Ausgehend von der Feststellung, dass in Deutschland bislang kein quantitatives Verfahren zur Beurteilung der Sicherheit von Bahnübergängen existiert, wurde in der vorliegenden Arbeit ein Vorschlag für ein solches Verfahren entwickelt. Das zugrunde liegende Risikomodell ermöglicht es, aus den Parametern eines einzelnen Bahnübergangs die individuellen Risiken unterschiedlicher Gruppen von Straßenverkehrsteilnehmern sowie das kollektive Risiko des Bahnübergangs abzuschätzen. Zur Bewertung dieser Risiken wurden Vorschläge für Akzeptanzkriterien hergeleitet. Ein weiterer Teil der Untersuchung beschäftigte sich mit der Ermittlung und Bewertung risikoreduzierender Maßnahmen. Das Verfahren entstand auf Basis umfangreicher Literaturstudien, qualifizierter Schätzungen und ergänzender empirischer Untersuchungen. Der Neuigkeitswert des Modells – auch vor dem Hintergrund der aus dem Ausland bekannten Ansätze – besteht in der differenzierten Betrachtung nicht nur des einzelnen Bahnübergangs, sondern auch der einzelnen Verkehrsarten und insbesondere der einzelnen zum Bahnübergang hin- und vom Bahnübergang wegführenden Verkehrsströme. Dadurch wird der Erkenntnis Rechnung getragen, dass sich die spezifischen Eigenschaften der Straßenverkehrsteilnehmer sowie der von ihnen genutzten Zu- und Abflusswege auf die Sicherheit auswirken können. Aus den erzielten Erkenntnissen wurden Empfehlungen zur Weiterentwicklung der Regelwerke abgeleitet. Hierzu gehört die Forderung nach einer stärkeren Risikoorientierung der Gestaltungsregeln, die insbesondere die aufgezeigten Einflussfaktoren berücksichtigen müssen.

The main objective of this thesis is to provide a smooth video playout on the mobile device over wireless networks. The parameters that specify the wireless channel include: bandwidth variation, frame losses, and outage time. These parameters may affect the quality of the video negatively, and the mobile users may notice sudden stops during the playout video, i.e., the picture is momentarily frozen, followed by a jump from one scene to a different one. This thesis focuses on eliminating frozen pictures and reducing the amount of video data that need to be transmitted. In order to eliminate frozen scenes on the mobile screen, we propose three different techniques. In the first technique, the video frames are split into sub-frames; these sub-frames are streamed over different channels. In the second technique the sub-frames will be “crossed” and sent together with other sub-frames that are from different positions in the streaming video sequence. If some sub-frames are lost during the transmission a reconstruction mechanism will be applied on the mobile device to recreate the missing sub-frames. In the third technique, we propose a Time Interleaving Robust Streaming (TIRS) technique to stream the video frames in different order. The benefit of that is to avoid losing a sequence of neighbouring frames. A missing frame from the streaming video will be reconstructed based on the surrounding frames on the mobile device. In order to reduce the amount of video data that are streamed over limited bandwidth channels, we propose two different techniques. These two techniques are based on identifying and extracting a high motion region of the video frames. We call this the Region Of Interest (ROI); the other parts of the video frames are called the non-Region Of Interest (non-ROI). The ROI is transmitted with high quality, whereas the non-ROI is interpolated from a number of references frames. In the first technique the ROI is a fixed size region; we considered four different types of ROI and three different scenarios. The scenarios are based on the position of the reference frames in the streaming frame sequence. In the second technique the ROI is identified based on the motion in the video frames, therefore the size, position, and shape of the ROI will be different from one video to another according to the video characteristic. The videos are coded using ffmpeg to study the effect of the proposed techniques on the encoding size. Subjective and objective metrics are used to measure the quality level of the reconstructed videos that are obtained from the proposed techniques. Mean Opinion Score (MOS) measurements are used as a subjective metric based on human opinions, while for objective metric the Structural Similarity (SSIM) index is used to compare the similarity between the original frames and the reconstructed frames.

Syftet med studien är att bidra med kunskap om vilka könsmönster som synliggörs i elevers samtal om fria lekar och kamratrelationer på fritidshemmet. Vår studie följer den socialkonstruktionistiska teorin som menar att könsmönster och normer är konstruerade genom sociala konstruktioner. Av den tidigare forskning som finns kring könsmönster och kamratrelationer utgår forskare till övergripande del från barnperspektiv. Barns sätt att se på världen är intressant och viktig att ta i beaktning, därför kommer denna studien utgå från barns perspektiv. Studien bygger på semistrukturerade intervjuer och baseras på kvalitativa data där elevers samtal om ämnet redogör för vilka lekar som anses könsstereotypiska, när elever är könsöverskridande i lekar och vilka lekar som är utan könsgränser.

A seleção de genitores para cruzamentos constitui-se em uma das etapas mais importantes em programas de melhoramento genético, pois com isso evita-se o desenvolvimento de populações pouco promissoras. Com o advento dos marcadores moleculares surgiu a possibilidade de predizer o desempenho das populações com base nas distâncias genéticas entre os genitores, mas os resultados disponíveis são contraditórios. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a possibilidade de predizer a variabilidade de cruzamentos de soja a partir de medidas de distâncias genéticas obtidas com marcadores moleculares AFLP. Foram realizados seis cruzamentos biparentais, entre cultivares recomendados para o Estado de São Paulo, com diferentes graus de distâncias genéticas (DG): baixo (DG£ 0,20), médio (DG@ 0,44) e alto (DG@ 0,65). Para cada cruzamento foram obtidas 100 progênies F2:3, que foram avaliadas em delineamentos em látice simples e parcelas lineares de 2 m espaçadas de 0,5 m, contendo 30 plantas após o desbaste, no ano agrícola de 2007/08. Foram avaliados os caracteres: número de dias para florescimento (DF), altura das plantas no florescimento (AF), número de dias para maturação (DM), altura das plantas na maturação (AM), acamamento (AC) e produção de grãos (PG). Para cada cruzamento foi estimada a variância genética entre progênies ( 2 p ), o coeficiente de herdabilidade entre médias de progênies ( 2 X h ), e a amplitude das médias individuais das progênies ( 3 : 2 F ) para todos os caracteres. Para a produção de grãos (PG) foi estimada ainda a proporção esperada de linhagens superiores (PS) e a heterose (h). Observou-se um aumento na magnitude da variância genética ( 2 p ), do coeficiente de herdabilidade ( 2 X h ) e da amplitude das médias das progênies ( 3 : 2 F ) com o aumento da distância genética (DG), principalmente para PG, DM e AF, evidenciado pelas correlações entre estas estimativas e DG ( = r 0,60 a 1,00). Para os demais caracteres as correlações foram ligeiramente inferiores. Além disso, para PG observou-se também uma correlação alta com a proporção esperada de linhagens superiores ( = r 0,77) e com a heterose ( = r 0,83). Estes resultados indicam claramente um aumento da variabilidade genética com o aumento da distância genética entre os genitores, sendo possível uma seleção prévia de genitores, da ordem de 50%, com base nas distâncias genéticas obtidas com marcadores moleculares AFLP, com o intuito de reduzir o número de populações a ser avaliado. / The selection of parents for crossings is one of the most important steps in plant breeding programs, in order to avoid the development of unfavorable populations. The population performance can be predicted by using genetics distances based on molecular markers, but the reported results are not consistent. Thus, the objective of this work was to investigate the possibility of predicting genetic variability of soybean crosses, based on genetic distances between parents derived from AFLP molecular markers. Six two-way crosses of soybean were performed between cultivars adapted to the state of São Paulo, Brazil, with different levels of molecular genetic distances (DG): low (DG£ 0,20); intermediate (DG@ 0.44) and high (DG@ 0.65). For each cross 100 F2:3 progenies were evaluated in a simple lattice design and plots 2 meter long spaced by 0.5 meter, containing 30 plants after thinning, in the 2007/08 growing season. The following traits were evaluated: days to flowering (DF), plant height at flowering (AF), days to maturity (DM), plant height at maturity (AM), lodging (AC) and grain yield (PG). For each cross the following parameters were estimated: genetic variance among progenies ( 2 p ), heritability among progeny means ( 2 X h ) and amplitude of the individual progeny means ( 3 : 2 F ) for all traits. For grain yield the expected proportion of superior inbred lines (PS) and heterosis (h) were also estimated. It was observed an increasing of genetic variance ( 2 p ), heritability ( 2 X h ) and amplitude of the progeny means ( 3 : 2 F ), with the genetic distance (DG) increasing, mainly for PG, DM and AF, as can be seen by the correlation coefficients between those estimates and DG ( = r 0.60 to 1.00). For the other traits, the correlation coefficients were smaller. Besides, a correlation of DG with the proportion of superior inbred lines ( = r 0.77) and with heterosis ( = r 0.83) were also observed for PG. General results indicate clearly an increasing of genetic variability following the increasing of genetic distances between the parents, and thus, a previous selection of parents of around 50%, based on AFLP genetic distances, is possible, in order to reduce the number of populations to be evaluated.

The estimation of the frequency and phase of a complex exponential in additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) is a fundamental and well-studied problem in signal processing and communications. A variety of approaches to this problem, distinguished primarily by estimation accuracy, computational complexity, and processing latency, have been developed. One class of approaches is based on the Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) due to its connections with the maximum likelihood estimator (MLE) of frequency. This thesis compares several FFT-based approaches to the MLE in terms of their estimation accuracy and computational complexity. While FFT-based frequency estimation tends to be very accurate, the computational complexity of the FFT and the latency associated with performing these computations after the entire signal has been received can be prohibitive in some scenarios. Another class of approaches that addresses some of these shortcomings is based on linear regression of samples of the instantaneous phase of the observation. Linear- regression-based techniques have been shown to be very accurate at moderate to high signal to noise ratios and have the additional benefit of low computational complexity and low latency due to the fact that the processing can be performed as the samples arrive. These techniques, however, typically require the computation of four-quadrant arctangents, which must be approximated to retain low computational complexity. This thesis proposes a new frequency and phase estimator based on simple estimates of the zero-crossing times of the observation. An advantage of this approach is that it does not require arctangent calculations. Simulation results show that the zero-crossing frequency and phase estimator can provide high estimation accuracy, low computational complexity, and low processing latency, making it suitable for real-time applications. Accordingly, this thesis also presents a real-time implementation of the zero-crossing frequency and phase estimator in the context of a time-slotted round-trip carrier synchronization system for distributed beamforming. The experimental results show this approach can outperform a Phase Locked Loop (PLL) implementation of the same distributed beamforming system.

Submitted by admin tede (tede@pucgoias.edu.br) on 2018-10-01T17:42:08Z No. of bitstreams: 1 MÁRCIA MENDONÇA SOUSA.pdf: 1434316 bytes, checksum: a89be9c53c5a1aa0287ed89609ce0874 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-10-01T17:42:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 MÁRCIA MENDONÇA SOUSA.pdf: 1434316 bytes, checksum: a89be9c53c5a1aa0287ed89609ce0874 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-06-25 / This study proposes a comparative analysis of Clarice Lispector's The Passion According to GH, whose crossing between the body and art reveals unfolding of being before the becoming, which, in order to exist and to be self-sufficient, must be escaped from silence and pronounce with authenticity, since whoever is silent is closer to anonymity and has no identity, property. Therefore, we seek to explore, in the narrative, the construction of the being that is inherent in the formation and manifestation of its expressiveness. Dumbness is the revelation of fragility, the distressing and disturbing fragmentation of bodies in interaction. Through language, bodies can interact, strangling, disintegrating, and rebuilding themselves in the face of the unusual. The muted language of G.H. manifests a non-existence, an anonymity that, in the face of becoming, becomes uneasy, reveals the pains of being and of defining oneself. In the face of everyday and banal events, literary art attributes a new configuration to the object and this new sudden illumination in the consciousness of the extras allows new insights into life, a kind of epiphany. In this crossing, this study seeks to analyze the crossing between the body and the art, promoting dialogues, which will dehumanize the image of the conventional human, disobjectifying the being and revealing its component side, actant and work of art, as the body language is captured through of the body experiment. The very existence is used as an artistic representation, as a thinking object, whose main function is to create symbols, since the image is not intended to make the meaning it has more comprehensible, but to make the object artistic because it represents a particular vision , a new perception about the object. The research adopts a current hermeneutical approach, phenomenological, existentialist and comparative, since it is understood that they are indispensable items to develop this study about the crossing between the body and the work of art, in order to show that the body-language is the authenticity of being in the literature by Clarice Lispector. / Este estudo propõe uma análise comparativa da obra A paixão segundo G.H., de Clarice Lispector, cuja travessia entre o corpo e a arte revelam desdobramentos do ser perante o devir, que, para existir e autoafimar-se, o ser deve fugir do silêncio e pronunciar-se com autenticidade, já que quem se cala está mais próximo do anonimato e não possui identidade, propriedade. Por isso, procuramos explorar, na narrativa, a construção do ser que está inerente à formação e à manifestação da sua expressividade. A mudez é a revelação da fragilidade, a fragmentação angustiante e inquietante dos corpos em interação. Através da linguagem, os corpos podem interagir, estranhando-se, descontruindo-se e reconstruindo-se perante o inusitado. A linguagem emudecida de G.H. manifesta uma não existência, um anonimato que, frente ao devir, inquietase, revela as dores de ser e de definir-se. Frente aos acontecidos cotidianos e banais, a arte literária atribui uma nova configuração ao objeto e essa nova iluminação súbita na consciência dos figurantes permite novos insights perante a vida, uma espécie de epifania. Nessa travessia, este estudo procura analisar a travessia entre o corpo e a arte, promovendo diálogos, que vão desautomatizando a imagem do humano convencional, desobjetificando o ser e revelando seu lado componente, actante e obra de arte, pois o corpo linguagem é captado através do corpo experimento. A própria existência é utilizada como representação artística, como objeto pensante, cuja função principal é a de criar símbolos, já que a imagem não tem o objetivo de tornar mais compreensível o significado que possui, mas de tornar artístico o objeto por representar uma visão particular, uma nova percepção sobre o objeto. A pesquisa adota uma abordagem hermenêutica atual, fenomenológica, existencialista e comparativa por entender que são itens indispensáveis para desenvolver este estudo sobre a travessia entre o corpo e a obra de arte, a fim de mostrar que o corpo-linguagem é a autenticidade do ser na literatura de Clarice Lispector.

Submitted by Sandro Camargo (sandro.camargo@unipampa.edu.br) on 2015-05-09T22:33:43Z No. of bitstreams: 1 126110043.pdf: 2117805 bytes, checksum: f107c883cc20c40fff355188fc0e7df6 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-09T22:33:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 126110043.pdf: 2117805 bytes, checksum: f107c883cc20c40fff355188fc0e7df6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-08-20 / Atualmente as técnicas não lineares de modulação de potência aplicadas ao aquecimento resistivo de água, principalmente em redes elétricas mal projetadas, podem gerar vários problemas no ambiente onde estão instaladas. É o caso dos chuveiros eletrônicos que, dependendo da técnica utilizada para executar o processo de modulação de potência, podem ocasionar efeitos indesejáveis na rede elétrica e ambiente. Um exemplo típico é o Controle por Ciclos Inteiros, foco deste trabalho, que apresenta baixa probabilidade de geração de harmônicas e interferência eletromagnética (IEM). Em contrapartida, é praticamente inevitável o surgimento de flicker na rede elétrica decorrente de sua utilização, principalmente devido às altas potências dos equipamentos de aquecimento resistivo, agravadas pelos longos intervalos entre condução e não condução de corrente. Considerando que a geração de flicker é a principal desvantagem proveniente do Controle por Ciclos Inteiros, o presente trabalho tem por objetivo propor outras técnicas a fim de atenuar este efeito indesejável e, ao mesmo tempo, possibilitar a utilização de vários níveis de potência. / Currently the non-linear power modulation techniques applied to resistive water heating, mainly on not properly designed electric installations, can generate various problems in the environment where they are present. This is the case of electronic showers that depending on the power modulation technique may result in undesirable effects in the power grid and environment. A typical example is the zero-crossing AC power control, focus of this work, which has low probability of generating harmonics and electromagnetic interference (EMI). On the other hand, it is almost inevitable the emergence of Flicker on the power grid resulting from its use, mainly due to high electrical power consumed by heating equipment, compounded by long conducting and non-conducting power intervals. Whereas the flicker generated is the main drawback from the zero-crossing power control, this work aims to propose other techniques to reduce this undesirable effect allowing several output power levels.

Este trabalho tem por objetivo estudar os problemas computacionais que surgem ao se relacionar grafos com superfícies bidimensionais, dando especial atenção aos problemas do número de cruzamentos mínimo no plano (CROSSING NUMBER) e a problemas relacionados ao desenho de grafos em livros. Apresentamos uma redução do problema MULTICUT para CROSSING NUMBER, além de um resultado de complexidade em grafos de comparabilidade baseado em um resultado conhecido para desenhos em livros. / The objective of this text is to study computational problems that emerge from the relation between graphs and bidimensional surfaces, giving special attention to the crossing number problem and graph drawings on books. We present a reduction from MULTICUT to CROSSING NUMBER, in addition to a complexity result on comparability graphs based on a known result about drawings on books.

Recollecting the history of the United States, which is inextricably entangled with westward expansionism (Manifest Destiny) and the construction of borders, is also a complex and troubling reexamination of the American identity itself. This is evident in critical perspectives that analyze our violent past and the narratives that continue to govern not only contemporary culture but also the academic sphere as Native scholars have been proposing over the last twenty years. However, what remains vital to this conversation is how to better include the narratives and voices from both native peoples and Mexicans—especially in the southwest borderlands—which also counteract the dominant narratives mentioned above. However, these alternate narratives can be affirmed and authorized as crucial histories by utilizing Baudrillard’s notion of simulacra and at the same time, act as a form of resistance. By reevaluating three crucial moments in The Crossing, Baudrillard’s Simulacra and Simulation, and employing a heuristic I will call the rhetoric of violence, I hope to highlight the importance of such marginalized narratives and the voices that occupy them in American history.

Crossing of stent graft limbs during endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR) is often used to assist cannulation and prevent graft kinking when the aortic bifurcation is widely splayed. Little has been reported about the implications of cross-limb EVAR, especially in comparison to conventional EVAR. Using computational fluid dynamics, this work numerically examines the hemodynamic differences between these two out-of-plane stent graft configurations against a planar configuration commonly found in literature. Predicted values of displacement force, wall shear stress, and oscillatory shear index were similar between the out-of-plane configurations. The planar configuration predicted similar wall shear stress values, but significantly lower displacement forces than the out-of-plane configurations. These results suggest that the hemodynamic safety of cross-limb EVAR is comparable to conventional EVAR. However, a study of clinical outcomes may reveal reduced thrombosis incidence and long-term structural implications for the stent graft in cross-limb EVAR.