No description available.

As recentes descobertas de reservas de petróleo no pré-sal, representam uma grande oportunidade e desafio para a Petrobrás e demais indústrias de exploração e extração do petróleo. As exigências quanto aos materiais mais resistentes à corrosão e que conciliam boa resistência mecânica são cada vez maiores, devido aos constantes esforços dinâmicos que os equipamentos estarão sujeitos, pois os componentes estruturais serão submetidos à grande lâmina de água, ocorrência que as companhias exploradoras terão que superar. A otimização de materiais e equipamentos que podem melhorar a performance nas explorações do pré-sal tem sido a grande busca do setor nos últimos anos, muitos deles precisam ser testados e atestados quanto sua resistência à propagação de trincas, uma vez que, serão submetidos a oscilações devido as movimentações das marés e as condições de alta severidade a que serão expostos. Para suportar as condições de exposições com H2S, resistência a corrosão por pitting e resistência mecânica, porcas e parafusos têm sido fabricados com o Inconel 625, essas peças são estruturais e de extrema importância para a prospecção do petróleo. Após todas as etapas de fabricação, conformação, tratamento térmico e laminação a frio, o material foi caracterizado, realizou-se ensaio de metalografia que apresentou tamanhos de grão 7 e 8 conforme norma ASTM E112. Uma das premissas para a realização desse trabalho está nas condições que o material será exposto em situações acidentais, conforme informações da própria Petrobrás, em caso de vazamentos, os do tipo estruturais podem ser submetidos a temperaturas criogênicas de -100°C, -120°C e até -190°C devido ao vazamento de gases. Assim, o material foi caracterizado em temperaturas criogênicas através dos ensaios de tração, impacto e de CTOD. No ensaio de tração foi observado para as diferentes temperaturas criogênicas que apesar do aumento na resistência do material, da ordem de 787 MPa, o Inconel 625 manteve um alongamento acima de 40%. Nos resultados de Impacto a tenacidade se manteve acima de 200 J e não foi notada a curva de transição dúctil-frágil, mesmo para temperaturas tão baixas. No ensaio de CTOD utilizou-se corpos de prova de flexão (SENB) no ensaio de tenacidade à fratura, de acordo com a norma ASTM E1290.A componente plástica da abertura da boca do entalhe na temperatura de -190°C, pior caso, se manteve em 1,52 mm em média. Mediante a todos os resultados obtidos, pode-se afirmar que o aumento da resistência do Inconel 625 pelo processo de encruamento, não impossibilita sua aplicação para temperaturas criogênicas, mantendo sua capacidade de se deformar apreciavelmente antes de se romper. / Recently oil and gas discoveries in the Pre-Salt layer represent a huge exploration potential in Brazil, however, the technological challenges for the exploitation of these mineral resources are immense and therefore have motivated the development of studies looking for efficient methods and materials for their productions. The requirements about materials more corrosion resistance and mechanical resistance have been more frequently, as a result of high deep layer to explore the petroleum. The materials and equipment optimization to improve the performance in the pre-salt exploration have been the big search for oil and gas companies in the last years, but this materials must be testing in the crack propagation, because, this materials must resistance by oscillations, as consequence of ocean movements and others difficult situations that the materials must be support. To support H2S conditions, corrosion resistance by pitting corrosion and high mechanical resistance, bolts and nuts have been manufactured with Inconel 625, these products are structural and they are extreme importance to petroleum exploration. After all manufacturing operations, hot worked heat treatment and cold worked, the material was studied, and it was realized micrographic testing that result in grain size 7 and 8, in accordance ASTM E112 standard. One of premise to realized this paper are in the conditions that the material will be supported in accident situations, in agreement of Petrobras information, in the gases scape accidents, the structure materials can be exposed in cryogenically temperatures of -100°C, -120°C until -190°C. Therefore, the material was studied in cryogenically temperatures throw tensile testing, impact testing and CTOD. In the tensile testing was noted to different kind of cryogenically temperatures, same with more mechanical resistance, 787 MPa yield strength, the Inconel 625 has kept the 40% elongation. In the impact testing the notch toughness as kept above 200 J and it was not seen the transition ductile-Brittle in the low temperatures. In the CTOD testing was used bending test specimens (SENB) in the fracture toughness test for the Inconel 625, in agreement with the ASTM E1290 standard. The specimens was testing in tension and CTOD test in low temperatures: -100°C, -120°C and -190°C.The Clip gage displacement was recorded in the -190°C temperature with 1,52 mm average, this is the worse situation. Analyzing all the results, can be considered that the growth mechanical resistance of Inconel 625 by cold worked process, allow your application with cryogenically situations and the material has kept your ability to be well deformed before the crack.

As recentes descobertas de reservas de petróleo no pré-sal, representam uma grande oportunidade e desafio para a Petrobrás e demais indústrias de exploração e extração do petróleo. As exigências quanto aos materiais mais resistentes à corrosão e que conciliam boa resistência mecânica são cada vez maiores, devido aos constantes esforços dinâmicos que os equipamentos estarão sujeitos, pois os componentes estruturais serão submetidos à grande lâmina de água, ocorrência que as companhias exploradoras terão que superar. A otimização de materiais e equipamentos que podem melhorar a performance nas explorações do pré-sal tem sido a grande busca do setor nos últimos anos, muitos deles precisam ser testados e atestados quanto sua resistência à propagação de trincas, uma vez que, serão submetidos a oscilações devido as movimentações das marés e as condições de alta severidade a que serão expostos. Para suportar as condições de exposições com H2S, resistência a corrosão por pitting e resistência mecânica, porcas e parafusos têm sido fabricados com o Inconel 625, essas peças são estruturais e de extrema importância para a prospecção do petróleo. Após todas as etapas de fabricação, conformação, tratamento térmico e laminação a frio, o material foi caracterizado, realizou-se ensaio de metalografia que apresentou tamanhos de grão 7 e 8 conforme norma ASTM E112. Uma das premissas para a realização desse trabalho está nas condições que o material será exposto em situações acidentais, conforme informações da própria Petrobrás, em caso de vazamentos, os do tipo estruturais podem ser submetidos a temperaturas criogênicas de -100°C, -120°C e até -190°C devido ao vazamento de gases. Assim, o material foi caracterizado em temperaturas criogênicas através dos ensaios de tração, impacto e de CTOD. No ensaio de tração foi observado para as diferentes temperaturas criogênicas que apesar do aumento na resistência do material, da ordem de 787 MPa, o Inconel 625 manteve um alongamento acima de 40%. Nos resultados de Impacto a tenacidade se manteve acima de 200 J e não foi notada a curva de transição dúctil-frágil, mesmo para temperaturas tão baixas. No ensaio de CTOD utilizou-se corpos de prova de flexão (SENB) no ensaio de tenacidade à fratura, de acordo com a norma ASTM E1290.A componente plástica da abertura da boca do entalhe na temperatura de -190°C, pior caso, se manteve em 1,52 mm em média. Mediante a todos os resultados obtidos, pode-se afirmar que o aumento da resistência do Inconel 625 pelo processo de encruamento, não impossibilita sua aplicação para temperaturas criogênicas, mantendo sua capacidade de se deformar apreciavelmente antes de se romper. / Recently oil and gas discoveries in the Pre-Salt layer represent a huge exploration potential in Brazil, however, the technological challenges for the exploitation of these mineral resources are immense and therefore have motivated the development of studies looking for efficient methods and materials for their productions. The requirements about materials more corrosion resistance and mechanical resistance have been more frequently, as a result of high deep layer to explore the petroleum. The materials and equipment optimization to improve the performance in the pre-salt exploration have been the big search for oil and gas companies in the last years, but this materials must be testing in the crack propagation, because, this materials must resistance by oscillations, as consequence of ocean movements and others difficult situations that the materials must be support. To support H2S conditions, corrosion resistance by pitting corrosion and high mechanical resistance, bolts and nuts have been manufactured with Inconel 625, these products are structural and they are extreme importance to petroleum exploration. After all manufacturing operations, hot worked heat treatment and cold worked, the material was studied, and it was realized micrographic testing that result in grain size 7 and 8, in accordance ASTM E112 standard. One of premise to realized this paper are in the conditions that the material will be supported in accident situations, in agreement of Petrobras information, in the gases scape accidents, the structure materials can be exposed in cryogenically temperatures of -100°C, -120°C until -190°C. Therefore, the material was studied in cryogenically temperatures throw tensile testing, impact testing and CTOD. In the tensile testing was noted to different kind of cryogenically temperatures, same with more mechanical resistance, 787 MPa yield strength, the Inconel 625 has kept the 40% elongation. In the impact testing the notch toughness as kept above 200 J and it was not seen the transition ductile-Brittle in the low temperatures. In the CTOD testing was used bending test specimens (SENB) in the fracture toughness test for the Inconel 625, in agreement with the ASTM E1290 standard. The specimens was testing in tension and CTOD test in low temperatures: -100°C, -120°C and -190°C.The Clip gage displacement was recorded in the -190°C temperature with 1,52 mm average, this is the worse situation. Analyzing all the results, can be considered that the growth mechanical resistance of Inconel 625 by cold worked process, allow your application with cryogenically situations and the material has kept your ability to be well deformed before the crack.

The objective of the dissertation is to combine the recent Mixed-Mode reliability stress studies into a single text. The thesis starts with a review of silicon-germanium heterojunction bipolar transistor fundamentals, development trends, and the conventional reliability stress paths used in industry, after which the new stress path, Mixed-Mode stress, is introduced. Chapter 2 is devoted to an in-depth discussion of damage mechanisms that includes the impact ionization effct and the selfheating effect. Chapter 3 goes onto the impact ionization effect using two-dimensional calibrated MEDICI simulations. Chapter 4 assesses the reliability of SiGe HBTs in extreme temperature environments by way of comprehensive experiments and MEDICI simulations. A comparison of the device lifetimes for reverse-EB stress and mixed-mode stress indicates different damage mechanisms govern these phenomena. The thesis concludes with a summary of the project and suggestions for future research in chapter 5.

L’échange d’énergie par rayonnement est proportionnel à l’émissivité. Ce facteur dépend de la température et de la longueur d’onde mais aussi de l’état de surface, de la composition et de la phase. Sa mesure précise est donc toujours un défi à cause des influences connues ou inconnues. Par rapport à d’autres travaux, le but de ce travail est de l’étudier dans des conditions extrêmes, des températures cryogéniques aux hautes températures : Nous avons ainsi étudié à 80K l’absorption d’un diélectrique pour la protection thermique d’un satellite et celles de surfaces en or de différentes rugosités. A la température ambiante nous avons déterminé par une méthode en réflexion, l’émission de vitrages dans le but de la recherche d‘économie d’énergie. Nous avons aussi étudié la variation de l’émissivité pendant le changement de phase solidus-liquidus et α-β de second ordre. Autour de 100°C le soufre devient plus émissif lorsqu’il passe du solide au liquide mais par contre il n’y a pas de différence sur l’émissivité pour ses deux variétés allotropiques principales. A une beaucoup plus haute température, le silicium liquide se comporte comme un métal avec une émissivité très faible et un saut net a été constaté à son passage au point de fusion. Une variation marquée de l’émissivité pour les deux phases solides du SiC a été observée entre 8-11μm dans notre étude. Contrairement aux résultats de la littérature, les sommets d’émissivité diminuent progressivement avec l’augmentation de la température. Enfin trois points X, longueur d’onde où l’émissivité ne dépend pas de la température, ont été observés pour chaque phase. / Heat transferred by radiation is proportional to the emissivity. This coefficient depends not only on the wavelength and the temperature, but also on the surfaceroughness, the chemical composition and the phase. A precise measurement is always a challenge because of the known and unknown factors. Compared with others, this thesis aims at the studies in extreme conditions, from cryogenic temperature to very high temperature: The absorptivity of a dielectric applied to the thermal protector for the satellite and the emissivity of gold surfaces with different roughness have been measured at 80K. The emissivity of different windows has been determined by the reflection method at room temperature for the research of energy saving. We have also studied the variation of the emissivity during the solid to liquid and α-β phase transition. The sulfur becomes more emissive when it changes from solid to liquid around 100°C, but there is no difference on the emissivity between its two major allotropies. The liquid silicon behaves like a metal with a very low emissivity and an obvious bound has been measured when it crosses its melting point. A marked variation of the emissivity of SiC for its two solid-state phases has been observed between 8-11μm. Contrary to other results, the peak values of the emissivity attenuate with the increase of temperature. Finally, three X points at which the emissivity doesn’t depend on the temperature have been measured for each phase.

Les nanocristaux semi-conducteurs colloïdaux possèdent des propriétés photo-physiques qui en font des objets de choix pour des applications variées, comme le marquage biologique, le photovoltaïque ou encore l'optique quantique. Dans cette thèse, nous étudions les modifications, introduites par des réseaux d'or, de la fluorescence de nanocristaux CdSe/CdS à coquille épaisse. Nous présentons tout d'abord les propriétés fondamentales de ces nanocristaux de CdSe/CdS puis la manière dont leurs propriétés d'émission peuvent être contrôlées par l'environnement électromagnétique, en détaillant en particulier le cas d'un couplage avec des plasmons de surface. Des simulations réalisées par nos collaborateurs du LICB dans le cadre d'un projet ANR sont ensuite comparées à nos mesures expérimentales. Nous observons que le couplage des nano-émetteurs individuels au réseau d'or permet à la fois d'accélérer l'émission spontanée et de mieux la collecter. Les structures métalliques sont optimisées pour que les améliorations détectées soient peu sensibles à la position de l'émetteur. Un effet supplémentaire est le contrôle de la polarisation de l'émission qui se révèle être fixée pa r le réseau. Nous rapportons également des changements dans la statistique temporelle d'émission des photons et notamment la suppression totale du scintillement. Les métaux étant connus pour leurs pertes ohmiques, des expériences ont été réalisées pour montrer que les pertes non radiatives qu'elles entraînent peuvent être réduites à basse température. Nous avons examiné le cas d'une surface d'or plane ainsi que des réseaux linéaires et circulaires. Enfin, une nouvelle méthode de post-traitement a été développée en parallèle. Elle permet par exemple d'étudier les variations de l'efficacité quantique bi-excitonique dans des nanocristaux enrobés d'or suivant l'état de charge de l'émetteur. / Colloidal semiconductor nanocrystals are fluorescent nano-objects exhibiting discrete energy levels which justify their second appellation: quantum dots (QDs). Due to their high efficiency and ease of use, they find potential applications in a wide range of fields. Their usefulness for biological labeling, optoelectronic components in flat screens, light harvesting or quantum optics has been demonstrated by many studies. In this thesis, we use gold gratings in order to modify the emission properties of CdSe/CdS core-shell nanocrystals. After a brief presentation of their electronic and fluorescence properties, we explain how those properties can be modified by the control of the electromagnetic environment with particular care to the case of surface plasmons. We then show through experiment and simulations that those plasmons enable better collection efficiency, faster photo-luminescence decay rates, and polarized emission without being particularly restricting towards QD positioning. Changes in the emission statistics are also observed, notably total suppression of the blinking in the fluorescence intensity. Further experiments at low temperature have been realized in order to assess the importance of the gold ohmic losses. We investigated the case of a flat gold film as well as linear and circular gratings. A new post-selection method is also introduced and used to study the variations of the bi-excitonic quantum yield for nanocrystals embedded in a gold nano-resonator as a function of the ionization state of the emitter.

Submitted by Eunice Novais (enovais@uepg.br) on 2018-09-03T21:43:50Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 811 bytes, checksum: e39d27027a6cc9cb039ad269a5db8e34 (MD5) Maicon_Crivoi.pdf: 5082056 bytes, checksum: cf064a8b661e7eb5e1be0dca41eab5f1 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-09-03T21:43:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 811 bytes, checksum: e39d27027a6cc9cb039ad269a5db8e34 (MD5) Maicon_Crivoi.pdf: 5082056 bytes, checksum: cf064a8b661e7eb5e1be0dca41eab5f1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-02-23 / Dois aços inoxidáveis (AISI430 ferrítico e AISI316L austenítico) foram analisados por testes de tração uniaxial às temperaturas ambiente e criogênica, com taxas de deformação controladas para ambos os metais. Utilizou-se o equipamento Synchrotron Gleeble®, capaz de realizar medições de difração de raios X in situ, controlando a temperatura da amostra, a condição de tensão / tração, bem como a atmosfera da câmara e permitindo também a injeção de nitrogênio líquido diretamente sobre a amostra com excelente versatilidade e reprodutibilidade. Os testes foram realizados em um sistema de simulação termomecânica avançado, XTMS, localizado Centro Nacional de Pesquisa em Energia e Materiais - CNPEM - Campinas, SP, Brasil. A caracterização foi realizada por meio de imagens MEV e XRD in situ. As fotomicrografias e os resultados dos ensaios de tração mostram que o aço AISI 430 apresenta uma fratura dúctil à temperatura ambiente e fratura frágil a temperatura criogênica com aumento da resistência. Os resultados do aço AISI 316L evidenciam que o material tem uma fratura dúctil em ambas as condições. Para este mesmo metal, o alongamento a ambas as temperaturas foi praticamente o mesmo, mas a resistência à tração no ambiente criogênico foi muito maior. Este comportamento pode estar associado ao efeito TRIP, o que está de acordo com os dados XRD, uma vez que os picos de martensita α' induzida por deformação são evidenciados. / Two stainless steels (AISI430 ferritic and AISI316L austenitic) were analyzed by uniaxial tensile tests at room and cryogenic temperatures, with controlled strain rates for both metals. The Gleeble® Synchrotron system was used; it is capable to perform X-ray diffraction measurements in situ, controlling the sample temperature, controlling the stress / strain condition, as well as the chamber atmosphere, and also allowing the injection of liquid nitrogen directly into the sample with excellent versatility and reproducibility. The tests were performed in an advanced thermo mechanical simulation system, XTMS, located in the National Center for Research in Energy and Materials - CNPEM - Campinas, SP, Brazil. The characterization was performed by means of SEM images and in situ XRD. The photomicrographs and the results of the tensile tests show that AISI 430 steel presents a ductile fracture at room temperature and fragile fracture at cryogenic temperature with resistance increasing. The results of the AISI 316 L steel show that the material has a ductile fracture in both conditions. For this same metal, the elongation at both temperatures was practically the same, but the tensile strength in the cryogenic environment was much higher. This behavior may be associated with the TRIP effect, which agrees with the XRD data, since peaks of α’ strain induced martensite are evidenced.

Submitted by Deyse Queiroz (deysequeirozz@hotmail.com) on 2018-06-13T14:15:26Z No. of bitstreams: 1 JOSÉ DIVÂNIO PEREIRA DE OLIVEIRA - DISSERTAÇÃO PPGEA 2011..pdf: 15315292 bytes, checksum: e9b24518134206b0e9339d2a725d179a (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-06-13T14:15:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 JOSÉ DIVÂNIO PEREIRA DE OLIVEIRA - DISSERTAÇÃO PPGEA 2011..pdf: 15315292 bytes, checksum: e9b24518134206b0e9339d2a725d179a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-09 / O consumo de carne congelada é cada vez maior, sobretudo nas grandes cidades, tornando-se imprescindíveis estudos mais detalhados dos processos de congelamento e sua influência no produto destinado ao consumidor. O principal objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar a cinética de congelamento e avaliar as alterações físico-químicas do lombo da carne caprina e ovina, submetido a quatro temperaturas de congelamento: -22,5 e -45 °C (freezer comercial), -170 °C (vapor de nitrogénio líquido) e -196 °C (imersão no nitrogénio líquido). Foram realizadas as análises físico-químicas de teor de água, pH, acidez, cinzas e proteínas, de acordo com o Instituto Adolfo Lutz enquanto para os atributos textura, ruptura da fibra e resistência de corte, as amostras foram realizadas em texturômetro da marca TA.XT plus. O lombo da carne ovina a -22,5 e -45 °C congelou mais rapidamente que a do lombo da carne caprina, cujos tempos foram iguais a 10200 e 10800 segundos; 6240 e 6480 segundos, respectivamente; Já nas temperaturas de -170 e -196 o lombo da carne apresentou ligeira diferença no tempo de congelamento com a carne caprina congelando de maneira mais rápida em aproximadamente 1920 segundos com relação à carne ovina, que foi de 1940 segundos e 120 e 125 segundos, respectivamente. As difusividades efetivas médias (am) do lombo da carne caprina e ovina apresentaram tendência de aumento com a diminuição da temperatura de congelamento. Os maiores valores de teor de água, pH, acidez e proteínas do lombo da carne caprina foram iguais a 76,8447% (-45°C); 5,756 (-45 °C), 5,733 (-90 °C) e 5,770 (-196 °C); 0,052% (-90 °C); e 23,490% (-170 °C), respectivamente; por outro lado, teores de água, pH, acidez e proteínas, foram iguais a 71,6773% (-90 °C), 5,530 (-22,5 °C), 0,032% (-170 °C) e 18,390 (-196 °C), respectivamente. No lombo da carne caprina os maiores e menores valores para o teor de água foram iguais a 77,6433 (-22,5 °C) e 70, 5390 (-90 °C); pH iguais a 5,753 (-196 °C) e 5,610 (-22,5 °); acidez iguais a 0,047, 0,045, 0,044 % (-22,5, -45 e -170°C)e 0,040 (- 196 °C); proteínas iguais a 20,643 e 20,953 % (-45 e -90 °C) e 18,923 e 18,720 (-22,5 e - 170 °C), mas as cinzas não apresentaram alterações significativas. A redução da temperatura de congelamento proporcionou tendência de diminuição da força de corte e ruptura das fibras do lombo da carne caprina e ovina. / Frozen meat consumption has increased especially in large cities, calling for more exhaustive rescarch concerning the freezing process and its influence on consumer products. The main objective of present study is to determine the freezing kinetics and evaluate the physical and chemical changes that occur in the lamb loin and goat meat. Both the lamb loin and goat meat were exposed to four freezing temperatures, -22.5 and - 45 C (freezer trade), -170 C (liquid nitrogen vapor) and -196 ° C (immersion in liquid nitrogen). A physical-chemical water content analysis, including pH, acidity, ash and protein content was conducted in conformity with the Instituto Adolfo Lutz's, norms whereas for texture attributes of fiber rupture and resistance, samples cutting were done in brand texturometer TA . XT plus. The lamb loin -22.5 and -45 ° C froze faster than the goat meat , whose times were equal to 10200 and 10800 / 2, 6240 and 6480 / 2, respectively. At temperatures of -170 and -196 °C, the loin meat exhibited a slight difference in freezing weather, with freezing goat meat quickly, in about 1920 / 2, in relation to lamb, which was 1940 / 2 and 120 125 seconds, respectively. The mean effective diffusivities (am) of loin meat goats and sheep tended to increase with decreasing freezing temperature. The highest values of water content, pH, acidity and protein loin of goat meat were equal to 76.8447% (-45 ° C) 5.756 (-45 ° C), 5.733 (-90 C) and 5.770 (-196 ° C), 0.052% (-90 C) and 23.490% (-170 ° C), respectively. While the lower water content, pH, acidity and protein were equal to 71.6773% (-90 C), 5.530 (-22.5 C), 0.032% (-170 ° C) and 18.390 (-196 degrees C), respectively. On the back of the goat meat, the highest and lowest values for water content were equal to 77.6433 (-22.5 C) and 70, 5390 (-90 C), pH equal to 5.753 (-196 ° C) and 5.610 (-22.5 °); acidity equal to 0.047, 0.045, 0.044% (-22.5, -45 and - 170 ° C) and 0.040 (-196 ° C), protein equal to 20.643 and 20.953% (-45 and -90 C) and 18.923 and 18.720 (-22.5 and - 170 ° C), while the ash did not change significantly. The reduction of the freezing temperature gave a trend of cutting force and rupture of the fibers of the loin of lamb and goat meat.

Les propriétés optiques de nanotubes de carbone sont décrites idéalement parla physique d’un objet unidimensionnel, donnant lieu notamment à l’apparition des excitons pour décrire les transitions optiques de ces objets. Les expériences d’optique(émission, absorption) réalisées sur ces objets à température ambiante et sur des ensemble d’objets ont permis de confirmer les prédictions théoriques basées sur la physique des objets 1D. Mais à température cryogénique et à l’échelle de l’objet unique,les propriétés optiques observées expérimentalement sont systématiquement très éloignées de celles d’un objet 1D. On peut notamment citer l’apparition de propriétés comme l’émission de photons uniques, qui a largement contribué à l’intensification de la recherche sur ces objets pour des applications en photonique quantique. Ces propriétés sont attribuées à la localisation des excitons le long de l’axe des nanotubes dans des puits de potentiel créés aléatoirement par l’interaction des nanotubes avec leur environnement. Les propriétés optiques sont alors proches de celles des objets0D, et sont fortement modulées par l’environnement. Les mécanismes et l’origine de la localisation et la connaissance physique de ces puits sont encore très limités. Ce travail montre d’une part le développement d’une technique d’absorption sur objet individuel et la caractérisation de sa sensibilité, et d’autre part l’étude statistique de l’émission de nanotubes à température cryogénique. Les résultats obtenus par une technique de super-résolution couplée à une imagerie hyper-spectrale montrent les grandeurs caractéristiques des puits de potentiels au sein de nanotubes individuels.Un dispositif expérimental de photoluminescence résolue en excitation implémenté au cours de ce travail a également montré une modification de l’état excitonique fondamental par l’environnement, avec l’apparition d’une discrétisation spatiale et spectrale de l’état fondamental délocalisé en une multitude d’états localisés. / The optical properties of carbon nanotubes are ideally described by the physicsof a one-dimensional object, giving rise in particular to the emergence of excitons todescribe the optical transitions of these objects. The optical experiments (emission,absorption) carried out on these objects at ambient temperature and on ensemblesconfirm the theoretical predictions based on the physics of 1D objects. But atcryogenic temperature and at the single emitter scale, the optical properties observedexperimentally are systematically different from those of a 1D object. One can citethe emergence of properties such as photon antibunching, which largely contributed tothe intensification of research on these objects for applications in quantum photonics.These properties are attributed to the localization of excitons along the nanotube axisin local potential wells (traps) created randomly by the interaction of nanotubes withtheir environment. The optical properties are then close to those of 0D objects, andare strongly modulated by the environment. The mechanisms and the origin of thelocalization and the physical knowledge of these traps are still very limited. This workshows on the one hand the development of an absorption setup on individual objectand the characterization of its sensitivity, and on the other hand the statistical studyof the emission of nanotubes at cryogenic temperature in a micro-photoluminescencesetup. The results obtained in the later setup by a super-resolution technique coupledwith hyper-spectral imaging show the characteristic quantities of potential wellswithin individual nanotubes. An experimental excitation-resolved photoluminescencesetup implemented during this work also showed a modification of the fundamentalexcitonic state by the environment, with the emergence of a spatial and spectraldiscretization of the delocalized ground state in a multitude of localized states.

No description available.