The exponential growth of the human population has contributed to the overuse and degradation of common pool resources. Using science as a tool for informed policy-making can improve the management of our common pool resources. Understanding the conditions that influence groups of individuals to make ethical self-controlled choices may help solve problems related to the overuse and degradation of common pool resources. Ethical self-control involves the conflict of choice between one that will benefit the individual versus one that will benefit the group. The cumulative effect of many individuals behaving in an ethically self-controlled manner with common resource use may offset some of the harm posed by overuse of common pool resources. Metacontingency arrangements involving ethical self-control may provide some insight as to if and how groups may cooperate to manage a common pool resource. This manuscript proposes an experimental preparation and methodology to evaluate the effects of competing magnitudes of cultural consequences on culturants and their cumulative effect on common pool resources; and provides an analysis and discussion of five trends that might result from such a line of research.

Os estudos sobre escolha e preferência do comportamento individual a partir de esquemas concorrentes tornaram mais clara a função relativa do reforço no comportamento. No nível cultural, por sua vez, não há estudos experimentais sobre a função relativa de consequências culturais a partir de metacontingências concorrentes, o que certamente limita a compreensão do que leva um grupo a escolher/preferir engajar-se em uma prática em detrimento de outra. O presente trabalho teve o objetivo de aferir experimentalmente a frequência relativa de duas contingências comportamentais entrelaçadas (CCEs) como função da exigência de dois esquemas de razão concorrentes para produção de consequências culturais. Os esquemas de razão para cada contingência entrelaçada foram diferentes a depender da condição (conc FR1 FR1, FR1 FR2, FR1, FR3, FR2 FR2 e FR2 FR3). As duas contingências entrelaçadas relevantes para a produção de consequências culturais foram descritas na instrução, de modo a reduzir variações. Participaram do estudo 12 estudantes universitários divididos em quatro tríades. A tarefa experimental consistiu na escolha de linhas de uma matriz composta por dez linhas e dez colunas, sendo as linhas compostas por cinco cores diferentes alternadas, de modo que cada cor estivesse presente em uma linha par e outra ímpar. Consequências individuais (ganho de fichas trocáveis por dinheiro) foram contingentes a escolhas de linhas ímpares. Consequências culturais (itens escolares a serem doados a uma instituição) foram contingentes a sequências específicas de cores, que correspondiam às escolhas de linhas por cada um dos três participantes. Teve-se como resultados que as Tríades I e II tenderam à estereotipia da CCE associada ao esquema de menor razão ao final das condições, o que não ocorreu para as Tríades III e IV. Para as Tríades I e II, variações tenderam a ocorrer após mudanças de condições em que havia aumento da intermitência de consequências culturais associadas à CCE mais frequente. Também para as Tríades I e II, verbalizações sobre o procedimento foram mais frequentes nos períodos em que variações entre as CCEs relevantes foram mais frequentes. Para as Tríades III e IV, durante a maior parte do estudo não houve diferenciação da frequência entre as duas CCEs às quais consequências culturais eram contingentes, embora tenha havido diferenciação das duas CCEs em relação a outras / Studies about choice and preference using concurrent schedules contributed to better understand the relative function of the reinforcer on behavior. However, at the cultural level there are no experimental studies regarding the relative function of cultural consequences using concurrent metacontingencies, which certainly restricts the understanding about which variables lead a group to choose or prefer to engage in a practice over another. The objective of this experimental study was to assess the relative frequency of two interlocking behavior contingencies (IBCs) as a function of two fixed ratio schedules to produce cultural consequences. The ratio schedules to each interlocking contingency were different depending on the condition (conc FR1 FR1, FR1 FR2, FR1 FR3, FR2 FR2 and FR2 FR3). Both relevant interlocks for the production of cultural consequences were described in the instructions in order to reduce variability. 12 college students participated, divided into four triads. The experimental task consisted of row choices in a matrix comprising ten rows and ten columns, the rows being composed of five different colors, so that each color was present in an even and in an odd row. Individual consequences (earn of coins interchangeable for money) were contingent to the choice of odd rows. Cultural consequences (school supplies to be donated) were contingent to specific sequences of colors that corresponded to the combined row choices of the three participants. The results showed that Triads I and II leaned towards IBC stereotypy associated to the low ratio schedule at the end of the conditions, which did not occur for Triads III and IV. Triads I and II showed that variations tended to occur after experimental condition changes in which there were increased of the ratio schedule to cultural consequences associated to the more frequent IBC. Also, for Triads I and II, verbalizations about the procedure were more frequent when variations between the two IBCs were higher. For Triads III and IV, for most of the study there was no difference in frequency of the two relevant IBCs, although there was difference between the two relevant IBCs in relation to others

Os estudos sobre escolha e preferência do comportamento individual a partir de esquemas concorrentes tornaram mais clara a função relativa do reforço no comportamento. No nível cultural, por sua vez, não há estudos experimentais sobre a função relativa de consequências culturais a partir de metacontingências concorrentes, o que certamente limita a compreensão do que leva um grupo a escolher/preferir engajar-se em uma prática em detrimento de outra. O presente trabalho teve o objetivo de aferir experimentalmente a frequência relativa de duas contingências comportamentais entrelaçadas (CCEs) como função da exigência de dois esquemas de razão concorrentes para produção de consequências culturais. Os esquemas de razão para cada contingência entrelaçada foram diferentes a depender da condição (conc FR1 FR1, FR1 FR2, FR1, FR3, FR2 FR2 e FR2 FR3). As duas contingências entrelaçadas relevantes para a produção de consequências culturais foram descritas na instrução, de modo a reduzir variações. Participaram do estudo 12 estudantes universitários divididos em quatro tríades. A tarefa experimental consistiu na escolha de linhas de uma matriz composta por dez linhas e dez colunas, sendo as linhas compostas por cinco cores diferentes alternadas, de modo que cada cor estivesse presente em uma linha par e outra ímpar. Consequências individuais (ganho de fichas trocáveis por dinheiro) foram contingentes a escolhas de linhas ímpares. Consequências culturais (itens escolares a serem doados a uma instituição) foram contingentes a sequências específicas de cores, que correspondiam às escolhas de linhas por cada um dos três participantes. Teve-se como resultados que as Tríades I e II tenderam à estereotipia da CCE associada ao esquema de menor razão ao final das condições, o que não ocorreu para as Tríades III e IV. Para as Tríades I e II, variações tenderam a ocorrer após mudanças de condições em que havia aumento da intermitência de consequências culturais associadas à CCE mais frequente. Também para as Tríades I e II, verbalizações sobre o procedimento foram mais frequentes nos períodos em que variações entre as CCEs relevantes foram mais frequentes. Para as Tríades III e IV, durante a maior parte do estudo não houve diferenciação da frequência entre as duas CCEs às quais consequências culturais eram contingentes, embora tenha havido diferenciação das duas CCEs em relação a outras / Studies about choice and preference using concurrent schedules contributed to better understand the relative function of the reinforcer on behavior. However, at the cultural level there are no experimental studies regarding the relative function of cultural consequences using concurrent metacontingencies, which certainly restricts the understanding about which variables lead a group to choose or prefer to engage in a practice over another. The objective of this experimental study was to assess the relative frequency of two interlocking behavior contingencies (IBCs) as a function of two fixed ratio schedules to produce cultural consequences. The ratio schedules to each interlocking contingency were different depending on the condition (conc FR1 FR1, FR1 FR2, FR1 FR3, FR2 FR2 and FR2 FR3). Both relevant interlocks for the production of cultural consequences were described in the instructions in order to reduce variability. 12 college students participated, divided into four triads. The experimental task consisted of row choices in a matrix comprising ten rows and ten columns, the rows being composed of five different colors, so that each color was present in an even and in an odd row. Individual consequences (earn of coins interchangeable for money) were contingent to the choice of odd rows. Cultural consequences (school supplies to be donated) were contingent to specific sequences of colors that corresponded to the combined row choices of the three participants. The results showed that Triads I and II leaned towards IBC stereotypy associated to the low ratio schedule at the end of the conditions, which did not occur for Triads III and IV. Triads I and II showed that variations tended to occur after experimental condition changes in which there were increased of the ratio schedule to cultural consequences associated to the more frequent IBC. Also, for Triads I and II, verbalizations about the procedure were more frequent when variations between the two IBCs were higher. For Triads III and IV, for most of the study there was no difference in frequency of the two relevant IBCs, although there was difference between the two relevant IBCs in relation to others

This study explored the effects of cultural consequences identified through a ranking task on the selection of interlocking behavioral contingencies and aggregate products constituting ethically self-controlled responses when participants had pre-existing relationships. Two experiments were conducted to explore these effects. Experiment 1 had two triads of three participants each recruited from a university-based autism center. Experiment 2 had three triads of three participants each; participants in Triads 3 and 4 were recruited from a university-based rock-climbing club while participants in Triad 5 were recruited from the same university-based autism center as in Experiment 1. All participants were exposed to a task that involved choosing odd or even rows from a matrix displayed throughout the experimental session. Individual contingencies were programmed in all conditions while metacontingencies were programmed in some conditions. Participants selected the topography of the cultural consequence through a pre-experimental ranking task prior to the onset of the experimental session. A change was made to the experimenter's verbal behavior in all operant and metacontingency conditions for Experiment 2. The results of both experiments indicate that identification of the cultural consequence through a ranking task with participants having pre-existing relationships did have an effect on the continued selection of the cultural consequence across all triads with quicker selection occurring during Experiment 2. This study extends the current literature on ethical self-control and provides new procedures and designs to further understand the variables involved in the selection of cultural consequences when there is competition with an immediate operant consequence.

This study deals with the trend of male bodybuilding in Korea and investigates the motivations and aesthetic ideals of Korean male bodybuilders. The author of the study uses the few hitherto academic research works on the subject and tries to give an overview of the history of Korean bodybuilding. Besides, the author has conducted a digital survey in order to collect answers from Korean male bodybuilders about their motivations, aesthetic ideals, etc. The aesthetic ideals of the bodybuilders are then compared to the male aesthetic ideals of modern Korean society and also discussed in relation to the somatic beliefs of NeoConfucianism. The findings are thereafter analyzed in context of two theses of the cultural consequences of globalization, namely homogenization and hybridization. The study concludes that Korean bodybuilders are more concerned with the arduous process of sculpting their physiques rather than the look of them themselves. Although the research material on Korean bodybuilding is scarce and the responses to the conducted survey are small in terms of both numbers and scale, it may be suggested that Korean bodybuilding appears to be an instance of the hybridization thesis. Lastly, the study emphasizes the need for more extensive research on the subject in question. / Denna studie behandlar ämnet koreansk bodybuilding för män och undersöker dels vad som motiverar koreanska kroppsbyggare att utöva sin sport, dels vad deras estetiska ideal är. Studiens författare använder sig av den begränsade befintliga forskningen inom ämnet och försöker även ge en överblick över koreansk bodybuildings historia. Författaren har dessutom utfört en digital undersökning för att samla in svar från koreanska kroppsbyggare om deras drivkrafter, estetiska ideal, etc. Dessa ideal jämförs sedan med det moderna koreanska samhällets motsvarigheter och diskuteras även utifrån de somatiska föreställningarna inom neokonfucianismen. Studiens forskningsresultat analyseras sedan utifrån två teorier om globaliseringens kulturella konsekvenser, närmare bestämt homogenisering respektive hybridisering. Trots det knappa forskningsmaterialet kring koreansk bodybuilding är studiens slutsats att koreanska kroppsbyggare är mer måna om den mödosamma processen i att bygga sina kroppar, snarare än hur dessa ser ut i sig själva. Studien suggererar också att koreansk bodybuilding verkar vara ett exempel på hybridiseringsteorin. Slutligen betonar studien behovet av mer utförlig forskning kring ämnet i fråga.