, assim como, do dispositivo de avaliação de desempenho projetado neste estudo. / The competitiveness in the current market, ally to a demand for quality and productivity of the products, has generated a significant increase in the job of robots in the productive processes of the industries. However, these equipments can present some problems, more specifically, errors precision and repeatability errors in operations. The proposal of this paper consists of perfecting the agreement of the existing methodology for evaluation of industrial robots performance, presented for norm ISO 9283, "Manipulating industrial robots - Performance criteria and related test methods", to make possible its applicability in instrumentation tests for industrial robots. The projected device consists of a known system as cube-cradle, projected, constructed and applied in an industrial robot installed on the robotics laboratory of the Rio Grande do Sul Federal University - UFRGS. The precision and repeatability characteristics of positioning had been experimentally measures on the constant criteria basis in the specific norm. The data had been gotten of the three-dimensional measurement errors between the test positions reached and the robot programmed positions, through a practical measurement system and low cost. The measurement device is constituted by three digital gages, assembled in each axle of the robot coordinate basis system, under a metallic structure, and connected to a electronic system, for the data collection and registers. The presented results had shown satisfactory, making possible the use of the methodology presented in the norm, as well, of the projected device of performance evaluation in this study.

A competitividade no mercado atual, aliado a uma demanda por qualidade e produtividade dos produtos, tem gerado um aumento significativo no emprego de robôs nos processos produtivos das indústrias. Entretanto, estes equipamentos estão sujeitos a apresentar problemas, mais especificamente, erros de exatidão e repetitividade em suas operações. Nesse contexto, a proposta deste trabalho consiste em aperfeiçoar o entendimento da metodologia existente para avaliação de desempenho de robôs industriais, apresentada pela norma ISO 9283, "Manipulating industrial robots - Performance criteria and related test methods", de modo a viabilizar sua aplicabilidade em testes instrumentalizados para robôs industriais. O dispositivo de avaliação de desempenho elaborado consiste num sistema conhecido como cubo-berço, projetado, construído e aplicado em um robô industrial, pertencente ao laboratório de usinagem e robótica da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS. As características de exatidão e repetitividade unidirecionais de posicionamento foram mensuradas experimentalmente com base nos critérios constantes na norma específica. Os dados foram obtidos da medição dos erros tridimensionais entre as posições atingidas nos ensaios e as posições programadas no robô de teste, através de um sistema de medição prático e de baixo custo. O dispositivo de medição é constituído por três relógios digitais, montados ortogonalmente em cada eixo do sistema de coordenadas do robô, sob uma estrutura metálica rígida, e conectados a um sistema informatizado, para a coleta e registro dos dados. Os resultados apresentados se mostraram satisfatórios, viabilizando o uso da metodologia apresentada na norma, assim como, do dispositivo de avaliação de desempenho projetado neste estudo. / The competitiveness in the current market, ally to a demand for quality and productivity of the products, has generated a significant increase in the job of robots in the productive processes of the industries. However, these equipments can present some problems, more specifically, errors precision and repeatability errors in operations. The proposal of this paper consists of perfecting the agreement of the existing methodology for evaluation of industrial robots performance, presented for norm ISO 9283, "Manipulating industrial robots - Performance criteria and related test methods", to make possible its applicability in instrumentation tests for industrial robots. The projected device consists of a known system as cube-cradle, projected, constructed and applied in an industrial robot installed on the robotics laboratory of the Rio Grande do Sul Federal University - UFRGS. The precision and repeatability characteristics of positioning had been experimentally measures on the constant criteria basis in the specific norm. The data had been gotten of the three-dimensional measurement errors between the test positions reached and the robot programmed positions, through a practical measurement system and low cost. The measurement device is constituted by three digital gages, assembled in each axle of the robot coordinate basis system, under a metallic structure, and connected to a electronic system, for the data collection and registers. The presented results had shown satisfactory, making possible the use of the methodology presented in the norm, as well, of the projected device of performance evaluation in this study.

South African karst aquifers are mainly associated with the dolomitic lithologies of the Transvaal Supergroup. Despite the socio-economic and environmental importance of these aquifers, no scientifically based methodology to outline areas that need protection from potential harmful activities exists. Thus an intrinsic resource aquifer vulnerability mapping method for karst terrains in South Africa was developed. The methodology is a modification of the COP aquifer vulnerability mapping method, developed by the Hydrogeology Group of the University of Malaga. The method is predominantly based on the capability of the unsaturated zone to filter or attenuate pollutants by different processes but considers two additional factors that either increase or reduce the protection provided by the unsaturated zone. These are surface conditions that control water flowing towards zones of rapid infiltration, and the temporal availability of a transport agent (rainfall). These three factors are combined to obtain a final vulnerability index, which is spatially visualised using five vulnerability classes (ranging from Very Low to Very High). Modifications to the original COP method include, amongst others, the consideration of rock types commonly found in South Africa, a statistical redefinition of high rainfall (wet) years, a revised consideration of rainfall rates to account for dilution processes and the consideration of older, sediment filled swallow holes. The method was applied to produce a vulnerability map for Cradle of Humankind World Heritage Site near Krugersdorp, South Africa. The vulnerability map clearly shows the generally inferior but variable aquifer protection in areas characterised by dolomitic lithologies, while surrounding non-karstic areas offer moderate to high resource protection. The proposed aquifer vulnerability mapping methodology should be used to assess karstic terrains during land use planning and environmental impact assessments. As an easily understandable planning tool the maps can reduce the likelihood of aquifer pollution. / Dissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2009. / Geology / unrestricted

Das aktuell vorherrschende lineare Wirtschaftsprinzip ist für viele Umweltprobleme verantwortlich. Neben der immensen Umweltverschmutzung sorgt der stetig wachsende Ressourcenverbrauch für eine zunehmende Verknappung vieler wertvoller Rohstoffe. Ein intelligentes Kreislaufwirtschaftskonzept wie Cradle-to-Cradle kann diesen Problemen entgegenwirken. Für eine erfolgreiche Umsetzung von Cradle-to-Cradle werden unternehmerische Ansätze benötigt. Im Rahmen dieses Artikels werden vier Konzepte untersucht, die in einer Kreislaufwirtschaft implementiert werden können. Diese sind Design für Demontage, Produkt-Service-Systeme, Take-back Strategien und Reverse Logistics. Für jeden dieser vier Ansätze werden die Voraussetzungen sowie Barrieren hinsichtlich der Umsetzung innerhalb eines Kreislaufwirtschaftssystems aufgezeigt. Zudem wird dargelegt, dass sie im Cradle-to-Cradle-System realisierbar sind. Weiterhin werden reale Beispiele in Form von Unternehmen vorgestellt, die die verschiedenen Modelle bereits erfolgreich umgesetzt haben. Alle vier untersuchten Konzepte sind für ein Kreislaufwirtschaftssystem unter Beachtung der Cradle-to-Cradle-Kriterien geeignet. / The currently prevailing linear economic principle is responsible for many environmental problems. In addition to the immense environmental pollution, the constantly growing consumption of resources is causing an increasing shortage of many valuable raw materials. An intelligent circular economy concept such as Cradle to Cradle can counteract these problems. Entrepreneurial approaches are needed for a successful implementation of Cradle to Cradle. This article examines four concepts that can be implemented in a circular economy. These are design for disassembly, product service systems, take-back strategies, and reverse logistics. For each of these four approaches, the prerequisites as well as barriers regarding the implementation within a circular economy system are shown. In addition, it is shown that they can be implemented in a cradle-to-cradle system. Furthermore, real examples are presented as companies that have already successfully implemented the various models. All four concepts examined are suitable for a circular economy system in compliance with the Cradle to Cradle criteria.