Magister Scientiae - MSc / Palatal Rugae Patterns in a Sudanese Population Sample Palatal rugae are ridges resulted from symmetrical and irregular mucosal folds of tissue and located in the alveolar third of the palate. Palatal rugae identification can have a significant role in forensic identification where it is difficult to use the normal identification methods. The aim of this study is to identify and compare the palatal rugal morphological patterns in a sample of adult males and females of Sudanese population. Maxillary impression models obtained from 100 subjects (50 males and 50 females) of age group 21 – 23 years, of the dental students of University of Science and Technology, Sudan. The data were assessed based on the Thomas and Kotze classification (1983) for the length, shape and prevalence. The Independent - t - Test was used for the statistical analysis. Ethical approvals declared from the University of Science and Technology, Sudan and University of the Western Cape South, South Africa to conduct the study. Statistical analysis showed that females had significantly more number of total rugae on the right side of the palate than in males. The prevalence of the palatine rugae numbers was significantly more in females than in males. Primary rugae were distributed more significantly in females more than males. On the right side of the palate, the straight type of rugae was significantly predominant in females than in males whilst the wavy shape was more in males than in females. On the left side of the palate, the curved type of rugae was significantly more presented in males than in females whilst the diverging unification type was more in females than in males. The distribution of number of rugae shapes in both males and females were seen as straight followed by wavy and least was the circular. The total number of straight rugae was significantly more in females than in males, as well as circular rugae and diverging rugae. In contrast, curved rugae were significantly more in males than in females. There were 11 individuals who did not comply with the Thomas and Kotze classification thus was recorded as unspecified. Page iv This Sudanese study showed significant differences between males and females in the number, length and shapes of rugae. Hence, the individuality and uniqueness of palatine rugae can be used as a tool for forensic dental identification, and possibly distinction between males and females. There is also a possibility that there are ethnic differences in rugal patterns.

Orientador: Alexandre Augusto Zaia / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Odontologia de Piracicaba / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-27T02:46:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Gomes_AlineCristine_M.pdf: 987534 bytes, checksum: ab529af967b95d1c0326fdac44aa289f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015 / Resumo: Este estudo transversal determinou a prevalência de periodontite apical em 1290 dentes tratados endodonticamente em uma população brasileira, assim como as variáveis associadas à saúde perirradicular, através da avaliação de Tomografias Computadorizadas Cone beam (CBCT). As CBCT foram avaliadas quanto à presença ou ausência de periodontite apical, assim como as variáveis: gênero, qualidade do tratamento endodôntico, qualidade do tratamento restaurador, limite apical de obturação e presença ou ausência de pino intraradicular. Os dentes foram considerados saudáveis em 48,83 % dos casos avaliados. O tratamento endodôntico foi adequado em 55,11 % dos dentes. A qualidade do tratamento endodôntico e da restauração coronária influenciaram as condições perirradiculares (P < 0,0001 ), ocorrendo melhor resultado quando ambos os tratamentos foram adequados ( P < 0,01 ), assim como em casos de canais obturados até 0-2 mm do ápice radicular (P = 0,02). Foi encontrada uma prevalência relativamente elevada de periodontite apical na população estudada, o que pode estar relacionado à alta prevalência de tratamentos realizados com qualidade insatisfatória. Além disso, as variáveis qualidade do tratamento endodôntico, qualidade do tratamento restaurador e o limite apical da obturação foram significativamente associadas ao sucesso do tratamento endodontico, demonstrando a natureza multifatorial da periodontite apical / Abstract: This cross-sectional study determined the prevalence of apical periodontitis in 1290 root canal-treated teeth from a Brazilian population, as well as the variables associated with periradicular health, through the evaluation of CT scans Cone beam (CBCT). The CBCT were evaluated concerning presence or absence of apical periodontitis, and also the variables: gender, quality of endodontic treatment and coronal restoration, apical level of filling and presence of post restoration. The teeth were considered healthy in 48.83% of cases evaluated. Only 55.11% of the teeth had endodontic treatment rated as adequate. The quality of both endodontic treatment and coronal restoration were statistically correlated with the presence or absence of apical periodontitis (P<.0001), and the best results occur when both treatments were adequate (P <0.01) as well as in cases filled up to 0-2 mm from the apex (P = 0.02). The data showed relatively high prevalence of apical periodontitis in the study population, which may be related to the high prevalence of treatments performed with unsatisfactory quality. In addition, the variables quality of endodontic treatment, quality of restorative treatment and the apical limit of obturation were significantly associated with the success of endodontic treatment, demonstrating the multifactorial nature of apical periodontitis / Mestrado / Endodontia / Mestra em Clínica Odontológica

O treinamento de força de baixa intensidade com restrição parcial do fluxo sanguíneo (TFR) emergiu como uma alternativa ao treinamento de força tradicional, com intensidades variando entre moderada a alta, principalmente para idosos que possam apresentar alguma limitação ou dificuldade na realização do treinamento mais intenso. Assim, o presente estudo objetivou analisar a efetividade do TFR na modulação dos níveis de força, área de secção transversa muscular (ASTM) e dos diferentes tipos de fibra (ASTF) bem como da quantidade de células satélites (CS) e mionúcleos (MIO) presentes nas células musculares de indivíduos idosos e comparar os ganhos proporcionados por esse treinamento com os ganhos do treinamento de força tradicional. Trinta sujeitos foram alocados de maneira aleatória e balanceada, pela área de secção transversa muscular do quadríceps, nos seguintes grupos: grupo controle (GC), treinamento de força de baixa intensidade com restrição parcial do fluxo sanguíneo (TFR) e treinamento de força de alta intensidade (TFAI). Após 12 semanas de treinamento, realizados duas vezes na semana, com o exercício Leg Press ambos os grupos, TFR e TFAI apresentaram aumentos nos níveis de força muscular (17% P = 0,067 e 54% P < 0,001 respectivamente) e na ASTM do quadríceps (P < 0,001; 6,6% e 7,9% respectivamente). O grupo controle não apresentou nenhuma alteração significativa dessas variáveis. Após o período de intervenção, a ASTF bem como a quantidade de CS e MIO presentes nas fibras musculares não apresentaram alterações estatisticamente significantes para nenhum dos grupos. Entretanto, no grupo controle foi observada uma queda na ASTF (tipo I = -10%; tipo II = -1%) e também na quantidade de CS e MIO presentes nas fibras (CS = -29,2%; MIO = -9,7%). Para o grupo TFR foi observado um aumento na ASTF tipo II de 13%, contudo um decréscimo de 6% na ASTF do tipo I. Na quantidade de CS o grupo TFR apresentou uma queda de 5% enquanto que para quantidade de MIO foi apresentado um acréscimo de 14,6%. Já o grupo TFAI apresentou uma elevação de 15% na ASTF para ambos os tipos de fibra, I e II. A quantidade de CS aumentou em 32,6% enquanto que a quantidade de MIO presente nas fibras musculares aumentou 3,6%. Os achados do presente estudo mostram adaptações similares nos ganhos de força e hipertrofia muscular entre o TFR e o TFAI, sendo ambos efetivos em reverter os efeitos deletérios do envelhecimento nessas variáveis, consolidando assim o TFR como uma possível alternativa ao TFAI. Quanto à modulação da ASTF bem como da quantidade de CS e MIO por fibra muscular, se comparado ao controle, que apresentou queda nos níveis dessas variáveis, ambos os treinos TFR e TFAI foram capazes de retardar o efeito do envelhecimento sobre essas variáveis, sendo o TFAI mais efetivo em modular a ASTF do tipo I e a quantidade de CS por fibra em dozes semanas de treinamento, realizados duas vezes na semana. Já para modulação da quantidade de MIO por fibra, o TFR apresentou uma ligeira vantagem frente ao TFAI. Dessa forma, em nível celular, no que diz respeito à ASTF, CS e MIO ambos os treinos, após 12 semanas com uma frequência de treinamento baixa, parecem capazes de preservar os níveis dessas variáveis frente ao processo de envelhecimento / The low load resistance training with blood flow restriction (BFR) emerged as an alternative training mode to traditional resistance training (RT), with moderate to high intensities, mainly to elderly, with some limitations or losses, unable to exercise the traditional RT. Thus, the aim of the present study was comparing the effectiveness of BFR to promote strength gains, increases in the muscle and fibers cross sectional area (CSAm and CSAf in that order) as well as an augment in the muscle satellite cells (SC) and myonucleous (MYO) contents in elderly with RT results in these variables. Thirty elderly individuals were ranked in quartiles according to their initial quadriceps CSA and then randomly allocated into one of the following groups: control (CG), low-intensity resistance training with blood flow restriction group (BFR) and high-intensity resistance training (HRT). After 12 weeks of training, twice a week, using the Leg Press exercise, both groups, BFR and HRT presented increases to muscle strength (17% P = 0,067 e 54% P < 0,001 respectively) and CSAm (P < 0,001; 6,6% e 7,9% respectively). The CG did not present any significantly alteration in these variables. After the intervention, the CSAf as well as the SC and MYO contents did not show any significantly alteration for the three groups. However in the CG was observed a CSAf decreases (type I = -16%; type II = -12%) even as in the SC and MYO (CS= -29,2; MYO = -9,7%). To the BFR group was observed an increase of 13% in the type II CSAf while type I presented a decrease of 6%. The CS content decreases 5% whereas MYO content show a increase of 14,6%. To the HRT, both fibers type, I and II, presented an increase in the CSAf (type I = 1%; type II = 12%). To CS and MYO contents HRT showed an augment of 32,6% and 3,6 % respectively. These finds indicate similar strength and hypertrophy gains between BFR and HRT, being both training capable to offset age-related loss in muscle strength and mass, placing the BFR as a surrogate approach to HRT. Comparing the CSAf as well as SC and MYO modulation after intervention in both groups with the control group, BFR and HRT seems capable to break the aging impact on these variables, being the HRT slightly more effective to increase the type I CSA and CS contents while BFR seems slight more effective to increase MYO contents after 12 weeks of training twice a week. On this way both training, BFR and HRT, showed able to preserve CSAf levels even as CS and MYO content during aging

We conducted a cross-sectional survey to assess the anxiety, distress, and turnover intention (likelihood to leave their current job) of healthcare workers in Peru during the COVID-19 pandemic. Our results reported that 21.7% healthcare workers in Peru experienced severe anxiety, whereas 26.1% of them experienced severe mental distress. A higher level of education related with a lower level of anxiety. Younger workers had a higher level of turnover intention than their older colleagues did. Healthcare workers in the private sector had a higher turnover intention than those in the public sector. Most importantly, people who were geographically far from Lima, the epicenter in Peru, during the outbreak experienced less anxiety and mental distress, corroborating the ripple effect and disconfirming the typhoon eye theory. However, the direction of these relationships can change depending on the type of institutions (public versus private) and the type of employees' contract (full time versus part time). Our research helps provide insights for clinical professionals in identifying the vulnerable groups to mental disorders in Peru. This is the first study to assess anxiety, mental distress, and turnover intention in healthcare workers in Peru during the COVID-19 pandemic. Copyright

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(社会健康医学) / 甲第21962号 / 社医博第93号 / 新制||社医||10(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院医学研究科社会健康医学系専攻 / (主査)教授 古川 壽亮, 教授 中山 健夫, 教授 川上 浩司 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Public Health / Kyoto University / DFAM

Background Measuring pain in infants is important but challenging for researchers and health care professionals. The measurement of skin conductance (SC) is considered as a measure of stress and a surrogate indicator of pain. Purpose This dissertation provides insight on the validity of SC for pain measurement in infants and consists of two studies: 1) a scoping review synthesizing the methods and findings of previous studies on validating or using SC for measuring pain in infants; 2) a primary study evaluating the validity of SC for measuring pain in mechanically ventilated infants. Methods Arksey and O’Malley’s framework informed the methods of the scoping review. Nine electronic databases were searched. Data were analyzed and presented descriptively. The primary study used a prospective cross-sectional observational design. Eligible infants were those up to 12 months of age, hospitalized in intensive care units, who were mechanically ventilated, and required painful and non-painful procedures. Results Scoping review: Twenty-eight studies with 1061 infants were included, including 23 cross-sectional observation studies and five interventional studies. The validity evidence of SC was tested in relation to referent pain measures (13 variables), stimuli (13 variables), age (2 variables) and other contextual variables (11 variables). Fifteen studies evaluated the validity evidence in relation to phase of painful procedure, and SC increased significantly during painful procedures in most studies (n=14/15). However, inconsistent findings on other validity evidence and wide variation in methods existed across studies. Primary study: SC showed good validity in relation to the category of procedure, the phase of procedure and the referent pain measures in critically ill mechanically ventilated infants. The findings from diagnostic test accuracy showed that SC had good capacity of detecting moderate to severe pain. However, the values of SC need to be used with caution, due to the imperfect correlations with the referent pain measures and imperfect positive predictive value. Conclusions SC is a promising approach to measuring pain in critically ill infants. Further research testing the validity of SC in relation to pain treatments and advancing the technology of measuring and analyzing SC is needed before it can be recommended for clinical use.

Background: The care for patients with mental disorders have changed and this has led to higher demands on nurses. Research is conducted globally within the subject and studies have shown that nurses enquire more theoretical knowledge and practical training. In the Gambia, nursing education is conducted by five different schools and the country has one psychiatric hospital. Purpose: To explore nurses’ experiences and challenges while caring for patients with mental disorders in the Gambia. Method: The study was conducted using a quantitative cross-sectional design. Result: The result showed that the respondents enquire more education, that the work is challenging and that the majority of respondents have experience of working with patients with mental disorders. Conclusions:  There is a need for internal education for nurses on their workplaces and more research within the subject.

This research exercise aimed to replicate use of the instrument (“Vygotsky’s Blocks”) of Vygotsky and Sakharov (1928-1934) in combination with the 22 wooden blocks and the later adaptations and scoring framework of Hanfmann and Kasanin (1937; 1942). This procedure – the functional method of double stimulation – examined new concept formation from early childhood to adulthood (N=60 subjects, aged three- to 76-years-old) to establish whether contemporary adults and children produced the same or similar patterns as those described by Vygotsky (1986). The study found a developmental trend consistent with Vygotsky’s (1986) writings on the ontogenesis of concept formation. The path from the syncretic, to the concrete and factual, to the intermediate phase before true conceptual thought becomes possible was reflected in a positive correlation between the age of the subjects and their modes of thinking. This verified Vygotsky’s assertion that true conceptual thinking only becomes possible in adolescence. This study aimed to encourage further research with this procedure to confirm the trends found by this study and to validate the adapted scoring method of Hanfmann and Kasanin (1942) for the purposes of cross-sectional use.

Research on the Advanced Placement (AP) program generally shows that students scoring 4s and 5s on AP exams outperform their non-AP peers in subsequent college courses. However, faculty often advise students with AP credit to repeat prerequisite courses in college before attempting advanced coursework, and there are few studies that provide empirical evidence about outcomes related to the use of AP credit. I compared grades of 26,843 students in 34 STEM courses using two-level cross-sectional multilevel modeling and found that students with AP credit in biology, calculus, chemistry, or physics significantly outperformed non-AP students after controlling for high school GPA and SAT Math scores, whether they used their AP credit to fulfill course pre-requisites or not. Additionally, I investigated outcomes of 10,152 students who had earned AP credit for course pre-requisites, depending on whether or not they chose to use their AP credit or repeat it at the college level prior to taking subsequent courses. I found that contextual factors, such as the specific target course and the student’s home college, were highly influential in determining the propensity to use AP credit. Measures of prior academic achievement also influenced the propensity to use AP credit, but most demographic factors did not. After applying propensity weights, I found no causal effect of using AP credit on subsequent course grades. The use of two-level cross-sectional multilevel modeling showed that the effect of using AP credit on subsequent course grades varied significantly across courses. The results of this study show that students who use AP credit to move directly into subsequent college STEM courses do not earn lower grades in those courses as a result of their decision to use AP credit.

In this study, we examined subgroups of adolescents based on their levels of psychopathic traits and ADHD symptoms. Participants were 982 adolescents from a community sample, with a mean age of 14.28 (SD= .94) years. We used youths’ self-reports of psychopathic traits and their legal guardians’ reports of the adolescent’s ADHD symptoms to identify distinct subgroups of youths. We identified four groups that varied in levels of psychopathic traits and ADHD by using the Hierarchical clustering analysis. One group was characterized by high levels of psychopathic traits and high levels of ADHD (high combination group). The subgroups differed significantly from each other in several theoretically meaningful ways. The high combination group reported higher levels of psychopathic traits, impulsivity and hyperactivity, as well as higher levels on external variables such as aggression, delinquency and violence compared to the other subgroups. The high combination group also differed in terms of anxiety levels from the subgroup with high psychopathic traits only. These findings are in line with previous research and confirms that the construct of psychopathy is heterogenous. We identified an especially vulnerable subgroup that resembles the characteristics of the secondary psychopath.