The thesis explores the role of academic education in police professionalisation. Due to its high complexity, specialisation and status, detective work is well-suited for illustrating these developments and the practical and symbolic benefits they can bring to the police and policing as a whole. The overall approach of thesis is iterative. Literature from police studies and sociology of professions provides the conceptual and theoretical framework for the empirical data of 24 semi-structured interviews conducted with 14 police national training coordinators and local police trainers. The increasing academisation of police training and the formalisation of the police-academia relationships suggest police professionalisation has reached a tipping point. This is seen in the current investigative skills training in England and Wales, which is characterised by growing centralisation, standardisation, and emphasis on formalising the professional knowledgebase of investigations and policing – a trend which the Professionalising Investigation Programme exemplifies. While the police (including the investigative specialism) can be shown to display many of the qualities of professions, it has lacked the level of instructional abstraction characterising other professions, typically provided by higher education and, crucially, leading to externally recognised qualifications. Developing academic police education is not without its challenges, chief among them the perceived epistemological and cultural divide between the ‘two worlds’ of police and academia. A successful transformation requires careful consideration of the content and format of the arrangements, investment, support, acceptance and engagement from police, academia and government, and a simultaneous change to cultural dispositions (habitus) and internal and external structures (field). This is worth the effort as a number of practical and symbolic benefits of police academic education can be identified. It has the potential to improve the quality of service by deepening police knowledge and understanding and facilitating community-oriented approaches. More importantly, academic education bestows a rich cultural capital, strengthens and legitimises police expertise, market monopoly, and status in the eyes of the public, other professions and the government. It enables the survival of the profession, giving it the tools to prevail in conflicts over competence and the right to define and interpret policing and its social context. In summary, police professionalisation via academic education can be explained in terms of agency and structure both; as a deliberate occupational upgrading spurred by social and economic aspirations and aimed to reconceptualise and relegitimise policing; and as an inevitable reaction to wider changes and a deeper ontological shift taking place in the society.

The late 20th and early 21st centuries have seen a phenomenal growth in society's use of information technology. Criminals, including terrorists and terrorist organizations, have also adopted information technologies. Information technologies are used to enhance the efficiency, productivity, and effectiveness of terrorist activities and offenses. Investigating terrorist use of information technologies creates a number of challenges for law enforcement officials. While some of the challenges are encountered during conventional criminal investigations, terrorist investigations also present unique challenges. Through content and typological analysis, this study examined open source information to identify, categorize and propose a model of these challenges. Four primary categories were identified: technology, methodology, legal, and administration and human resources challenges.

Submitted by Nadir Basilio (nadirsb@uninove.br) on 2016-05-12T17:43:53Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Marcelo Alves Nunes.pdf: 983327 bytes, checksum: 867fe7eac9d8f63ba9c7a5163a2f0fbd (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-05-12T17:43:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Marcelo Alves Nunes.pdf: 983327 bytes, checksum: 867fe7eac9d8f63ba9c7a5163a2f0fbd (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-12-10 / The proposition of constitutional guarantees in the criminal investigation stage is undoubtedly a significant progress in building a more ethical and fairer criminal case, consistent with republican values embodied in the Constitution of 1988. Thus, as an Estate institution, the Judicial Police has been ideologically remodeled, assuming a more guaranteed conformation in this constitutionalist era of law. This is because, in the early stage of the police investigation, the investigated might suffer serious restrictions on their nuclear legal heritage, as an example of dignity, freedom, intimacy and equity. Indeed, the choice of the legislature by the rule of non-term research officer [not only] demands immediate review, since the lack of regulatory control over the investigative acts fosters abuse of the Estate-police rather than expensive state values of the human person. As a reaction, the guarantee of reasonable duration of administrative procedures, constitutionally erected a fundamental right by EC 45/2004 (CF, art. 5th, inc. LXXVIII), points to the urgent need for critical revisiting of the criminal investigation, taken as a whole, since the delay in the completion of the procedure exacerbates feelings of distress and unfairly stigmatizes the investigated person, on whom an anticipated punishment, that cannot be confirmed by the State court, in a subsequent procedural step of the persecution criminis. Using the timing of the criminal investigation as its centerpiece, this study was initiated, from elementary concepts, positive legislation (ordinary and constitutional), the case law, the phenomenon of constitutionalization of law and specialized doctrine. In the exploration of the object of knowledge, related juridical aspects of sensitive relevance to the subject have not been left aside, especially the unintended consequences of investigation for the penal action, the possible defenses of the subject of prosecution, and the liability of the State and its agents, complementing and enriching excessively theoretical arguments submitted to reflection. / A proposição de garantias constitucionais na fase de investigação criminal constitui, sem dúvida, significativo avanço na construção de um processo penal mais ético e justo, consentâneo com os valores republicanos materializados na Constituição Federal de 1988. E assim, como instituição de Estado, a Polícia Judiciária vem sendo ideologicamente remodelada, assumindo conformação mais garantista nesta era constitucionalista do direito. Isso porque, na prematura fase do inquérito policial, é possível o investigado sofrer sérias restrições em seu patrimônio jurídico nuclear, com afetação de sua dignidade, liberdade, intimidade e patrimônio. Com efeito, a opção do legislador pela regra do não-prazo em matéria de investigação policial [e não só] reclama imediata revisão, vez que a ausência de controle normativo sobre os atos investigatórios fomenta abuso do Estado-polícia em detrimento de caros valores da pessoa humana. Como reação, a garantia da duração razoável dos procedimentos administrativos, constitucionalmente erigida à categoria de direito fundamental pela EC n. 45/2004 (CF, art. 5º, inc. LXXVIII), aponta a premente necessidade de revisitação crítica da investigação criminal, considerada em seu conjunto, posto que a demora na conclusão do procedimento agrava o sentimento de angústia e estigmatiza injustamente a pessoa investigada, a quem é infligida antecipadamente uma pena que poderá não ser confirmada pelo Estado-juiz, em etapa subsequente da persecutio criminis. Tomada a tempestividade da investigação criminal como eixo central, foi desenvolvido o presente estudo acadêmico, a partir de conceitos elementares, da legislação positivada (ordinária e constitucional), da jurisprudência, do fenômeno da constitucionalização do direito e da doutrina especializada. Na exploração do objeto de conhecimento, não foram olvidados aspectos jurídicos correlatos, de sensível relevância para o assunto, notadamente as consequências da investigação intempestiva para a ação penal, as possíveis defesas do sujeito da persecução, e a responsabilidade civil do Estado e de seus agentes, complementando e enriquecendo sobremaneira os argumentos teóricos submetidos à reflexão.

Colonial Detection tracks the checkered career of criminal detection, a distinct mode of producing knowledge about crime in the nineteenth century, that relied on the cognitive model of retrospective reconstruction. The dissertation traces its emergence and consolidation in nineteenth century British India as a form of inter-departmental bureaucratic work for government agents at the interface of police investigations, magisterial inquiry, and forensic scientific research. At the same time, it follows the circulation of this model of thinking backward from clues, beyond state institutions, into the domain of popular discourse about crime, investigation, and evidence. Histories of evidence law in the common law world, studied till date as a largely Anglo-American story, tend to focus predominantly on the evaluation of information after they are presented as evidence to judges, juries, and lawyers. Colonial Detection departs from these received histories and recuperates an alternative history of common law evidence from the archives of nineteenth century British India. With a sustained focus on historical developments in the Bengal Province, it shows how legal norms of evidence and inquiry in the colony were indelibly shaped by the exigencies of criminal ‘detection,’ i.e., the investigation of crime and the production of evidence, far away from criminal courts, and long before the commencement of trials.

Thesis (Ph.D. (Psychology)) -- University of Limpopo, 2021 / Though it is difficult to determine the prevalence of intimate partner murder-suicide (IPMS), it does appear that this phenomenon is reported in different parts of the world. The psychological consequences of this phenomenon to the surviving family members have also been widely reported. The aim of the study was to conduct a psychological autopsy (PA) on male perpetrators and female victims of IPMS in a rural community in Limpopo Province. The research objectives were; 1) To understand the psychological intent, motives and behaviour of male perpetrators and female victims in IPMS; 2) to identify role played by male perpetrators and female victims in effecting their death; 3) To investigate multiple trajectories (that is, psychological, social, environmental and cultural/historical context) contributed to IPMS; 4) To identify other factors or events that may have triggered fatal behaviour of both male perpetrators and female victims of IPMS; 5) To understand circumstances around IPMS; 6) To develop guidelines to assist in responding to IPMS. The study was qualitative in nature. In particular, the case study design was used. Interpretative phenomenology approach was adopted. The study was informed by the Theory of Planned Behaviour. Purposive sampling used to select cases of intimate partner murder-suicide. Snowball sampling used to select participants and archival sampling was used to select archived record. Thematic Content Analysis (that is, inductive analysis) was used to identify patterns of meaning across the datasets in order to provide answers to the research objective. The research revealed five major themes. These themes are psychological profile of perpetrators, psychological profile of victims, multiple trajectories towards IPMS, possible triggers in IPMS and circumstance around IPMS. Research findings suggest that although IPMS came as a total surprise there were psychological intent, motive, behaviour on the part of male perpetrators and female victims. The study recommends the need for further PA studies to shed the light on the psychological intent of male perpetrators and female victims of IPMS. The psychological intent of male perpetrators and female victims of IPMS heighten the urgency for policy makers to develop IPMS prevention strategies and policies / National Institute for the Humanities and Social Science (NIHSS), and South African Humanities Deans Association (SAHUDA)

Genom en systematisk litteraturöversikt i kombination med en intervju är syftet med denna uppsats att försöka beskriva varför den sociala nätverksanalysen är lämplig i brottsutredningssammanhang samt hur den sociala nätverksanalysen används i brottsutredningar. Tanken är också att översikten ska kunna bidra till att se vilka möjligheter det finns att praktiskt utveckla metoden. Det finns en hel del forskning kring både social nätverksanalys (SNA) som metod och som teori och det används idag inom en mängd olika områden. Som teori handlar SNA om hur vi människor är sociala varelser som påverkar varandra i de tankar vi har och i de val som vi gör. Som metod är SNA istället olika matematiska uträkningar som kan användas för att beskriva mänskliga relationer. Inom kriminologin är SNA relativt nytt trots att brott i sig ofta är ett ”nätverksfenomen”. Flera kriminologiska teorier trycker också på betydelsen av att den egna brottsligheten har ett samband med de personer som vi umgås med. Resultatet visar att det finns klara fördelar med att använda sig av SNA i en brottsutredning, strukturer och nyckelpersoner kan identifieras, något som inte alltid hade kunnat ske utan teknikens hjälp. Den data som i utredningssammanhang används till nätverksanalyser är vanligtvis kvantitativa data, exempelvis telefontrafik. Olika typer av data kan ge väldigt olika resultat och blir det fel i datainsamling kan det sabotera för hela analysen. Det behövs mer teoretisk forskning kring SNA för att den som metod ska kunna appliceras på kriminologisk teori och på sikt även kunna användas bättre i utredningssammanhang. Ett stort problem med att forska om metoden är att den kvantitativa datan kan vara svår att få tag på, det finns därför väldigt lite litteratur om hur social nätverksanalys kan användas i brottsutredningar. / With a systematic literature review and an interview, the aim of this essay is to try to describe how the social network analysis (SNA) is used in criminal investigations. Hopefully, the essay can also help in pointing out why future research is needed and in what direction that research should go. As a theory, SNA focuses on man as a social being and how we affect each other in the way we think and act. As a method SNA is a number of mathematical computations that aims to explain relationships. There is a large amount of research about social network analysis, both as a theory and as a method but in the criminological field SNA is still relatively new. That is surprising as many criminological theories focuses on the importance of the people we engage with and our own delinquency. The result in this essay shows that there are many advantages with using SNA in a criminal investigation, structures and key-persons becomes more visible which sometimes is hard without technology. Different types of data can generate very different results and if something goes wrong in the collection of data it can sabotage the entire analysis. There is a need for more theoretical research on SNA so that it, as a method, can be applied to criminological theory and later to criminal investigations. There is a big problem when doing research about social networks, the access to network-data. It is very hard to collect and is usually only available to police-officers or other qualified groups. Therefore the amount of literature in the subject is limited.

No description available.

In this research docket analysis is evaluated as an investigative tool in stranger rape cases. Owing to the fact that serial rapists mostly reside within the category of stranger rape cases, the researcher attempted to test the value of docket analysis in the identification of patterns and similarities among such cases which could be indicative of serial rape activity. A rape matrix was used as a docket analysis tool to analyse the content of 184 stranger rape cases which was closed as ‘undetected’. In addition to investigative shortcomings in the case dockets, the researcher identified 15 stranger rape cases which presented six unique patterns among them. These identified patterns could be indicative of serial rape activity. / Criminology / M.Tech. (Forensic Investigation)

This study was conducted with the aim to critically analyse how the crime of human trafficking for sexual exploitation can be identified in order to develop practical guidelines to be used during the identification of this crime in South Africa. In this study the researcher conducted a review of pertinent literature, both international and national, to gain an understanding of the problem being researched. The explanatory sequential mixed-method design was used with the main purpose to use the qualitative data to help explain in more detail the initial quantitative results obtained. The explanatory sequential mixed-methods design assisted the researcher to follow a procedure whereby the mixed-mode survey design was applied to collect data through questionnaires. These questionnaires were in the form of mailed, self-administered surveys and in-person interviews with human trafficking provincial coordinators, police officials and investigators of human trafficking within the nine provinces country wide during the first quantitative phase of this study. The data were analysed and followed up during the second qualitative phase with interview schedules that were used in semi-structured one-on-one interviews with the following persons: police investigators working at the SAPS organised crime units who dealt with and investigated cases of human trafficking where victims were trafficked for sexual exploitation; state prosecutors working at the National Prosecuting Authority who dealt with, identified and prosecuted human trafficking cases where victims were trafficked for sexual exploitation in South Africa; NGOs who work in the field of counter-trafficking and victim assistance; and an international police investigator who dealt with, identified and investigated human trafficking cases where victims were trafficked for sexual exploitation. The researcher is of the opinion that this study (analysing how the crime of human trafficking for sexual exploitation can be identified in order to develop practical guidelines to be used during the identification of this crime in South Africa) presents a significant contribution to the identification of human trafficking for sexual exploitation incidents in South Africa and subsequently presents practical guidelines that can be used during the identification of this phenomenon in South Africa. SUMMARY “Modern slavery – be it bonded labour, involuntary servitude, or sexual slavery – is a crime and cannot be tolerated in any culture, community, or country... [It] is an affront to our values and our commitment to human rights.” (US Secretary of State Hillary Rodham Clinton, US Department of State, Trafficking in Persons Report, 2010) This study was conducted with the aim to critically analyse how the crime of human trafficking for sexual exploitation can be identified in order to develop practical guidelines to be used during the identification of this crime in South Africa. In this study the researcher conducted a review of pertinent literature, both international and national, to gain an understanding of the problem being researched. Relevant international legislation which informs South African legislation was accordingly considered in order to explain the current legal framework that forms the foundation to address this problem. A survey was conducted to gain insight into the phenomenon of human trafficking in South Africa. Thereafter interviews were conducted in order to understand the meaning provided by individuals to the problem researched. The researcher also explored how the federal police in Australia address the specific problem relating to the identification and investigation of human trafficking, as they have appointed a leading human trafficking task team focusing on this phenomenon in specific. Links and associations were identified through the knowledge and facts gained in this study, exploring past events and theories developed from former research relating to this topic. This formed the foundation of the study in order to describe and explain future application of findings emanating from this research. The explanatory sequential mixed-method design was used with the main purpose to use the qualitative data to help explain in more detail the initial quantitative results obtained. The explanatory sequential mixed-methods design assisted the researcher to follow a procedure whereby the mixed-mode survey design was applied to collect data through questionnaires. These questionnaires were in the form of mailed, self-administered surveys and in-person interviews with human trafficking provincial coordinators, police officials and investigators of human trafficking within the nine provinces country wide during the first quantitative phase of this study. The data were analysed and followed up during the second qualitative phase with interview schedules that were used in semi-structured one-on-one interviews with the following persons: police investigators working at the SAPS organised crime units who dealt with and investigated cases of human trafficking where victims were trafficked for sexual exploitation; state prosecutors working at the National Prosecuting Authority who dealt with, identified and prosecuted human trafficking cases where victims were trafficked for sexual exploitation in South Africa; NGOs who work in the field of counter-trafficking and victim assistance; and an international police investigator who dealt with, identified and investigated human trafficking cases where victims were trafficked for sexual exploitation. Through a critical analysis of the identification process of the phenomenon of human trafficking for sexual exploitation, the purpose of this research was to gain a better understanding of this phenomenon and establish, develop and provide practical guidelines, procedures and recommendations to the South African Police Service to identify these cases more successfully. The specific research objectives and research questions answered in this study to address the research aim were divided into five categories:  Explore and describe the phenomenon of human trafficking.  Determine the nature and extent of the legal arena to criminalise human trafficking, to prevent human trafficking, and to protect trafficking victims upon which South African legislation is based.  Explain how the identification of the phenomenon of human trafficking fits into the policing process.  Explore the current situation regarding the procedures followed to identify the phenomenon of human trafficking for sexual exploitation.  Develop practical guidelines, procedures and recommendations for police officials to identify human trafficking for sexual exploitation incidents more successfully. The trafficking of women and children for commercial sexual purposes lies in the expansion and ever growing sexual entertainment industry, which is most importantly a demand-driven phenomenon. The exploitation of victims for profit through the use of force, fraud or coercion remains the common denominator of this crime and the trade of human beings continues to evolve into new and more multifaceted forms of exploitation, using debt contracts and other means to coerce people for the purpose of profit gain. Women and children are perceived as the most exploitable and controllable and therefore are deemed to be the most in demand to contribute to this expanding and very competitive economic market driven by maximum profit. It is imperative and fundamental to have an understanding of the trafficking of persons as a crime committed against an individual and therefore it is of the utmost importance that police personnel serving in the South African Police Service (one of the key role players within the Criminal Justice System), are conversant with the means of trafficking, what it constitutes and what attributes and features this phenomenon includes. Through the development of practical guidelines, procedures and recommendations for police officials to identify human trafficking for sexual exploitation incidents more successfully, data obtained from both literature and interviews contributed immensely in the identification of incidents of human trafficking in order to prevent and address this crime successfully. The researcher is of the opinion that this study (analysing how the crime of human trafficking for sexual exploitation can be identified in order to develop practical guidelines to be used during the identification of this crime in South Africa) presents a significant contribution to the identification of human trafficking for sexual exploitation incidents in South Africa and subsequently presents practical guidelines that can be used during the identification of this phenomenon in South Africa. / Police Practice / D. Litt. et Phil. (Police Science)

This research investigates the communication abilities of children who are exposed to criminal investigations because a crime was committed against them or they have witnessed a crime happening to another person. The study also determines how crime detectives can maximise their efforts in obtaining evidence from such children with the help of an interview as a technique to elicit information. The aim of the research was to understand the behaviour of children, so that more effective investigative interviews can be undertaken with child victims. The researcher wanted to identify the communication challenges associated with obtaining information from child victims and possible ways to overcome such challenges. It was found that the developmental stages of children, the manner in which interviewers/investigators conduct themselves during child interviews and the amount of knowledge possessed by interviewers to elicit information in a legally defensible manner are central to child victim interviews. / Criminology and Security Science / M. Tech. (Forensic Investigation)