This study of the Tri-Border Area of Latin America demonstrates the region is highly vulnerable to the penetration and development of illegal interests, and thus it is also vulnerable to terrorism. The Tri-Border Area is bounded by Puerto Iguazu, Argentina; Ciudad del Este, Paraguay; and Foz do Iguazu, Brazil. It has always been considered fertile ground for terrorists groups. Illicit activities are common, generating annually billions of dollars in money laundering, arms and drug trafficking, money and document forgery, and electronic media counterfeiting. This area offer terrorists potential financial sources, access to illegal arms and advanced technology, ease of movement and concealment, and a population in which to recruit new members. While the Tri- Border Area is not a major center of gravity in the Global War on Terrorism, compared to other centers of terrorist operations like the Near East or Europe, it has an important position in the strategy to combat international terrorism.

Analyzing crimes through the scope of economics, this thesis explores the correlation between unemployment rate and crime rate, and other possible causes of surging crimes in China by using a fixed-effect regression model. Using provincial level panel data from 2000 to 2010, we did not find significant correlation between arrest rate and prosecution rate to unemployment rate. We found evidence that the Chinese government might intentionally controlled the unemployment rate at an artificially low and stable rate. Additionally, the set of ‘stern punishment’ campaigns during the 2008 Beijing Olympic games, causing a huge increase in arrest rate and police expenditure, could distort the overall trend of crime and unemployment. Moreover, we find a significant positive correlation between GDP per capita level, rural-urban income inequality and floating population to crime. Therefore, we recommend that the Chinese government should create social safety net that targets specifically at rural migrant workers. Not only that, reform and increase job opportunities in rural area is also urgent to close the income gap in rural and urban areas.

This study proposes the classification of the toolmark under the heads of zipper teeth as a subclass characteristic as outlined by the Association of Firearm and Toolmark Examiners (AFTE). Two separate cases in which zipper teeth were found at crime scenes prompted this study. Brass zipper teeth manufactured by YKK were taken from 20 pairs of jeans and studied using a Reichert comparison microscope at 4X power. Photographs were taken and over 750 comparisons made. It was found that the toolmarks on each side on the 20 zippers were unique and independent of all other sides. The observations made in this study indicate that classifying zipper teeth toolmarks as a subclass characteristic is valid.

Indirect perpetration The concept of indirect perpetration applies when a deliberate crime is committed through a person which is not liable under criminal law for the act (by so-called "live instrument" or "innocent agent"). Such a person may however be held liable for another offense, but not for a deliberate crime for which she had been used. In order for an activity to be regarded as an indirect perpetration, the direct perpetrator must have a "dual intent": to commit an offense and that the innocent agent be not criminally liable. The legislation provides the following examples of indirect perpetration: use of a person not criminally liable for the lack of age or insanity, a person acting under a mistake or in self-defense, extreme emergency or other circumstances precluding unlawfulness or a person which did not act or did not unlawfully culpably, or a person which did not with a special intention or and intention presumed by the law. Indirect perpetration is in many cases similar to participation in crime (accessority), especially to counseling. The difference between indirect perpetration and participation is that the former involves using a person which is not criminally liable. The similarity between indirect perpetration and participation led some authors to refuse the former concept at...

Main weakness of economics of crime is that it focuses on rational offender who is isolated from society. This thesis gives overview of game theory models, which take into account possible reactions of other actors to offender`s actions. I show that some variables of crime are dependent on individual`s social environment and I analyze them using moral costs of crime, where some gains and losses from crime are interconnected between people. Two own models are presented. First model deals with aggregated crime with significant role of moral costs of crime. Second model is a modification of Inspection game which includes moral costs of crime and is than modeled using evolutionary game theory. Result of first model is higher volatility of crime than in standard models of rational offender. Crime is maximally volatile in time in the second model. There is a critical level of moral costs of crime and after reaching this level, assumptions of inspection game are violated and society converges to state with zero crime. It is demonstrated on both models that crime is a self- propagating phenomenon, because of social interactions.

Structure and development of criminality in the Czech Republic In my thesis I dealt with the analysis of the development and structure of crime in the Czech Republic in the years 2007 - 2017. Most of the data I used comes from static surveys of a crime of the Police of the Czech Republic. In the period under review, information about the decline in registered crimes occurred every year. Verifying these claims was one of the main goals of my work. The thesis is divided into five chapters, the first one explains the basic terms that the reader will encounter in the text. The following is a brief historical excursion to post- revolutionary years, which briefly describes the development and structure of registered crime after 1989. The third chapter analyzes the data for 2017 concerning both the structure and intensity of selected types of crime according to the tactical- statistical classification of the Police of the Czech Republic. A similar procedure is used in the fourth chapter, where the method of compression of the structure and intensity of registered crime in 2007 - 2017 is also used. There is a description of the development of the crime detection rate and the thesis also contains a subchapter devoted to offenders in the period under review. The result is the final chapter, which outlines...

The developmental challenges confronting Lesotho range from a prevalence of poverty to a lack of safety and security. These problems directly affect in many ways the well-being of the people living in this country. The belief is strong that lack of integration in tackling the challenges of subsistence and protection needs leads to poor performance on poverty reduction and an inability to guarantee public security in the Kingdom. The principal objective of this study is to investigate factors leading to lack of integration in tackling the subsistence and protection needs in the Kingdom of Lesotho. This objective is broken down into three questions: What are the factors leading to the lack of integration in addressing subsistence and protection needs of the people of Lesotho? What are the trends in tackling subsistence and protection needs in Lesotho? What are the possible strategies in the integration of subsistence and protection needs in Lesotho? The two approaches were utilised to investigate the above questions. The first advance was based on exploring data available in the form of text books, journals and official publications. The second step was based on fieldwork carried out around Maseru, Lesotho. The results were presented, analysed and discussed in the report. The findings indicated that poverty surprisingly is no simple phenomenon. In fact, it is a deadly issue with little attention paid to it. Poverty and the issue of safety and security affect everyone as they are social issues. Secondly, some people see poverty as an excuse for people to commit crime and threaten people’s safety and security. Thirdly, while there is a clear understanding about social crime prevention, there remains a problem in developing good initiatives for poverty alleviation and crime prevention. Finally, it is vital for the country to ii integrate poverty and security sector policies in order to achieve sustainable development. The research makes recommendations which would enhance an integrated approach in dealing with issues of subsistence and protection. Efforts should include better public policies intended to shape the infrastructure, economic, social, political and institutional forms in the country. This will be a pathway to improving quality of life and security as people rank poverty and crime among the top concerns that they have in everyday life. Finally, proper policies will begin to bridge the increasing gap between the rich and the poor that remains a cause for concern

This thesis places art heists in the context of their journalistic and online commentaries to examine their implications for subversive anti-capitalist criticism. The 2012 Rotterdam Art Heist functions as a case study that demonstrates how online trolling participates in the production of a culture that undermines the conventional dualisms between popular and high culture. By linking crime and its commentaries to game and performance theories the thesis promotes pop culture against its devaluation by 20th century cultural critics Theodor Adorno and Walter Benjamin. Hence, it argues for folklore’s role in critically rethinking the scholarship on the work of these acclaimed cultural critics. Anti-establishment perspectives are set against bourgeois moments in the Frankfurt School’s critical theory.

A criminalidade é um tema de extrema preocupação para toda a sociedade e vem despertando muito interesse por parte do meio acadêmico, inclusive dos economistas. A literatura econômica do crime é relativamente recente, mas já foi capaz de concluir que a criminalidade possui uma forte relação intrínseca com a educação. Assim, o objetivo dessa tese é analisar tal relação de duas formas distintas: o impacto da educação defasada sobre a criminalidade nos estados brasileiros no período 2001-2005 e o efeito da violência sobre o desempenho escolar dos alunos de São Paulo em 2007. Os resultados demonstram que um aumento da taxa de abandono escolar dos alunos da primeira série do ensino médio é responsável por uma elevação na taxa de homicídios. Além disso, também pode-se concluir que um aumento da violência nas escolas reduz a probabilidade de o aluno apresentar um desempenho satisfatório nas provas de matemática e português. / Crime is an issue of extreme concern to society and is attracting much interest from academics, including economists. The economic literature of crime is relatively recent, but was able to conclude that crime has a strong intrinsic relationship to education. Thus, the objective of this thesis is to examine this relationship in two distinct ways: the impact of lagged education on crime in the Brazilian states in 2001-2005 and the effect of violence on school performance of students in São Paulo in 2007. The results show that an increase in the dropout rate of students in first grade of secondary school is responsible for an increase in the homicide rate. In addition, one can conclude that an increase in violence in schools reduces the likelihood of the student to present a satisfactory performance on tests of mathematics and portuguese.

INTRODUÇÃO: A reinserção do indivíduo na sociedade, após ele ter cometido um ato anti-social, iniciou-se com o Iluminismo. Atualmente várias pesquisas têm sido realizadas para se verificar a eficácia de trabalhos de reinserção social para criminosos. Entretanto na realidade brasileira não existem trabalhos sistematizados para a população prisional. Como decorrência disto, pensou-se em sistematizar uma intervenção terapêutica para prevenção de reincidência penitenciária e verificar sua eficácia. MÉTODOS: A terapia cognitivo-comportamental para prevenção à reincidência penitenciária é composta por 10 sessões estruturadas. O grupo de sujeitos foi formado por sentenciados, que cumpriam pena no regime semi-aberto, presos, no mínimo, pela segunda vez (reincidentes penitenciários); o tempo máximo de pena que teriam que cumprir deveria ser inferior a quinze anos e já deveriam ter cumprido tempo suficiente para requisitar progressão de regime. Os 43 sujeitos que iniciaram a pesquisa foram divididos em dois grupos grupo de trabalho e grupo controle. Foram feitas entrevistas e aplicações de escalas antes e depois da intervenção. RESULTADOS: Como resultado do trabalho não se percebeu diferença estatisticamente significativa entre os sujeitos que estavam no grupo de trabalho e no grupo controle em relação a reincidência penitenciária. Em relação às escalas aplicadas, os sentenciados que terminaram o programa apresentaram um escore maior no Questionário de Pensamentos Automáticos, comparado com aqueles que desistiram. Os que concluíram a pesquisa e estava no grupo de trabalho percebemos que o Programa de Prevenção a Reincidência Penitenciária reduz o medo de avaliação negativa. Os que estavam no grupo controle apresentaram um decréscimo na Escala de Estresse e Fuga Social. Após 12 meses de intervenção, entre os sentenciados que iniciaram a pesquisa, os reincidentes mostraram uma tendência a ter um escore menor no Questionário de auto-estima antes da intervenção. Os reincidentes que estavam no grupo de trabalho apresentaram uma tendência a já terem cumprido mais tempo de suas penas e os do grupo controle, uma tendência a ter um escore menor na Escala de Medo de Avaliação Negativa antes do início do programa e um escore menor na escala de Estresse e Fuga Social depois da intervenção. Entre os sentenciados que terminaram o programa e reincidiram, pôdese perceber que a intervenção causou uma redução nos resultados no escore da Escala de Estresse e Fuga Social e uma tendência em diminuir o escore no Questionário de Pensamentos Automáticos. Dentre os não reincidentes existe uma diminuição no escore da Escala de Medo de Avaliação Negativa depois do programa; os que estavam no grupo de trabalho, apresentaram uma tendência de redução do medo de avaliação negativa e os que estavam no grupo controle apresentaram uma diminuição no escore da escala de estresse e fuga social. CONCLUSÕES: A partir deste estudo pôde-se notar que a terapia cognitiva para prevenção à reincidência penitenciária, apesar de apresentar alguns resultados positivos diminuição do medo de avaliação negativa e uma discreta redução na taxa acumulada de reincidência penitenciária daqueles que concluíram o programa - necessita ser revisto e reformulado. / INTRODUCTION: The idea of rehabilitating individuals after they have committed an antisocial act came about during the Enlightenment. Nowadays, a lot of researches have been done to realize the efficacy of offenders social rehabilitation. However, in Brazil don´t exist studies systematized for prison population. As a result of this a therapeutic intervention for prevention of prison recidivism was systematized. METHODS: The technique used in this program is cognitive-behavioral therapy, composed of 10 structured meetings. The group of subjects in the study comprehended 43 inmates (20 of them from the control group and 23 from the experimental group) who served their terms in medium security prisons, and who were serving, at least, their second term. A directed interview and some questionnaires or scales were applied both before and after the program. Results: Regarding re-offense, when we compare accumulated monthly rate, we cannot see statistic difference neither of all the subjects that started the program or those that finished the program. Based on analysis of the data collected it can be asserted that: the Penitentiary Re-offense Prevention Program reduces the fear of negative evaluation; participants in the control group had a decreased score in the Stress and Social Escape Scale; inmates who finished the program had a greater score in the Automatic Thoughts Questionnaire, a greater fear of a negative evaluation at the beginning of the program and a greater score in the Stress and Social Escape Scale. Subjects that re-offended at least one year after the end of the program showed a tendency to have a lower score in the Self-esteem Scale before the intervention. Those who were in the control group and re-offended showed tendency to have lower fear of a negative evaluation before the beginning of the program and had the lowest score rate in the Stress and Social Escape Scale, following the program. For inmates who finished the program and re-offense, the intervention caused a decrease on the results of the score in the Stress and Social Escape Scale, and a trend towards a decrease in the Questionnaire on Automatic Thoughts. Among the non-re-offenders there is a noticeable trend in reducing negative evaluation after the program. The non-re-offenders who were members of the experimental group showed a tendency to have a lower score in fear of a negative evaluation scale. CONCLUSION: From this study it was noted that cognitive therapy for preventing of prison recidivism, although they had some positive results, such as reducing the fear of negative evaluation needs to be revised and recast.