Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Washington, 1988. / Vita. Bibliography: leaves [401]-411.

<p>Crime prevention became an important Union issue when the Treaty of Amsterdam came into force and created an area of Freedom, Security and Justice (AFSJ). In 1999 the Tampere Conclusions declared the first crime preventive priorities along with the Union’s obligation to protect its citizens. Two years later the European Crime Prevention Network (EUCPN) was established and it was then stated that crime prevention should be based on knowledge and carried out through cooperation and an increased inter-state exchange of information. The Member States have the main responsibility and the work should be carried out by a multidisciplinary approach specialising on certain selected priorities. Successful practices need to be exchanged within the network and evaluation of the preventive work must be done. Despite these and other guidelines, crime preventive work has proven to be problematic. The practical problems are that proven theories are not used in the actual work, the lack of resources and evaluation methods, and too broad priorities which reflects the politicians’ unrealistic ambitions. The theoretical problems, in contrast, are the increased importance for security that collides with basic human rights and the concept of freedom, the lack of consideration for the States’ differences and the idea that States’ providence of security is a source of legitimacy.</p>

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Thesis (M.A.)--Ohio State University, 1983. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 117-129). Available online via OhioLINK's ETD Center

Thesis (M.A.)--Ohio State University. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 128-135). Available online via OhioLINK's ETD Center

I undersökningen om ungdomars attityder mot homosexuella ochheterosexuella brottsoffer utfördes ett experiment där 151 deltagare fick svara på en enkät. Det fanns fyra olika versioner av enkäter där brottsoffret varierade mellan hetero- och homosexuell man men även orten där brottet tog plats varierade mellan liten ort och stor stad. Resultatet visade ingen skillnad i ungdomars empati beroende på brottsoffrets sexuella läggning, dock visade det sig att unga kvinnor har något mer empati än unga män. Resultatet gav inte heller någon skillnad i ungdomars empati beroende på ort. Dock upptäcktes en interaktionseffekt i empati mellan ort och sexualitet som visade att om brottet tog plats i Stockholm kände deltagarna mer empati för en homosexuell man än en heterosexuell man samt att empatin blev motsatt i en liten ort. Resultaten visade ingen signifikant skillnad på empati mellan deltagarnas etnicitet och brottsoffrets sexualitet. Resultaten kan tillämpas som diskussionsmaterial för exempelvis gymnasieskolor.

Crime prevention became an important Union issue when the Treaty of Amsterdam came into force and created an area of Freedom, Security and Justice (AFSJ). In 1999 the Tampere Conclusions declared the first crime preventive priorities along with the Union’s obligation to protect its citizens. Two years later the European Crime Prevention Network (EUCPN) was established and it was then stated that crime prevention should be based on knowledge and carried out through cooperation and an increased inter-state exchange of information. The Member States have the main responsibility and the work should be carried out by a multidisciplinary approach specialising on certain selected priorities. Successful practices need to be exchanged within the network and evaluation of the preventive work must be done. Despite these and other guidelines, crime preventive work has proven to be problematic. The practical problems are that proven theories are not used in the actual work, the lack of resources and evaluation methods, and too broad priorities which reflects the politicians’ unrealistic ambitions. The theoretical problems, in contrast, are the increased importance for security that collides with basic human rights and the concept of freedom, the lack of consideration for the States’ differences and the idea that States’ providence of security is a source of legitimacy.

Despite the devastation caused by environmental catastrophes, these phenomena have yet to garner significant attention as a subject of criminological inquiry. This thesis is framed by the following question: How can we problematize the notion of “natural” disaster to arrive at a criminological understanding of human culpability in the production of harm? I argue that the degree of human suffering caused by natural disasters is aggravated by imperialistic state crimes, which predispose populations to conditions of vulnerability and dependency. I substantiate this argument with an analysis of Haiti and demonstrate how its history of imperialistic exploitation by the US amounted to a pattern of state crime victimization that marginalized Haitians and, consequently, shaped their suffering from the 2010 earthquake. The story of Haiti exemplifies the relationship between the contemporary hardships of a natural disaster and the historical injustices of state crime, thus illuminating the relevance of a criminology of catastrophe. / UOIT

Given the relative lack of information about female gang membership in Canada and the hidden nature of this population, a qualitative approach for understanding the lives of female gang members, through a life course perspective guided by feminist standpoint epistemology is utilized in this dissertation. The data for this study are obtained from interviews with fifteen girls and young women who claimed youth gang membership in their lives, from the cities of Saskatoon and Edmonton. .<p>The critical feminist perspective serves as the theoretical framework for this study. It directs us to an understanding in which girls are regarded as active agents in their own lives and who are striving to better their lives albeit with the limited options available to them in the face of locally available constructions of opportunity and possibility. The analyses reflect the lived experiences of the respondents and illuminate the ways in which the personal troubles and daily lives of respondents are explicitly overshadowed by larger public issues. Through critical analysis, this study draws attention to the ways in which girls experiences of ageism, racism, classism, and sexism interact, resulting in social exclusion, isolation from social institutions, and a subsequent involvement with youth gangs. .<p>The study reveals a heterogeneity of respondents experiences especially with respect to being treated as equals by their male counterparts. From the analysis, it is evident that gangs are highly gendered groups in which gender hierarchies force girls to find ways both to create personas of toughness and independence through participation in violent activities yet also to display appropriate feminine behaviours of sexually non-promiscuous females. Importantly, the decisions to leave the gang are triggered by the negative affects of gang life. Once out of the gang, the girls under study seemed to refocus their efforts toward educational opportunities and obtaining job-related skills. In the end, my research indicates that awareness about the dangers of gang life including the negative consequences of gang membership need to form a core of prevention programs, especially those designed for younger girls and children.

While in several jurisdictions corporate criminal liability is accepted, in Brazil the maxim still prevails that corporations cannot commit crimes. In common law countries the attribution of criminal liability to corporations was developed more than a century ago, and the concept of corporate criminal liability has been extensively discussed. This work is an attempt to look into the common law experience and to offer a plausible basis for the introduction of corporate criminal liability in Brazil. The research is essentially theoretical; it is mostly based on relevant literature from Britain, Canada and United States, three exponents of common law jurisdictions, and on relevant literature from Brazil.