O objeto da pesquisa é o critério espacial da regra-matriz de incidência tributária. A pesquisa tem início nos enunciados do texto constitucional para avaliar se existem critérios espaciais constitucionais. Avançando no ciclo de positivação da norma jurídica, o estudo analisa o papel da lei complementar na função de dispor sobre conflitos de competência e suas possíveis relações com a determinação do critério espacial. Por fim, o estudo analisa o critério espacial na estrutura normativa da regra-matriz de incidência tributária. / The object of the research is the spatial criterion of matrix rule of tax incidence. The research starts in the text of Constitution to examine whether there are constitucional spatial criteria. Advancing in the positivization cycle of the legal norm, the study examines the role of complementary law in the function of dispose about conflicts of jurisdiction and possible relationships with determining the spatial criterion. Finally, the study analyzes the spatial criterion in the structure of the matrix rule of tax incidence.

O objeto da pesquisa é o critério espacial da regra-matriz de incidência tributária. A pesquisa tem início nos enunciados do texto constitucional para avaliar se existem critérios espaciais constitucionais. Avançando no ciclo de positivação da norma jurídica, o estudo analisa o papel da lei complementar na função de dispor sobre conflitos de competência e suas possíveis relações com a determinação do critério espacial. Por fim, o estudo analisa o critério espacial na estrutura normativa da regra-matriz de incidência tributária. / The object of the research is the spatial criterion of matrix rule of tax incidence. The research starts in the text of Constitution to examine whether there are constitucional spatial criteria. Advancing in the positivization cycle of the legal norm, the study examines the role of complementary law in the function of dispose about conflicts of jurisdiction and possible relationships with determining the spatial criterion. Finally, the study analyzes the spatial criterion in the structure of the matrix rule of tax incidence.

Orientador: Erika Veruska Paiva Ortolan / Resumo: Introdução: A classificação não eletiva de cirurgias em emergências e urgências é subjetiva e altamente variável entre os cirurgiões. Na tentativa de padronizar essa classificação e diminuir a subjetividade, o Grupo de Estudos da Sociedade Mundial de Cirurgias de Emergência, baseado na experiência adquirida em catástrofes, propôs a classificação para cirurgias de urgência em uma escala de cores que pudesse ser mais facilmente reproduzível. Este estudo avaliou a aplicabilidade do sistema Timing of Acute Care Surgery (TACS - Classificação para atendimento de cirurgias de urgência) em um hospital público terciário de um país em desenvolvimento. Métodos: Este foi um estudo longitudinal, ambispectivo, analítico, de centro único, de março a agosto de 2016 e 2017. Foram selecionadas quatro especialidades cirúrgicas; seus chefes classificaram previamente os seus procedimentos cirúrgicos de urgências e emergências de acordo com o sistema TACS. Para comparação, emergências foram consideradas como vermelhas e laranjas e urgências como amarelas, com tempo ideal para a cirurgia de 1 hora e 6 horas, respectivamente. Resultados: Os procedimentos não eletivos foram 61% do total de cirurgias. Houve predomínio das cores, vermelho, laranja e amarelo. Ocorreram várias alterações nas cores de forma ascendente. Não houve diferença na relação entre o tempo ideal para a cirurgia e o tempo real para a cirurgia antes e depois do sistema TACS. Houve melhora do tempo para cirurgias na cor amarela após o... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Background: The non-elective classification of surgeries in emergencies and urgencies is subjective and highly variable between surgeons. In an attempt to standardize this classification and diminish the subjectivity, the World Emergency Surgery Study Group, based on the experience gained from catastrophes, proposed the classification for emergency surgeries in a colour scale that could be more easily reproducible. This study evaluated the applicability of the Timing of Acute Care Surgery (TACS) system in a public tertiary hospital in a developing country. Methods: This was a longitudinal, ambispective, single-centre study from March to August of 2016 and 2017. Four surgical specialties were selected; their chiefs previously classified all the acute surgical procedures based on TACS. For comparison, emergencies were considered as red and orange and urgencies as yellow, with ideal time to surgery of 1 hour and 6 hours, respectively. Results: The non-elective procedures were 61 % of the total number of surgeries. Red, orange, and yellow were predominant. There were several changes in colours in an ascending manner. There was no difference in the ratio between ideal time to surgery and actual time to surgery before and after the TACS system. There was an improvement of the time to surgeries in the yellow colour after the TACS system. Night and day times influenced the time to surgery, with better results during nights. Conclusions: This is the first study that used the TACS on a... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Scene understanding is a central field in computer vision that attempts to detect objects in a scene and reason about their spatial, functional and semantic relations. While many works focus on things (objects with a well-defined shape), less attention has been given to stuff classes (amorphous background regions). However, stuff classes are important as they allow to explain many aspects of an image, including the scene type, thing classes likely to be present and physical attributes of all objects in the scene. The goal of this thesis is to restore the balance between stuff and things in scene understanding. In particular, we investigate how the recognition of stuff differs from things and develop methods that are suitable to deal with both. We use stuff to find things and annotate a large-scale dataset to study stuff and things in context. First, we present two methods for semantic segmentation of stuff and things. Most methods require manual class weighting to counter imbalanced class frequency distributions, particularly on datasets with stuff and thing classes. We develop a novel joint calibration technique that takes into account class imbalance, class competition and overlapping regions by calibrating for the pixel-level evaluation criterion. The second method shows how to unify the advantages of region-based approaches (accurately delineated object boundaries) and fully convolutional approaches (end-to-end training). Both are combined in a universal framework that is equally suitable to deal with stuff and things. Second, we propose to help weakly supervised object localization for classes where location annotations are not available, by transferring things and stuff knowledge from a source set with available annotations. This is particularly important if we want to scale scene understanding to real-world applications with thousands of classes, without having to exhaustively annotate millions of images. Finally, we present COCO-Stuff - the largest existing dataset with dense stuff and thing annotations. Existing datasets are much smaller and were made with expensive polygon-based annotation. We use a very efficient stuff annotation protocol to densely annotate 164K images. Using this new dataset, we provide a detailed analysis of the dataset and visualize how stuff and things co-occur spatially in an image. We revisit the question whether stuff or things are easier to detect and which is more important based on visual and linguistic analysis.

In this thesis we propose to use a penalized maximum conditional likelihood criterion to estimate the graph of a general discrete Markov random field. We prove the almost sure convergence of the estimator of the graph in the case of a finite or countable infinite set of variables. Our method requires minimal assumptions on the probability distribution and contrary to other approaches in the literature, the usual positivity condition is not needed. We present several examples with a finite set of vertices and study the performance of the estimator on simulated data from theses examples. We also introduce an empirical procedure based on k-fold cross validation to select the best value of the constant in the estimators definition and show the application of this method in two real datasets. / Nesta tese propomos um critério de máxima verossimilhança penalizada para estimar o grafo de dependência condicional de um campo aleatório Markoviano discreto. Provamos a convergência quase certa do estimador do grafo no caso de um conjunto finito ou infinito enumerável de variáveis. Nosso método requer condições mínimas na distribuição de probabilidade e contrariamente a outras abordagens da literatura, a condição usual de positividade não é necessária. Introduzimos alguns exemplos com um conjunto finito de vértices e estudamos o desempenho do estimador em dados simulados desses exemplos. Também propomos um procedimento empírico baseado no método de validação cruzada para selecionar o melhor valor da constante na definição do estimador, e mostramos a aplicação deste procedimento em dois conjuntos de dados reais.

Orientador: Prof. Dr. David Correa Martins Júnior / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do ABC, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência da Computação, 2014.

Excerpt: The purpose of this study was to investigate relationships between dimensions of work ethic and dimensions of OCB and CWB.

Les lanceurs spatiaux sont des structures complexes associant une multitude de composants. L’assemblage de ces éléments doit répondre à un niveau de performance élevé. Le collage structural demeure un bon candidat en raison des nombreux avantages qu’il présente. Cependant, cette technologie montre des inconvénients. En raison des changements brusques de géométrie et de propriétés matériaux, des concentrations de contraintes apparaissent aux extrémités du joint de colle. Ce phénomène appelé effets de bords est néfaste pour la tenue mécanique de l’assemblage collé. La présence des effets de bords exclut l’utilisation de critères en contrainte utilisés classiquement. Le dimensionnement d’assemblages collés requiert des outils fiables prenant en compte ces effets de bords. Dans cette étude, un modèle de ruine incrémentale, associant une approche en contrainte et en énergie, est utilisé. L’utilisation de cet outil dans un cadre industriel, impose de répondre aux besoins d’un Bureau d’Études, notamment en termes de coût de calculs. Afin de le diminuer, une implémentation semi-analytique, est tout d’abord développée. Puis, une seconde méthode d’implémentation, basée sur la méthode des Eléments Finis, permet une prévision plus précise de la ruine d’un assemblage. La pertinence de ces deux approches a été vérifiée pour plusieurs configurations de joints collés. Des campagnes d’essais, destinées à confronter les résultats expérimentaux aux prévisions numériques, ont été réalisées. Dans le cadre de ce travail, un montage de collage et d’essai pour assemblages tubulaires a en particulier été développé. L’objectif du pré-dimensionnement est d’identifier une zone d’intérêt dans l’ensemble du domaine d’étude. Aussi, une étude paramétrique peut être requise afin de réaliser cette tâche. Afin de réduire le coût de calcul, une méthode d’interpolation spatiale appelée Krigeage a été mise en œuvre, et permet la construction efficace d’une surface de réponse. / Space Launchers are complex structures composed of a large number of elements. The assembling of these components must show a high level of reliability. The use of adhesive bonding technology is an interesting solution since it presentsseveral assets compared to “classical” joint techniques (such as riveting, bolting and welding), mainly because it can help to construct lighter and less energy consuming systems However„ the implementation of adhesives also has somedrawbacks. Due to the strong variations of geometrical and material properties, stress concentrations appear at the extremities of the joint. This phenomenon; called edge effects; has a great influence on the failure of the bond. As a result, the simple use of a classical stress or energetic criteria is not appropriate to predict the fracture of such structures. Therefore, it is obvious that the design of bonded assemblies requires reliable tools to take the edge effects into account. In this work an incremental failure model, which combines the stress and energetic criteria, is used. In order to decrease the computational cost, a semi-analytical application of this model is proposed. This is intended to make the approach more interesting to be implemented in an industrial environment. The accuracy of the prediction of the failure load is enhanced by means of the Finite Element method. The reliability of both the semi-analytical and Finite Element approaches is verified by comparing the model predictions with experimental data issued from double-notched Arcan and tubular specimen geometries. The aim of the pre-design phase is to identify the critical area in the whole range of the application of the studied geometry. Therefore, the realization of a parametric study is required in order to build a response surface. In the present study, this has been achieved by means of spatial interpolation using the Kriging model.

Dans le cas du bois massif, les résistances en flexion et en traction peuvent être altérées par la présence de défauts. Les nœuds et la distorsion du fil qui en découle, sont les causes de la diminution du rendement mécanique des sections de poutres de structure. A ce jour, l’effet de ces défauts sur la perte de résistance de l’élément de structure ne peut être quantifié avec exactitude. Le classement mécanique du bois de structure n’est alors pas optimal et ne permet pas de valoriser les éléments de fortes résistances. La présente étude a pour objectif d’étudier l’influence de la nodosité sur le rendement mécanique de poutres en Pin Maritime dans le but d’en améliorer son classement mécanique. Cette étude s’appuie sur une base de données recensant les propriétés mécaniques et physiques de poutres de grandes dimensions ainsi que les propriétés géométriques des nœuds présents sur ces éléments. Différents outils statistiques sont utilisés afin de définir les variables explicatives et leurs pouvoirs prédictifs sur la résistance mécanique de ces composants structurels. De ces analyses, il ressort que certaines caractéristiques propres aux nœuds sont significatives et permettent d’améliorer la prédiction de la résistance. Des modélisations éléments finis de tronçons de poutres présentant un nœud sont proposées pour justifier la présence de ces paramètres dans les modèles prédictifs et afin de compléter cette base de données par des propriétés mécaniques. Ces modélisations numériques, accompagnées d’un critère de ruine, permettent d’établir des courbes de performances mécaniques en présence d’un nœud. Ces données numériques sont comparées aux résultats expérimentaux afin de vérifier la fiabilité de l’approche proposée. / The bending and tensile strengths of timber can be reduced by the presence of heterogeneities. The knots and the local slope of grain in the surrounding area are the most relevant. Nowadays, the effect of knots reduces the stiffness and the strength of structural elements. The Timber grading is not optimized and does not promote the strongest beams for a timber engineering use. The goal of this study is to evaluate the influence of knots on the bending strength of beams in Maritime Pine, order to improve their timber grading. This work is focused on a database, which takes into account the mechanical and the physical properties of beams and specific geometrical parameters relative to knots detected in elements. Several statistical tools like neural networks are used to define the explanatory variables and their predictive powers of the bending strength. From these analyses, it is shown that some variables characterizing the knots are pertinent and allow the improvement of the prediction of the strength. To justify the presence of these variables in the predictive equations, finite element simulations of single knot are proposed. These numerical computations associated to a fracture criterion allow the establishment of strength performance curves due to the presence of knot in an elementary loaded volume (tension and bending configurations). These numerical data are compared to the experimental results in the aim to verify the reliability of the finite element approach.

在一場競爭性的考試中，我們如何決定要錄取或是淘汰這個考生？傳統的紙筆測驗方式固定題目總數，考生回答相同的題目，60分以上為及格。隨著電腦科技的快速發展，測驗型式也由紙筆轉換成電腦操作，也就是電腦化測驗。所謂電腦化效標參照測驗（computerized criterion-referenced test）即是把考生能力分成兩個以上的程度區間，藉由考生的答題狀況來判斷考生應歸屬於哪個區間。這種測驗方式與傳統測驗不同的是：電腦化測驗是依據考生的答題表現來給題，考生能力越偏離分段點（thresholds），需要的題數就越少；越接近分段點，需要的題數就越多。 在這篇論文中，我們運用兩個參數的羅吉斯模型（two-parameter logistic model）來估計考生之於試題的答對機率。藉由電腦模擬來探討結合貝它保護（beta-protection）方法和適性測驗對平均測驗題數及誤判率（亦即考生真正的能力與電腦判斷的區間不同）的影響。在模擬過程中，我們也介紹了試題參數的選擇情形，估計考生能力的方法以及在貝它保護下，停止選題的規則。根據這些原則，電腦模擬結果證明使用適性測驗加上貝它保護方法能夠有效地控制誤判率在規定的範圍內，程度不同的考生也能控制有不同的測驗題數。 / In a traditional Paper-and-Pencil (p-and-p) test, all examinees have same test items and the number of items is fixed. The examinee fails or passes the exam depends on if his/her test score exceeds a predetermined scores, say, 60 out of 100. However, with the rapid advancement of modern computer technology, the test form has been converted from p-and-p to computer terminal. Computerized criterion-referenced classify the examinees into more than two categories according to his/her answers to the items. It differs from the conventional standardized test in that the selection of test items is tailored to each examinee’s ability level. Typically, those examinees with high ability or low ability will have shorter average test length (ATL) than examinees with ability that close to thresholds. In this thesis, we assume that the probability of choosing correct response to an item follows a two-parameter logistic (2-PL) model. Our goal is to study the performance of ATL and misclassification rate (MR) using beta-protection method and adaptive sequential item selection. On the simulation procedures, we also introduce the selection rule of item parameter, the methods used to estimate an examinee’s ability, and the stopping rule with beta-protection. Simulation results show that using adaptive test and beta-protection method can control the MR within specified level and the number of test items required depends on the examinee’s ability.