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The intent of this thesis is to better comprehend the strategies used in crisis denial videos from the perspective of kategoria. Benoit and Dorries taxonomy of kategoria was applied to crisis denial claims using the Sandy Hook elementary school shooting as a case study. The claims of prominent truther and YouTuber, Alex Jones, were coded and analyzed based on this taxonomy. The categories of the taxonomy include: accused committed the act before, accused planned the act, accused knew likely consequences of the act, accused benefitted from the act, and other. Two coders trained in identifying these criteria coded three transcribed YouTube videos focused on Sandy Hook with a combined total of over 1.5 million views. Accused planned the act and accused committed the act before were the most used taxonomy, with a 4 to 1 and 2 to 1 margin respectively, showing a consistent preference on how Jones likes to construct his claims. These tactics put the victims of Sandy Hook in an uncomfortable position because they are forced to deny the denial, a process that quickly becomes cyclical. The responses either transcend to an issue of free speech versus defamation or attack the accuser through litigation and public organizations dropping him. Claims that the accused has done it before denies closure to multiple crises while claims that it was planned seem endless and also contribute to denying closure. This denial puts victims in a chronic stage where they are forced to constantly and endlessly re-evaluate the crisis without resolution, disrupting current stage theory in crisis recovery. Truthers have changed how we define hoax. Previously, a hoax was the crisis, but now claims are made post-crisis depicting the crisis as hoax. Further research should focus on the formulation of a response to crisis denial that can break the cyclical pattern.

This thesis demonstrates that it is paramount to develop crisis-preparedness strategies and practices based on empirical research, in order to improve an organisation‘s ability to manage effectively and, ultimately to survive, a high-profile crisis event. Although there are many high-profile crises that have been managed successfully by applying strategies to make organisations more resilient, there is still considerable confusion and uncertainty about the way these crises have been evaluated and the way their success can be measured in relation to other crises.There are no international crisis-preparedness standards in relation to a set of crisis outcomes indicators that could be applied. This lack of empirically proven relationships between crisis-preparedness strategies and their effect on crisis outcomes makes the identification of effective strategies very difficult. Case studies, anecdotal evidence and a limited number of empirical crisis management studies (i.e. effect on share price) suggest a great variability in the effectiveness of certain strategies and practices that have produced inconclusive results. This study analyses the strategies variability to advance knowledge in the field of crisis management. (For complete abstract open document)

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El estudio parte de la problemática que tienen las organizaciones para enfrentarse a eventos inesperados no experimentados con anterioridad, y de conocer cuán grave podría ser para la continuidad del negocio. Así mismo, busca la relación que existe entre tres conceptos: gestión de crisis, simulación de vida y gestión del conocimiento. Por tales razones propone el experimento de colocar a un grupo de miembros de cada organización dentro de un escenario que simule a una empresa ficticia afectada por la crisis, para luego mostrar aceptación o rechazo por la simulación como una herramienta para la gestión de crisis, la creación y el compartir del conocimiento de forma dinámica. Es un estudio basado en una estrategia técnica metodológica cualitativa de tipo investigación-acción, que por su objetivo es explicativa. El experimento se realiza en dos bancos de la ciudad de Lima, a quienes también se les sometió a entrevistas y cuestionarios que permitieran conocer la percepción de utilidad y fácil uso de la tecnología; y por ende determinar la aceptación de la misma. / Tesis

In history of organizational management have crisis been an issue that has been trying to be solved for so long. A crisis can have so many faces, which makes it so hard to recognize. Crisis management is something that all deal with at some point. Which makes this area so interesting, because there is always room for improvement. That’s why the purpose of this thesis is to get more understanding on how crises can be described and what type of response they use in terms of the description. The thesis is a qualitative case study that will analyze several crises from the recent events of Kommunal.The results show huge variety of different crises Kommunal face but that they are mostly preventable and self-made. Making excuses and justify what actually happened are the most common responses for that. The results also show that Kommunal intend to choose many different ways to respond when a crisis has emerged instead of having one single strategy. / I historien av organisationsutveckling har kris varit en fråga som man har försökt att lösa allt för länge. En kris kan ha så många ansikten, vilket gör det så svårt att känna igen. Krishantering är något som alla behandlar någon gång. Vilket gör detta område så intressant, eftersom det alltid finns utrymme för förbättringar. Det är därför syftet med denna uppsats är att få mer kunskap om hur kriser kan beskrivas och vilken typ av åtgärd som de använder. Avhandlingen är en kvalitativ fallstudie som kommer att analysera flera olika kriser hos Kommunal.Resultaten visar stort utbud av olika kriser Kommunal möter men att de är oftast är möjliga att undvika på grund av att dem är skapade från egna misstag. Ursäkter och olika typer av förklaringar av vad som faktiskt hände är de vanligaste åtgärderna Kommunal använder. Resultaten visar också att Kommunal har för avsikt att välja många andra olika sätt att reagera och agera när en kris har uppstått i stället för att ha en enda strategi.

Purpose:The purpose of this thesis is to examine how organizations work with crisismanagement in practice, with a focus on lower and middle level managersin the organizations. Background:Crisis within corporations and governmental institutions happens around usmore and more commonly. A survey made by the insurance company IFclaims that Swedish companies are badly prepared within the area of crisismanagement. A more globalized world also increases the effects of crisesfrom all over the world to affect Swedish corporations. We claim thatorganizational structure is a key factor to be able to have a developedcrisis management throughout the whole organization. Method:In order to answer the purpose we have used a qualitative deductiveresearch method. We have conducted semi-structured face to faceinterviews within two different types of Swedish organizations. Therespondents were chosen randomly from a division- or group managementlevel. Conclusion:The empirical study claims that there is a difference when defining a crisis,depending on previous experiences and education. To have the sameeducation and an overall common understanding of crisis management alsoincreases the efficiency when handling a crisis. Organizational structure and hierarchy is vital when it comes to crisismanagement. To have a clear structure and standardized meetings withinthe organization will help vigorous information to be communicated fromtop-bottom as well as from the bottom-top. However it might decreasethe flexibility and entrepreneurial spirit and our findings suggest that thisis an area that needs to involve within further researches.

Over the past years communication patterns have been changing continuously due toincreased public demand for information and knowledge. Numerous social networks andwebsites have escalated and gained the attention of the academics and practitioners, as wellas the business society. Previously scholars researched this field of interest from differentperspectives. Thus it could be stated that the emphasis was put on the impact of the certainsocial media networks in terms of communication strategy. However, no holistic approachhas been noticed in regards to why and how companies can use different mediasimultaneously in order to overcome a crisis situation. This research is aimed at filling thegap within existing literature. This thesis complements the previous studies and provides a broader understanding uponthe role of social media in the crisis communication process by the use of the triangulationmethod. This approach refers to the implementation of both quantitative and qualitativestudies based on a questionnaire addressed to various organisations and by observing theactions taken by the company currently facing the crisis situation. The empirical findingsprovided concrete data on why companies use social media and how they can be deployedto communicate with the large audience during turbulent times. The conducted study revealed that even if social media plays an important role in thecommunication and information sharing, traditional media is still perceived as moretrustworthy by the organisations. Therefore, companies in crisis should combine the use ofthese two kinds of media in their corrective actions taken in order to regain public trust andovercome the crisis.

Due to rising standard of life in Taiwan, power consumption rose dramatically, power systems network are becoming complicated, thus serious impact increasingly. But for many Taipower on-site staffs, lack of blackout related experience and emergency plan. Therefore it is necessary to understand the weaknesses of Taipower systems and the cause and affect of accidental accidents over the years, to develop blackout emergency plan and minimum the loss. In July 29, 1999, Taiwan had occurred unprecedented collapse of the power transmission system in the midnight, caused the country blackouts, outages four-fifths of users in Taiwan, this was the biggest power rationing during the past 50 years. Then 921 Chichi earthquakes, Chung-Liao substation led to the dumping destroyed, caused more than two weeks of power rationing in northern Taiwan. Such comprehensive blackout in the high-tech industries economic pattern¡¦s country like ours, the losses caused of the economic impact is goes without saying. This Study is base on the ¡§Crisis Management¡¨ theory to explore the emergency response while the power outage occurs, and how to deal with the crisis issue. This thesis through data collected, literature review and in-depth interview results, analysis Taipower internal contingency handling mechanism through unpredicted natural disasters or artificial improper operation, intend for Taipower reference to construct a contingency mechanism for unexpected incident which triggered off a blackout accident.

Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Master in Technology: Public Relations Management, Durban University of Technology, 2010. / The National Plan for Higher Education (2001) provides a framework for achieving the vision of a single co-ordinated higher education system. In order to meet the goals of this plan, various technikons and universities had to merge. Pityana (2004: 4-5) points out that, in addition to opportunities, various challenges have also emerged from these mergers. One such challenge is that higher education institutions may find themselves in tensions with their partners which may result in disagreements that could lead to crisis situations. Marconi (2005: 262) argues that, in crisis situations, the pace of the conflict accelerates dramatically. This means that the affected parties have to react very quickly or risk having their ability to protect their interests substantially reduced, hence the need for a crisis communication plan. Implicit in this plan is the importance of communication. McCusker (2006: 108) maintains that, often in crisis a situation, communication gets distorted. As a result, rumours often supplant real facts. Thus, clear communication needs to be pre-planned and increased during a crisis. This dissertation, therefore, sets out to investigate the role of communication during the planning and management of crises at higher education institutions in KwaZulu-Natal. It reports on preliminary results of in-depth interviews conducted at higher education institutions in KwaZulu- Natal and offers recommendations so that crises planning and management may be improved upon.