Resumo: O amendoinzeiro (Arachis hypogaea L.) tem o tripes do prateamento Enneothrips flavens como praga limitante à sua produção. O controle desse inseto atualmente é realizado com inseticidas convencionais, entretanto, a integração de táticas de controle poderá proporcionar uma solução mais estável e duradoura para o controle desta praga na cultura. Este trabalho teve por objetivo estudar o efeito de cultivares, espaçamentos e modos de aplicação de inseticidas sobre o tripes do prateamento E. flavens e seus reflexos na produção do amendoinzeiro. Os experimentos foram conduzidos na Fazenda de Ensino, Pesquisa e Extensão - FEPE/UNESP, localizada no município de Selvíria-MS. O primeiro experimento foi instalado na época da seca com semeadura realizada em 17/02/2004, no delineamento em blocos casualizados, com parcelas subdivididas, num esquema fatorial 2x2x4 representado por espaçamentos (0,70 e 0,90 m entre linhas), cultivares de crescimento rasteiro (IAC-Caiapó e Tégua) e modos de aplicação de inseticidas (1- granulado no solo + 8 pulverizações foliares; 2- tratamento de sementes; 3- 9 pulverizações foliares e 4- testemunha, sem controle). O segundo experimento foi instalado na época das águas com semeadura em 23/11/2004, no delineamento em blocos casualizados, com parcelas subdivididas, num esquema fatorial 2x2x3 representado por espaçamentos (0,70 e 0,90 m entre linhas), cultivares de crescimento rasteiro (IAC-Caiapó e IAC-886) e modos de aplicação de inseticidas (1-tratamento de sementes + 5 pulverizações foliares; 2- 6 pulverizações foliares e 3- testemunha, sem controle). Nas avaliações foram realizadas contagens de adultos e de ninfas do tripes em 10 folíolos fechados ou semi-abertos por parcela; para avaliar os sintomas de injúrias causadas pelos tripes no limbo foliar, utilizou-se uma escala visual de... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) has the silvery thrips Enneothrips flavens as the limiting pest of yield. Nowadays, the control of this insect is accomplished with conventional insecticides, however the integration of control taticals will be able to provide a stable and lasting solution for the control of this pest in the culture. This work has the goal of studying the effect of cultivars, spacings and insecticides application manners on the population of silvery thrips E. flavens, and its reflexes on yield. The experiments were conducted in the Fazenda de Ensino, Pesquisa e Extensão - FEPE/UNESP, located in the Selvíria-MS. The first experiment was installed at that time of the drought with sowing accomplished in 17/02/2004, in the design in randomized blocks, with subdivided plots, in the factorial outline 2x2x4 represented by spacings (0,70 and 0,90 m between lines), groundnut growth cultivars (IACCaiapó and Tégua) and insecticides application manners (1- granulated in the soil + 8 leaf insecticide applications; 2- seeds treatment; 3- 9 leaf insecticide applications and 4-control, without control). The second experiment was installed at the time of waters with sowing accomplished in 23/11/2004, in the design in randomized blocks, with subdivided plots, in the factorial outline 2x2x3 represented by spacings (0,70 and 0,90 m between lines), groundnut growth cultivars (IAC-Caiapó and IAC-886) and insecticides application manners (1-seeds treatment + 5 leaf insecticide applications, 2- 6 leaf insecticide applications and 3-control, without control). In the evaluations, thrips adults and nymphs were counted in 10 leaflets closed or half-open for plots; to evaluate the injury symptoms caused by thrips in the leaf blade it was used visual scale of notes from 1 to 9. The peanut yield was evaluated in 4 m of the two central lines... (Complete abstract, access undermentioned electronic address) / Orientador: Alcebíades Ribeiro Campos / Coorientador: Valter Veriano Valério Filho / Coorientador: Edson Lazarini / Banca: Marco Eustaquio de Sa / Banca: Edson Luiz Lopes Baldin / Mestre

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:29:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2005-08-30Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:39:18Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 neris_cn_me_ilha.pdf: 211601 bytes, checksum: 1936fe17e661a255e13dc764933e734d (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / O amendoinzeiro (Arachis hypogaea L.) tem o tripes do prateamento Enneothrips flavens como praga limitante à sua produção. O controle desse inseto atualmente é realizado com inseticidas convencionais, entretanto, a integração de táticas de controle poderá proporcionar uma solução mais estável e duradoura para o controle desta praga na cultura. Este trabalho teve por objetivo estudar o efeito de cultivares, espaçamentos e modos de aplicação de inseticidas sobre o tripes do prateamento E. flavens e seus reflexos na produção do amendoinzeiro. Os experimentos foram conduzidos na Fazenda de Ensino, Pesquisa e Extensão - FEPE/UNESP, localizada no município de Selvíria-MS. O primeiro experimento foi instalado na época da seca com semeadura realizada em 17/02/2004, no delineamento em blocos casualizados, com parcelas subdivididas, num esquema fatorial 2x2x4 representado por espaçamentos (0,70 e 0,90 m entre linhas), cultivares de crescimento rasteiro (IAC-Caiapó e Tégua) e modos de aplicação de inseticidas (1- granulado no solo + 8 pulverizações foliares; 2- tratamento de sementes; 3- 9 pulverizações foliares e 4- testemunha, sem controle). O segundo experimento foi instalado na época das águas com semeadura em 23/11/2004, no delineamento em blocos casualizados, com parcelas subdivididas, num esquema fatorial 2x2x3 representado por espaçamentos (0,70 e 0,90 m entre linhas), cultivares de crescimento rasteiro (IAC-Caiapó e IAC-886) e modos de aplicação de inseticidas (1-tratamento de sementes + 5 pulverizações foliares; 2- 6 pulverizações foliares e 3- testemunha, sem controle). Nas avaliações foram realizadas contagens de adultos e de ninfas do tripes em 10 folíolos fechados ou semi-abertos por parcela; para avaliar os sintomas de injúrias causadas pelos tripes no limbo foliar, utilizou-se uma escala visual de... / The peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) has the silvery thrips Enneothrips flavens as the limiting pest of yield. Nowadays, the control of this insect is accomplished with conventional insecticides, however the integration of control taticals will be able to provide a stable and lasting solution for the control of this pest in the culture. This work has the goal of studying the effect of cultivars, spacings and insecticides application manners on the population of silvery thrips E. flavens, and its reflexes on yield. The experiments were conducted in the Fazenda de Ensino, Pesquisa e Extensão - FEPE/UNESP, located in the Selvíria-MS. The first experiment was installed at that time of the drought with sowing accomplished in 17/02/2004, in the design in randomized blocks, with subdivided plots, in the factorial outline 2x2x4 represented by spacings (0,70 and 0,90 m between lines), groundnut growth cultivars (IACCaiapó and Tégua) and insecticides application manners (1- granulated in the soil + 8 leaf insecticide applications; 2- seeds treatment; 3- 9 leaf insecticide applications and 4-control, without control). The second experiment was installed at the time of waters with sowing accomplished in 23/11/2004, in the design in randomized blocks, with subdivided plots, in the factorial outline 2x2x3 represented by spacings (0,70 and 0,90 m between lines), groundnut growth cultivars (IAC-Caiapó and IAC-886) and insecticides application manners (1-seeds treatment + 5 leaf insecticide applications, 2- 6 leaf insecticide applications and 3-control, without control). In the evaluations, thrips adults and nymphs were counted in 10 leaflets closed or half-open for plots; to evaluate the injury symptoms caused by thrips in the leaf blade it was used visual scale of notes from 1 to 9. The peanut yield was evaluated in 4 m of the two central lines... (Complete abstract, access undermentioned electronic address)

AssociaÃÃo TÃcnico-CientÃfica Eng. Paulo de Frontin / O experimento com a cultura da mamoneira (Ricinus communis L.) cultivar BRS 149 Nordestina, foi implantado e conduzido em condiÃÃes de campo na estaÃÃo experimental da CAGECE/PROSAB/CT-UFC, no municÃpio de Aquiraz â CE, com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito das interaÃÃes da adubaÃÃo com NPK e as diferentes fontes de Ãgua de irrigaÃÃo sobre os componentes do rendimento e da produtividade da cultura. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de parcelas subdivididas, com duas parcelas, sendo uma irrigada com Ãgua de poÃo (AP), e a outra com Ãgua proveniente de esgoto domÃstico tratado (EDT), ambas com treze tratamentos incluindo uma testemunha absoluta. Para determinaÃÃo dos componentes do rendimento e da produtividade foram avaliados diÃmetro caulinar, o nÃmero de cachos por planta, o nÃmero de sementes por cacho e peso de cem sementes de 6 plantas de cada unidade experimental. A irrigaÃÃo com Ãgua de poÃo no tratamento com a adubaÃÃo 50N-60P2O5-50K2O kg ha-1, obteve as maiores mÃdias para a grande maioria dos componentes avaliados, conseguindo produtividade de 1908,6 kg ha-1 de sementes. / The experiment with the cultivation of castor bean (Ricinus communis L.) cultivar BRS 149 Northeast, was established and conducted under field conditions at the experimental station CAGECE / PROSAB / CT-CFU in the municipality of Aquiraz - CE, with the aim of evaluating the effect of interactions of NPK on yield components and yield. The experiment was a split plot with two plots, one irrigated with well water (AP) and the other with water from treated sewage (EDT), both with thirteen treatments including a control treatment. For the determination of yield components and yield were observed stem diameter, number of bunches per plant, seed number per bunch and weight of hundred seeds of six plants experimental treatment. Irrigation with well water treatment with the fertilizer-50N-60P2O5 50K2O kg ha-1 had the highest average for most of the variables, achieving productivity of 1908.6 kg ha-1 seed.

Submitted by Gabriela Lopes (gmachadolopesufpel@gmail.com) on 2018-07-11T17:37:31Z No. of bitstreams: 1 FRAQUEZAS E AMEAÇAS DA LEI DE SEMENTES E COMO O MERCADO EST.pdf: 449314 bytes, checksum: 2f64f3164fbbd2b67a5e54e5f635bf85 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Aline Batista (alinehb.ufpel@gmail.com) on 2018-07-12T12:26:13Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 FRAQUEZAS E AMEAÇAS DA LEI DE SEMENTES E COMO O MERCADO EST.pdf: 449314 bytes, checksum: 2f64f3164fbbd2b67a5e54e5f635bf85 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Aline Batista (alinehb.ufpel@gmail.com) on 2018-07-12T12:29:10Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 FRAQUEZAS E AMEAÇAS DA LEI DE SEMENTES E COMO O MERCADO EST.pdf: 449314 bytes, checksum: 2f64f3164fbbd2b67a5e54e5f635bf85 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-12T12:35:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 FRAQUEZAS E AMEAÇAS DA LEI DE SEMENTES E COMO O MERCADO EST.pdf: 449314 bytes, checksum: 2f64f3164fbbd2b67a5e54e5f635bf85 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-08-17 / A soja é a principal cultura do cerrado brasileiro na atualidade. O sistema de multiplicação e comércio de sementes é regido pela Lei de Sementes nº 10.711, de 5 de agosto de 2003 e o registro de cultivares é regido pela Lei de Proteção de Cultivares (LPC) nº. 9.456 de 25 de abril de 1997, que a instituiu LPC, e do Decreto n. 2.366 de 5 de novembro de 1997 que a regulamentou. Dentro desse sistema legal há todas as regras para o uso de sementes no Brasil. Essa sistemática é importante porque organiza o sistema de coleta de royalties para os obtentores, o acesso do agricultor a variedades e sementes de melhor qualidade safra após safra. Nesse processo são estabelecidos as categorias de sementes que em ordem crescente mostra a pureza da cultivar com relação as suas características fenológicas sendo estas: Genética, Básica, C1, C2 essas se refere as semente Certificadas e S1, S2 que se refere a sementes fiscalizadas. Dentro desse processo é facultado ao agricultor salvar a sua semente para o Uso Próprio em propriedade de seu domínio. Essa permissão ao agricultor não estabelece até que tamanho de área ele pode fazer o uso próprio e nem estabelece uma forma de remuneração ao Obtentor da cultivar. Com isso na safra de 2014/2015 foi notada no mercado uma explosão de agricultores com intenção de salvar semente cultivando soja safrinha no cerrado. Esse trabalho representa um registro e um copilado das ações e desdobramento do setor para permitir a cobrança de royalties e como ele está sendo arbitrado no mercado com contratos pelos obtentores de biotecnologias, tentativas de barrar o cultivo da soja safrinha, ações judiciais contra obtentores de tecnologia e a tentativa do agricultores de ter menor custo e qualidade de semente compatível com o que garante a Lei de Sementes. Como conclusão o setor sementeiro precisa mudar suas práticas de comercialização e é necessário garantir uma remuneração ao obtentor da cultivar nos casos que o agricultor salva semente como forma de garantir a continuidade das pesquisas e desenvolvimento de novas cultivares. / Soybean is currently the main crop of the Brazilian Cerrado. The seed production and trade system is governed by the Seed Act No. 10.711 of August 5th, 2003 and cultivar registration is ruled by the Plant Variety Protection Act no. 9456 of April 25th, 1997, which is regulated by the Decree n. 2366 of November 5th, 1997. All the rules for seed usage in Brazil are embedded in this legal system. This systematic is important because it organizes the collection of royalties for breeders and the access of farmers to cultivars and better quality seeds in every season. In this process, the categories of seeds are established in descending order of purity of the cultivar regarding their phenological characteristics as it follows: “Genética” (Genetic, equivalent to Breeder Seed), “Básica” (Basic, equivalent to Foundation Seed), “C1” (Certified Seed 1, equivalent to Registered Seed) and “C2” (Certified Seed 2, equivalent to Certified Seed) which concerns the certified seed system and “S1” and “S2” that refers to audited seeds. In this system, the farmers are entitled to save seeds for own use in their lands. Such permission does not set the size of the area that farmers can make own use and does not establish a form of remuneration to breeders. Thus, a burst of farmers intending to save seeds, planting off-season soybeans, was noted in the 2014/15 season in the Cerrado. This work represents a record and a complied of the actions and industry unfolding to allow the collection of royalties and how it is being arbitrated in the market with contracts by biotechnology companies, attempts to stop the cultivation of soybean off-season, lawsuits against biotechnology companies and farmers’ attempts to obtain lower costs and seed quality compatible with what is ensured by Seeds Act. In conclusion, the seed sector must change its marketing practices and it is necessary to guarantee remuneration to the breeder in cases where the farmer saved seeds in order to ensure the continuity of research and the development of new cultivars

Muitas respostas moduladas pela luz durante o desenvolvimento das plantas também são reguladas por hormônios vegetais, levando à hipótese da interação entre ambos os fatores. Uma ferramenta valiosa para testar tal interação seria o uso de mutantes fotomorfogenéticos e hormonais, bem como duplos mutantes combinando ambos. Em tomateiro, embora sejam disponíveis mutantes com alterações na biossíntese de fotorreceptores e/ou na transdução do sinal da luz, bem como mutantes no metabolismo e/ou sensibilidade hormonal, esses estão presentes em cultivares diferentes, o que pode limitar seu uso de modo integrado e a construção de duplos mutantes. No presente trabalho, foram introgredidas em uma única cultivar de tomateiro, Micro-Tom (cv. MT), dezenove mutações afetando a biossíntese ou a resposta a fitocromo, bem como aos hormônios auxina (AUX), citocinina (CK), giberelina (GA), ácido abscísico (ABA), etileno (ET) e brassinoesteróides (BR). Tomando-se vantagem de tal coleção, duas respostas notadamente controladas tanto pela luz quanto por hormônios foram estudadas: alongamento e acúmulo de antocianinas em hipocótilos. Para tal, foram utilizadas as seguintes abordagens: i) tratamentos exógenos de diferentes classes hormonais em mutantes fotomorfogenéticos, ii) observação de hipocótilos de mutantes hormonais crescidos na luz e no escuro, iii) observação de duplos mutantes combinando mutações hormonais e fotomorfogenéticas. Assim, o acúmulo de antocianinas foi promovido pela CK e ABA e inibido pela GA, concordando com a redução no mutante deficiente em ABA (notabilis ou not) e no mutante hipersensível à GA (procera ou pro). Apesar do mutante com baixa sensibilidade à AUX (diageotropica ou dgt) acumular exageradamente antocianinas, a aplicação exógena não evidenciou o papel da AUX, sendo, porém, coerente com a sugestão de que esse mutante possui um balanço AUX/CK voltado para CK. Tanto a aplicação exógena quanto a avaliação nos mutantes epinastic (epi), super produção de ET, e Never ripe (Nr), baixa sensibilidade ao ET, sugerem uma função limitada desse hormônio na biossíntese de antocianinas. Na luz e no escuro, AUX, CK, ABA e ET exógenos resultaram na inibição do alongamento do hipocótilo, sendo coerente com a promoção em dgt (luz), promoção em sit (luz), inibição em epi (luz e escuro). Por outro lado, GA promoveu o alongamento corroborando a promoção em pro. Contrariando o efeito exógeno da CK, brt reduziu o alongamento na luz e no escuro. No escuro, o único mutante que apresentou alongamento do hipocótilo superior a MT foi o mutante deficiente na biossíntese do phy (aurea ou au). A utilização de duplos mutantes combinando phy- e alterações hormonais mostrou uma interação aditiva (au epi, au Nr, au dgt e au sit), sinergística (au pro) e epinástica (au brt) no acúmulo de antocianinas e alongamento do hipocótilo na luz, porém nessa última resposta, au dgt e au sit indicaram uma interação sinergística. Juntos, esses resultados indicam que, embora phy possui vias distintas da AUX, ET, ABA e GA no controle do acúmulo de antocianinas e alongamento do hipocótilo, parece que esse fotorreceptor partilha vias comuns com CK em ambas as respostas. / Many responses regulated by light during plant development are also regulated by plant hormones, suggesting an interaction between these factors. One important approach to test this hypothesis is the use of photomorphogenic and hormonal mutants and double mutant analysis. Mutants with altered photoreceptor biosynthesis, light signal transduction, hormonal metabolism and hormonal sensitivity are available in tomato. However, since they are in different cultivars, this can be a limitation for their use in a comprehensive study, as well as, for the construction of double mutants. In this work we performed the introgression of nineteen mutations in a single cultivar of tomato, Micro- Tom (cv. MT). These mutations affect biosynthesis or response to phytochrome (phy), auxin (AUX), cytokinin (CK), gibberellin (GA), abscisic acid (ABA), ethylene (ET) and brassinosteroid (BR). Using this collection of hormone mutants, we studied two responses which are controlled by light and hormones: elongation and anthocyanin accumulation in hypocotyls. For this purpose, we used three approaches: i) hormonal treatment in the photomorphogenic mutants, ii) measurement of hypocotyl lengths from hormonal mutants grown under light and dark conditions and iii) double mutant (photomorphogenic-hormonal) analysis. Anthocyanin accumulation was promoted by CK and ABA and inhibited by GA. This is in accordance with the reduction of anthocyanin accumulation in the ABA deficient mutant (not) and in the GA hypersensitive mutant (pro). Although the diageotropica (dgt), auxin-insensitive mutant, showed a high anthocyanin accumulation, the addition of auxin did not supported a role for this hormone in anthocyanin accumulation. On the other hand, this could be due to a low auxin-tocytokinin ratio presented by dgt. Data from mutants with altered metabolism and sensitivity of ethylene, epinastic (epi) and Never ripe (Nr) respectively, and from plants treated with this hormone suggest a limited role of ethylene in the anthocyanin biosynthesis. Exogenous AUX, CK, ABA and ET inhibited the hypocotyl elongation. This is coherent with the promotion of hypocotyl elongation in dgt and sit mutants under light conditions and inhibition of hypocotyl elongation in the epi mutant in the light and dark. On the other hand, GA promoted the hypocotyl elongation corroborating the same effect seen in pro. The brt mutant showed a reduced hypocotyl elongation in light and dark conditions, which contradicts the effect of exogenous cytokinin. The phytochromedeficient aurea (au) mutant was the only one to show an enhanced hypocotyl elongation in the dark compared to the wild type (MT). The combination between photomorphogenic and hormonal mutants (double mutants) showed additive (au epi, au Nr, au dgt e au sit), synergistic (au pro) and epistatic (au brt) interactions considering the anthocyanin accumulation and hypocotyl elongation. Synergistic interaction was observed in the elongation hypocotyl of the au dgt and au sit double mutants. These results indicate that phy and CK may share some signaling/metabolic pathways in the control of anthocyanin accumulation and hypocotyl elongation. On the other hand, our data do not support an interaction between phy and the hormones AUX, ET, ABA and GA in the control of hypocotyls elongation or anthocyanin accumulation.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-08-20T13:44:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertacao_rogerio_seus.pdf: 873462 bytes, checksum: 7ffb64cdf1ad898ac120efaf441fcb4f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-02-17 / The soybean crop has an important economic partner in the country, because Brazil is a major producer of the grain in the world. Rio Grande do Sul is a state with a grain production characteristic, among them rice and soybeans, with approximately six million hectares of paddy soils, where only one fourth is occupied by rice cultivation, and the rest remain fallow and underutilized. However, we have sought alternatives to the cultivation of these areas, with crops that support the environmental conditions, making it the most profitable areas. The objective of this study was to evaluate the performance of three soybean cultivars, as well as the physiological quality in planossolo seed produced, submitted to five plant populations. The experiment was conducted at Embrapa Clima Temperado in 2008/09 and 2009/10 crop, using five populations (16, 28, 40, 52 and 64 plants per m²) and three cultivars (BRS PampaRR, BRS BRS 246RR and BRS 255RR) arranged in blocks with three and four replications in their respective crop. Significant responses for most variables when subjected to population changes, decreasing the value of these when they population increased. Moreover, with increasing population, variables such as number of nodes, pod and seeds per unit area had increased in value in the branches, while the main stem remained almost flat. This demonstrates first that the effect of number of branches directly influences yield components, and second, the ability to adjust components before different populations. Variables such as seeds per pod and thousand seed weight did not change or contributed little in yield, and the response varies with the population. There was a positive relationship in the yield on the main stem population growth, has branches in the relationship was negative, ranging in 2009/10 crop among cultivars. Overall, the yield in the 2008/09 crop did not change significantly, while in 2009/10 crop there was significant increase in yield with population increase. For the cultivars, most of the variables there was significant response to the 2008/09 crop on the main stem and to the 2009/10 crop on branches, especially in BRS PampaRR and BRS 246RR cultivars, on the other hand the BRS 255RR cultivar stands in the variable thousand seeds weight. The components of yield are directly related to the branches and thus reflected in yield. However, the partial yield (main stem and branches) was not significant difference among cultivars. Thus we can conclude that the environment influences in the yield, as population and cultivars, the component that contributes most in yield is the number of pods, and the components behave differently on the main stem and branches. / A cultura da soja possui um importante papel sócio econômico no país, pois o Brasil é um dos maiores produtores do grão no mundo. O Rio Grande do Sul é um estado com características de produção de grãos, dentre elas o arroz e a soja, possuindo aproximadamente seis milhões de hectares de solos de várzea, onde apenas um quarto é ocupado pelo cultivo do arroz, e o restante permanece em pousio e subutilizada. No entanto, tem-se buscado alternativas ao cultivo destas áreas, com culturas que suportem as condições do ambiente, tornando as áreas mais rentáveis. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o comportamento de três cultivares de soja, assim como a qualidade fisiológica de sementes produzidas em planossolo, submetida a cinco populações de plantas. O experimento foi desenvolvido na Embrapa Clima Temperado nas safras 2008/09 e 2009/10, utilizando-se cinco populações (16, 28, 40, 52 e 64 plantas por m2) e três cultivares (BRS PampaRR, BRS 246RR e BRS 255RR) dispostos em blocos ao acaso em três e quatro repetições, nas respectivas safras. Houve resposta significativa para a maioria das variáveis analisadas quando submetidas à variação na população, decrescendo o valor destes quando se aumentou a população. Por outro lado, com o aumento da população, variáveis como número de nós, legumes e sementes por unidade de área tiveram um acréscimo no valor nos ramos, enquanto na haste principal permaneceu decaindo. Isso mostra primeiramente que o efeito do número de ramos influencia diretamente os componentes do rendimento, e em segundo, a capacidade de ajuste dos componentes perante diferentes populações. Variáveis como sementes por legume e peso de mil sementes não variaram ou pouco contribuíram no rendimento, além de variarem a reposta com a população. Houve uma relação positiva no rendimento na haste principal com o aumento da população, já nos ramos a relação foi negativa, variando na safra 2009/10 entre as cultivares. No geral, o rendimento na safra 2008/09 não apresentou variação significativa enquanto na safra 2009/10 houve acréscimo significativo no rendimento com o aumento da população. Em relação as cultivares, na maioria das variáveis houve resposta significativa para a safra 2008/09 na haste principal e para a safra 2009/10 nos ramos, destacando-se as cultivares BRS PampaRR e BRS 246RR, por outro lado a cultivar BRS 255RR se destaca na variável peso de mil sementes. Os componentes do rendimento estão diretamente relacionados com os ramos e consequentemente refletindo no rendimento. No entanto, o rendimento parcial (haste principal e ramos) não obteve diferença significativa entre as cultivares. Assim pode-se concluir que o ambiente influencia no rendimento, assim como a população e as cultivares, o componente que mais contribui no rendimento é o número de legumes, e os componentes se comportam diferentemente na haste principal e nos ramos.

Le blé dur (Triticum durum Desf, BD), tout comme le blé tendre (Triticum aestivum L. em Thell, BT), est une céréale très touchée par la septoriose, une maladie foliaire causée par le champignon hémibiotrophe Zymoseptoria tritici. D'une part, ce présent travail a permis d'étudier l'interaction compatible du blé-Z. tritici. L'étude de l'interaction compatible chez les pathosystèmes BD/St-08-46 et BT/TO1193 a révélé l'induction des mêmes voies de défense chez les deux pathosystèmes étudiés mais avec différentes intensités. Ensuite, l'étude de l'interaction de Z. tritici avec un cultivar résistant de blé dur a mis en évidence l'association de résistance au champignon est liée à l'inhibition de la pénétration directe, la sporulation et l'activité des enzymes fongiques de dégradation des parois cellulaires de la plante (endo-β-1,4-xylanase, endo-β-1,3-glucanase et protéase). Ces derniers sembleraient être fortement liés à la sévérité de Z. tritici aussi bien chez le dur que le blé tendre. En plus, on a pu démontrer moyennant des analyses qRT-PCR l'intervention de plusieurs gènes dans la résistance du blé dur à la septoriose à savoir les gènes PR2 (β-1,3-glucanase), Chi 4 precursor (précurseur de chitinase de la classe IV), Pox (peroxydase), Msr (méthionine sulfoxide réductase) et Bsil1 (inhibiteur de protéases). D'autre part, le potentiel des stimulateurs de défenses naturelles de plantes (SDPs) à protéger aussi bien le blé dur que le blé tendre contre les maladies fongiques a été évalué. Trois extraits naturels dont les matières actives sont l'acide ascorbique (AA), des oligosaccharides de parois cellulaires de plantes (Oligos) et algue brune (Ascophyllum nodosum, A. nod) ont été testés pour la première fois sur le blé. Leur effet antifongique (direct) ainsi que l'effet inducteur des mécanismes de défense du blé (indirecte) ont été bien caractérisés moyennant des analyses moléculaires, biochimiques et cytologiques. En effet, seul l'AA a montré un effet direct sur la germination des spores et la croissance mycélienne du Z. tritici associé à l'induction des mécanismes de défense du blé. Par contre, les protections obtenues par l'Oligos et l'A. nod semblent être exclusivement liées à leurs propriétés inductrices de la défense qui ont permis de ralentir le développement du champignon ainsi que d'inhiber l'activité des CWDEs fongiques et la sporulation. D'ailleurs, il s'est avéré que les SDPs testés sembleraient agir sur les mêmes mécanismes de défense chez les deux espèces de blé. Ils pourraient induire l'activation (i) des protéines PR, (ii) les enzymes antioxidants (peroxydase et catalase), (iii) les protéines PAL et LOX (enzymes clés de la voie des phénylpropanoides et la voie des octadécanoides, respectivement) et (iv) l'accumulation des H₂O₂ et le dépôt des polyphénols au niveau des sites de pénétration du champignon, ont été mis en évidence. Egalement, ils pourraient emprunter les mêmes voies utilisées par le cultivar résistant Salim en réponse à l'infection par le champignon et pourraient même induire une réponse plus importante des gènes de défense du blé dur tels que les gènes PR2, Pox, Msr, ATPase et Bsil. De même, deux applications (préventif et curatif) des SDPs testés a révélé une protection intéressante contre la maladie associée, dans le cas de l'A. nod et des AA, à une augmentation de la teneur en chlorophylle et l'amélioration de la quantité et de la qualité du rendement du cultivar sensible Karim. Par contre, pour le cultivar résistant Salim l'application des SDPs semble être inutile. En conclusion, l'application des SDPs au bon stade et avec les bonnes concentrations sur des cultivars sensibles pourraient aboutir à des résultats d'efficacité et rendement similaires à celles des cultivars résistants. Ainsi, elle pourrait remplacer l'utilisation des cultivars résistants, surtout avec l'absence de cultivars complètement résistants disponibles pour l'agriculteur en Tunisie. / The durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf, DW) as well as the bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em Thell, BW) is strongly affected by septoria leaf blotch (STB) caused by the hemibiotrophic fungus Zymoseptoria tritici. First, the present work was used to study of the compatible interaction wheat-Z-tritici. The study of the compatible interaction among pathosystems BD/St-08-46 Z-tritici strain an BT/TO1193 Z-tritici strain revealed the induction of defense pathways in both studied pathosystems, but with slight differences. Then, the study of the interaction of Z. tritici with a resistant durum wheat cultivar showed the fungus resistance of association is related to the inhibition of the direct penetration, sporulation and the avtivity of the fungal enzymes degrading plant cell walls (endo-β-1,4-xylanase, endo-β-1,3-glucanase and protease). They seem to be strongly related to the severity of Z. tritici in both BW and DW. In addition, this study revealed the involvement of several genes in the resistance of DW against Z. tritici such as PR2 genes (β-1,3-glucanase), Chi 4 precursor (precursor of Class IV chitinase), Pox (peroxidase), Msr (methionine sulfoxide reductase) and Bsil (protease inhibitor). On the other hand, the potential of resistance inducers (RIs) to protect BW and DW against STB disease was evaluated. Three natural extracts based on ascorbic acid (AA), plant cell wall oligosaccharides (Oligos) and brown algae (Ascophyllum nodosum, A. nod.) were tested for the first time on wheat. Their antifungal effect (direct) and the effect of inducing wheat defense mechanisms (indirect) have been well characterized through molecular, biochemical and cytological. We recorded that only AA exhibited a direct effect on spore germination and hyphal growth of Z. tritici associated to the induction of wheat defense mechanisms. However, conferred protection by Oligos and A. nod appears to be exclusively related to their plant defense inducing properties witch promoted the decrease of fungal CWDE activities and sporulation. Moreover, tested SDPs seem to enhance same defense pathways in both wheat species. They could induce the activation of (i) PR proteins, (ii) the antioxidant enzymes (catalase and peroxidase), (iii) the protein PAL and LOX (key enzymes of the phenylpropanoid and octadecanoid pathways, respectively) and (iv) the cytological accumulation of H₂O₂ and polyphenols, were highlighted. Also, they seem to use same pathways involved in durum wheat resistance mecanisms and may even induce a higher response of defense-related genes as PR2, Pox, Msr, ATPase, and Bsil. In general, protection conferred by tested RIs seems to be dependent on their composition, but it remains constant whatever of the wheat species. Similarly, in filed tested RIs conferred as interesting protection against STB associated, in the case of the A. nod and AA, with increased chlorophyll content and improving yield quantity and quality of the susceptible cultivar Karim, while in the resistant cultivar Salim, the application of RIs seems to be useless. In conclusion, protection conferred by tested RIs seems to be dependent on their composition, but it remains constant whatever of the wheat species. The use of RIs may improve the resistance level and yield of susceptible cultivars in order to obtain similar results to the resistant cultivars. Thus, it could replace the use of resistant cultivars especially with the lack of completely resistant cultivars available to farmers in Tunisia.

No description available.

O presente experimento foi conduzido no Departamento de Produção Animal da ESALQ/USP, em Piracicaba (SP), entre 15/12/98 e 04/07/99. Os tratamentos foram constituídos pelas combinações entre três cultivares de Cynodon spp. (Tifton-85, Florakirk e Coastcross) e quatro alturas de pasto (5, 10, 15 e 20 cm) mantidas por pastejo de ovinos em regime de lotação contínua e taxa de lotação variável. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos completos casualizados em arranjo de parcelas subdivididas com quatro repetições. As parcelas corresponderam aos cultivares e as subparcelas (unidades experimentais) às alturas de pasto. Foram analisadas as seguintes variáveis: biomassa na área total, densidade populacional de perfilhos, massa por perfilho, massa de folha por perfilho e área foliar por perfilho. A partir dessas medições foram realizados cálculos de índice de área foliar do pasto (IAF), volume por perfilho, relação folha:haste por perfilho e relação área foliar:volume por perfilho (R). O mecanismo de compensação tamanho/densidade populacional de perfilhos operou em pastagens de Cynodon spp.. No entanto, as inclinações das retas foram consistentemente maiores que a proposição teórica de 3/2. Perfilhos individuais de Cynodon spp. apresentaram um padrão de crescimento isométrico e parecem agruparse em clones para assegurar estratégia competitiva e otimização de IAF. Pastos mantidos a 5 cm durante o outono apresentaram densidades populacionais reduzidas, indicando um padrão de tolerância ao pastejo dependente da época do ano. Tifton-85 e Coastcross apresentaram uma capacidade de aumento em biomassa que pode ir além da altura de 20 cm, enquanto que para o cultivar Florakirk essa capacidade situou-se em torno de 20 cm. O estádio reprodutivo das plantas interferiu de forma significativa nos processos de competição intra-específica e dinâmica populacional de perfilhos. / The experiment was conducted at the Department of Animal Production, ESALQ/USP, Piracicaba (SP), from 15/12/98 until 04/07/99. Treatments were combinations of three Cynodon spp. cultivars (Tifton-85, Florakirk and Coastcross) and four sward surface heights (SSH) (5, 10, 15 and 20 cm) maintained by sheep under continuous stocking and variable stocking rate. A complete randomised block design was used, with treatments arranged in split-plot and replicated four times. Grass cultivars were assigned to plots and SSH to sub-plots. Pastures responses evaluated were: total biomass above ground level, tiller population density, tiller weight, leaf mass and leaf area per tiller. From these measurements calculations of sward leaf area index (LAI), tiller volume, tiller leaf:stem ratio and tiller leaf area:volume ratio (R) were derived. A tiller size/population density mechanism operated in Cynodon spp. However, a slope steeper than the theoretical expectation of 3/2 was observed. Individual tillers presented an isometric pattern of growth and seemed to demonstrate a clonal integration among tillers in order to enhance competitive ability and optimise LAI. Swards maintained at 5 cm during autumn presented reduced tiller population densities, indicating a pattern of grazing tolerance dependent of time of the year. Tifton-85 and Coastcross pastures showed a capacity to increase total biomass that could go beyond 20 cm, while Florakirk stabilised around that SSH. Reproductive development of plants interfered with the processes related to intra-specific competition and tiller population dynamics.

The production of strawberries can be severely limited by soilborne plant pathogens, insects and weeds. Macrophomina phaseolina is a problematic soilborne fungal pathogen in California strawberry production inciting the disease Macrophomina crown rot. When established, the pathogen can cause extensive plant decline and mortality. Host resistance will be a critical tool for managing this disease and guiding breeding programs in the post methyl bromide era. Evaluation of host resistance in strawberry germplasm to M. phaseolina was evaluated through phenotypic assessments of disease incidence. A total of 90 strawberry cultivars and elite selections were included in a replicated field trial conducted in artificially inoculated soils to assess host resistance. Significant differences in levels of resistance and susceptibility were observed among genotypes tested in this trial. The five most resistant strawberry genotypes from highest to lowest in percent plant mortality were: UC-R, UC-G, UC-V, Manresa, and Osceola. The five most susceptible strawberry genotypes with the highest percent mortality in ranking order from highest to lowest were: UC-J, Ruby June, Festival, UC-Y, and UC-A. Of the genotypes tested in this trial UC-V, Manresa and Osceola could be characterized as highly resistant, but no complete resistance was observed. An additional study was conducted to correlate host symptom expression with the extent of pathogen colonization in different strawberry tissues, and to determine if resistant germplasm can contribute to secondary inoculum production in the field. An established qPCR method was utilized to quantify M. phaseolina colonization of strawberry tissues. There were significant effects for cultivar (P < 0.0001) as well as a significant two-way interaction of cultivar x sample time (P= 0.0083) on the concentration of M. phaseolina DNA detected in strawberry tissues. Expression of the resistant phenotype in strawberry cultivars was associated with limited plant colonization by M. phaseolina. The extent of colonization of a specific cultivar by M. phaseolina was dependent on the sample time after inoculation with the pathogen. In addition, the roots and crowns of a specific strawberry cultivar were equally colonized on a per plant tissue weight basis, but this provides only speculation into the mechanisms conferring host resistance. A third study was conducted to integrate host resistance of strawberry genotypes with the use of organic amendments in effort to mutually enhance the efficacy of each factor for the control of Macrophomina crown rot. Artificially inoculated potting substrate was amended with Brassica juncea mustard seed meal at a rate of 4.94 tons ha-1(MSM), and anaerobic soil disinfestation utilizing rice bran at a rate of 22.24 tons ha-1 (ASD) were compared to a non-amended (UTC) and steam controls. The soil assay indicated that the ASD and steam treatments were able to reduce the CFU g-1 potting substrate of M. phaseolina by 99.7-100%. In addition, there were significant effects of soil treatment on the fresh biomass of weed seedlings recovered from the potting substrate. However, disease severity and host colonization of multiple strawberry cultivars by M. phaseolina was not reduced when grown in the treated potting substrate. The effect of strawberry cultivar on the extent of pathogen colonization was highly significant (P < 0.0001), in which cultivars characterized as resistant from phenotypic screenings possessed lower concentrations of M. phaseolina DNA. The suppression of M. phaseolina in response to organic amendments was limited but this study supports findings from previous experiments that genotype specific host resistance minimizes host colonization and reduces the production of secondary inoculum.