Development literature has not accorded sufficient attention to culture as a positive aspect of development until recently. Hence, in terms of using culture as a protective mechanism against gender-based violence, not much has been investigated or reported, since most studies on gender-based violence have focused more on cultural influences as the cause or effect of violence against women. However, in the case of Papua New Guinea (PNG) culture has always been the focus in regards to genderbased violence, portrayed as the cause of violence against women. Occasionally sources state there are traditional customs or beliefs that protect women from violence, but further explanation is not provided. Hence, this research investigated the question, “How can culture address gender-based violence in contemporary, rural Papua New Guinea?” This study offers an opportunity to view PNG culture as a solution to a problem, instead of as merely a problem to be solved. To investigate how culture can be used positively as a strategy to address genderbased violence, a case study was conducted among the Sulamesi people of Mt Bosavi in the Southern highlands province of PNG. This research was conducted in a rural area because in general Papua New Guineans perceive people living in the villages as the ones living a traditional lifestyle, where established cultural norms and behaviours prevail. Using a qualitative research approach, the research investigated whether there were any traditional protective mechanisms in PNG used to address gender-based violence. This thesis concludes that through the identification of culture-driven protective mechanisms, it can be demonstrated that culture can be used as a strategy to address gender based violence. However, caution must be applied, since not all the protective mechanisms identified are desirable or constructive.

Development literature has not accorded sufficient attention to culture as a positive aspect of development until recently. Hence, in terms of using culture as a protective mechanism against gender-based violence, not much has been investigated or reported, since most studies on gender-based violence have focused more on cultural influences as the cause or effect of violence against women. However, in the case of Papua New Guinea (PNG) culture has always been the focus in regards to genderbased violence, portrayed as the cause of violence against women. Occasionally sources state there are traditional customs or beliefs that protect women from violence, but further explanation is not provided. Hence, this research investigated the question, “How can culture address gender-based violence in contemporary, rural Papua New Guinea?” This study offers an opportunity to view PNG culture as a solution to a problem, instead of as merely a problem to be solved. To investigate how culture can be used positively as a strategy to address genderbased violence, a case study was conducted among the Sulamesi people of Mt Bosavi in the Southern highlands province of PNG. This research was conducted in a rural area because in general Papua New Guineans perceive people living in the villages as the ones living a traditional lifestyle, where established cultural norms and behaviours prevail. Using a qualitative research approach, the research investigated whether there were any traditional protective mechanisms in PNG used to address gender-based violence. This thesis concludes that through the identification of culture-driven protective mechanisms, it can be demonstrated that culture can be used as a strategy to address gender based violence. However, caution must be applied, since not all the protective mechanisms identified are desirable or constructive.

The archaeological record indicates that there are differences in Viejo period (A.D. 700 or 900-1200/1250) and Medio period (A.D. 1200/1250-1400s) agricultural strategies and settlement distribution between the Casas Grandes River basin in northern Chihuahua and the Babícora Basin and upper Santa María River basin area in west central Chihuahua. During the Viejo period in the Casas Grandes region temporal, rainfed, agriculture is proposed and only a few settlements are associated with this system. In the Medio period irrigation and trincheras (stone terraces) were implemented increasing the land’s ability to support large populations and numerous settlements were aggregated around fields associated with these methods. For the latter two regions temporal agriculture is posited for both the Viejo and Medio periods. While populations thrived, the numerous settlements in each area are not aggregated but rather are dispersed across the landscape and on various topographic features. The objectives of this thesis were to investigate environmental and cultural influences as explanatory factors for the regional differences. Current environmental data indicate that the combinations of annual precipitation, soil types, and hydrology determine whether temporal or irrigation agriculture is possible. Temporal agriculture is not a viable option for the Casas Grandes region but irrigation is. The conditions in the Babícora Basin and the upper Santa María River basin are conducive to temporal farming while water for irrigation is not easily attainable. In that paleoenvironmental data demonstrate the antiquity of current environments then the agricultural options would have been similar in the past. Together, the archaeological and ethnographic data demonstrate the longevity of temporal agriculture in these areas. How temporal agriculture can be achieved and sustained is demonstrated in the tradition-based practices of modern farmers. The agency of modern farmers can be used as an analogy for agency in the past. When tested against the archaeological record the postulated temporal system and associated settlement patterns are indicative of a domesticated landscape structured for planting flexibility.

The archaeological record indicates that there are differences in Viejo period (A.D. 700 or 900-1200/1250) and Medio period (A.D. 1200/1250-1400s) agricultural strategies and settlement distribution between the Casas Grandes River basin in northern Chihuahua and the Babícora Basin and upper Santa María River basin area in west central Chihuahua. During the Viejo period in the Casas Grandes region temporal, rainfed, agriculture is proposed and only a few settlements are associated with this system. In the Medio period irrigation and trincheras (stone terraces) were implemented increasing the land’s ability to support large populations and numerous settlements were aggregated around fields associated with these methods. For the latter two regions temporal agriculture is posited for both the Viejo and Medio periods. While populations thrived, the numerous settlements in each area are not aggregated but rather are dispersed across the landscape and on various topographic features. The objectives of this thesis were to investigate environmental and cultural influences as explanatory factors for the regional differences. Current environmental data indicate that the combinations of annual precipitation, soil types, and hydrology determine whether temporal or irrigation agriculture is possible. Temporal agriculture is not a viable option for the Casas Grandes region but irrigation is. The conditions in the Babícora Basin and the upper Santa María River basin are conducive to temporal farming while water for irrigation is not easily attainable. In that paleoenvironmental data demonstrate the antiquity of current environments then the agricultural options would have been similar in the past. Together, the archaeological and ethnographic data demonstrate the longevity of temporal agriculture in these areas. How temporal agriculture can be achieved and sustained is demonstrated in the tradition-based practices of modern farmers. The agency of modern farmers can be used as an analogy for agency in the past. When tested against the archaeological record the postulated temporal system and associated settlement patterns are indicative of a domesticated landscape structured for planting flexibility.

Development literature has not accorded sufficient attention to culture as a positive aspect of development until recently. Hence, in terms of using culture as a protective mechanism against gender-based violence, not much has been investigated or reported, since most studies on gender-based violence have focused more on cultural influences as the cause or effect of violence against women. However, in the case of Papua New Guinea (PNG) culture has always been the focus in regards to genderbased violence, portrayed as the cause of violence against women. Occasionally sources state there are traditional customs or beliefs that protect women from violence, but further explanation is not provided. Hence, this research investigated the question, “How can culture address gender-based violence in contemporary, rural Papua New Guinea?” This study offers an opportunity to view PNG culture as a solution to a problem, instead of as merely a problem to be solved. To investigate how culture can be used positively as a strategy to address genderbased violence, a case study was conducted among the Sulamesi people of Mt Bosavi in the Southern highlands province of PNG. This research was conducted in a rural area because in general Papua New Guineans perceive people living in the villages as the ones living a traditional lifestyle, where established cultural norms and behaviours prevail. Using a qualitative research approach, the research investigated whether there were any traditional protective mechanisms in PNG used to address gender-based violence. This thesis concludes that through the identification of culture-driven protective mechanisms, it can be demonstrated that culture can be used as a strategy to address gender based violence. However, caution must be applied, since not all the protective mechanisms identified are desirable or constructive.

There is increasing concern about hepatitis C virus (HCV) and potential HIV transmission among ethnic Vietnamese injecting drug users (IDUs) in Australia. To date ethnic and cultural differences in vulnerability to blood-borne viruses (BBV) have received little attention and few studies have attempted to explore the role of cultural beliefs and values in influencing injection risk behaviour. This study aimed to systematically explore the cultural beliefs and behavioural practices that appear to place ethnic Vietnamese IDUs at increased risk of BBV infection, identify barriers to this group accessing health and preventive programs, and document antibody HIV and HCV prevalence and associated risk behaviours. The first component of the research consisted of an ethnographic study designed to explore underlying explanatory models of health and illness employed by Vietnamese IDUs and identify cultural influences on risk behaviours and vulnerability to BBVs. These data were subsequently used to inform the development of the instrument used in the second component ??? a cross-sectional survey and collection of capillary blood samples designed to assess risk behaviours and antibody HIV and antibody HCV prevalence. Analysis of data from both components indicates that cultural beliefs and practices influence risk-taking and health-seeking behaviours and suggests pathways through which this influence occurs. Relevant cultural characteristics include those pertaining to spiritual and religious beliefs, the role of the family and traditional Vietnamese family values, cultural scripts of self-control and stoicism, the importance of ???face??? and non-confrontational relationships, trust and obligation, and a reluctance to discuss problems with outsiders. Vulnerability to BBVs is influenced by these cultural characteristics, together with Vietnamese IDUs??? perceptions of risk, knowledge about HIV and HCV, and situational and environmental factors. Main factors contributing to the under-utilisation of health services include the use of self-managed care practices, ambivalence surrounding Western medicine, long waiting times, concerns in relation to confidentiality, stigmatisation of drug use, and limited knowledge of BBVs. The data indicate a need for interventions based on understanding of culturally specific meanings and contexts of health, illness and risk in order to better meet the needs of this vulnerable group.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-03T16:16:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Maisi Matilde.pdf: 511176 bytes, checksum: 11eafcebd0093912cbe8feb075de395f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-12-13 / Arts and creativity are essential elements for individual, social, cultural growth as well as for the development of society. However, since the sixteenth century we live strongly influenced by the parameters of cognitive instrumental rationality. particularly in western culture has been dominates the overvaluation of objectivity, rationality and the hard sciences to the detriment of artistic creation. This research examines the rational of art and its influence on limiting the creativity in the school environment. Thus, analyzing the different conceptions of creativity, in the light of historical evolution and the influences of inherited socio-cultural context. Also considers the concept of art/ education in its relation to the historical conditions of insertion of formal education in Brazil. Finally, this paper identifies the hallmarks of rationality in current educational processes in Brazil, with reference to contemporary theories. The conclusion of this study may serve as a basis for providing subsidies to reflect on the need for renewal of views on creativity as an instrument of intellectual education, the teaching of arts in the school context. / A arte e a atividade criativa são alguns dos ingredientes essenciais para o crescimento individual, social e cultural do ser humano e, em consequência, da humanidade. Contudo, desde o século XVI vivemos fortemente influenciados pelos parâmetros da racionalidade cognitivo-instrumental. Particularmente na cultura ocidental tem sido predominante a supervalorização da objetividade, da racionalidade e das ciências duras em detrimento da criação artística. Esta pesquisa examina a ocupação racional da arte e sua influência na limitação da criatividade no ambiente escolar. Assim, analisa as diversas concepções de criatividade, à luz da evolução histórica e as influências herdadas do contexto sóciocultural. Considera ainda o conceito de Arte/Educação em sua relação com as condições históricas da inserção da educação formal no Brasil. Finalmente, esta dissertação identifica as marcas da racionalidade em processos educacionais correntes no Brasil, tendo como referência teorias contemporâneas. As conclusões deste trabalho poderão servir como base para fornecer subsídios à reflexão sobre a necessidade de renovação dos olhares sobre a criatividade, como instrumento de formação intelectual, no ensino de artes no contexto escolar.

The archaeological record indicates that there are differences in Viejo period (A.D. 700 or 900-1200/1250) and Medio period (A.D. 1200/1250-1400s) agricultural strategies and settlement distribution between the Casas Grandes River basin in northern Chihuahua and the Babícora Basin and upper Santa María River basin area in west central Chihuahua. During the Viejo period in the Casas Grandes region temporal, rainfed, agriculture is proposed and only a few settlements are associated with this system. In the Medio period irrigation and trincheras (stone terraces) were implemented increasing the land’s ability to support large populations and numerous settlements were aggregated around fields associated with these methods. For the latter two regions temporal agriculture is posited for both the Viejo and Medio periods. While populations thrived, the numerous settlements in each area are not aggregated but rather are dispersed across the landscape and on various topographic features. The objectives of this thesis were to investigate environmental and cultural influences as explanatory factors for the regional differences. Current environmental data indicate that the combinations of annual precipitation, soil types, and hydrology determine whether temporal or irrigation agriculture is possible. Temporal agriculture is not a viable option for the Casas Grandes region but irrigation is. The conditions in the Babícora Basin and the upper Santa María River basin are conducive to temporal farming while water for irrigation is not easily attainable. In that paleoenvironmental data demonstrate the antiquity of current environments then the agricultural options would have been similar in the past. Together, the archaeological and ethnographic data demonstrate the longevity of temporal agriculture in these areas. How temporal agriculture can be achieved and sustained is demonstrated in the tradition-based practices of modern farmers. The agency of modern farmers can be used as an analogy for agency in the past. When tested against the archaeological record the postulated temporal system and associated settlement patterns are indicative of a domesticated landscape structured for planting flexibility. / Graduate Studies, College of (Okanagan) / Graduate

Le Vietnam est un marché très potentiel pour les marques de soin de la peau. Dans le prémium segment, les produits importés prennent la part totale du marché avec une croissance annuelle de 18 à 35 % dans ces dernières années 2010-2014 (Euromonitor 2015). Dans ce secteur, le seul terme commun utilise ‘mỹ phẩm cao cấp’ (prémium cosmétique) implique les marques de luxe (ex : Clinique, Estée Lauder, Lancôme, Sisley, Shiseido, SKII, Menard, Ohui…) et les marque non-luxe mais haut de gamme (ex : Vichy, Dr.Spiller, Swissline, Dermalogica, Tenamid…). Jusqu’à maintenant, le segment de luxe a bien été abordé, pourtant le segment de haut de gamme ne fait pas encore l’attention des chercheurs. A côté, les vietnamiens par tradition mènent une vie simple et modeste, ce qui est à l’encontre du phénomène de consommation ostentatoire des produits de luxe qui a été largement discuté dans les pays émergeants. Par conséquent, les influences culturelles au marché Vietnamien devrait être revisité dans cette thèse. Alors, comment les consommateurs vietnamiens perçoivent les produits de soin de la peau de luxe et ceux de haut de gamme ? Pourquoi ils choisissent les produits de luxe et pour quoi ils choisissent les produits de haut de gamme ? Quelles sont les facteurs culturels qui influence leur choix ? Cette thèse est pour but de répondre à ces questions tout en générant des implications managériales et académiques importantes pour le marché vietnamien. Dans la partie théorique, cette thèse approche les trois axes théoriques comme les concepts de luxe et de haut-de-gamme, les consommateurs, et les influences culturelles avec des spécificités du marché vietnamien. La partie empirique de cette thèse contient 5 études qualitatives (les records audio spontanés, les discussions en groupe, l’enquête sur le prix de vente, la collection des photos et les entretiens individuels). Les résultats de la revue de littérature et des analyses des données confirment 7 propositions de recherche : [...] Cette thèse contribue à rafraîchir les connaissances sur une économie émergente et en transition tel est le Vietnam. Elle aide les managers à avoir une stratégie dynamique sur la segmentation des produits prémiums (luxe vis-à-vis haut-de-gamme) ainsi que de prendre conscience de la potentialité des consommateurs traditionnels non-ostentatoires Vietnamiens. Elle donne aussi une suggestion aux chercheurs d’étudier une nouvelle perception des marques de luxe et de haut de gamme dans les marchés émergents ; ainsi l’attention sur le pays d’origine devrait être donnée non seulement aux pays de l’Ouest (développés) mais aux aussi autres pays couronnés de succès actuellement comme la Corée du Sud dans les études du marché vietnamien. / Vietnam is a promising market for skincare brands. In premium segment, foreign imported products take the total share with an annual sales increase of 18 to 35 % during the last period 2010-2014 (Euromonitor 2015). Though vietnamese consumers have one common term for this segment as ‘mỹ phẩm cao cấp’ (premium cosmetics), it includes in fact luxury brands (eg : Clinique, Estee Lauder, Lancôme, Sisley, Shiseido, SKII, Menard, Ohui…) and non-luxury but high-end brands (eg: Vichy, Dr.Spiller, Swissline, Dermalogica, Tenamid…). Researchers so far have approached luxury segment but not yet adequately paid attention on the non-luxury but high-end segment in Vietnam. Besides, vietnamese people by culture appraised simplicity and modesty in actual life ; this is contrary to a phenomenon of conspicuous luxury consumption that has been heavily discussed by researchers in emerging economies so far. As such, existent and new cultural trends in Vietnam also is to be revisited in this thesis. So, how vietnamese consumers perceived luxury and high-end skincare brand products ? Why they choose luxury brands and why they choose high-end brand ? Which cultural factors influence their consumption choice ? This thesis is for an aim to find answers to these questions in enabling important managerial and academic implications for the vietnamese market.In theoretical part, this thesis approaches in three axes as luxury and high-end brand concepts, consumers, and cultural influences in stressing on the specificities of vietnamese market. The empirical part of this thesis contains 5 qualitative studies (random records, focus group discussion, market price survey, photo collection and in-depth interview). The results of theoretical review and data analysis confirmed 7 research propositions: 1/ During the economic transition period, vietnamese consumers are supposed not to have clear perception on luxury and high-end brand skincare products; 2/ Vietnamese traditional consumers was supposed not to be conspicuous but quality seeking in premium skincare consumption; 3/ By Korean cultural influence, there exists a behavioral preference of Korean high-end skincare products by vietnamese consumers; 4a/ Comparing to vietnamese young traditional consumers, elder consumers are less product-involved, less knowledgeable on brands, more advice-seeking and brand committed; 4b/ Comparing to elder traditional consumers, young consumers are more product-involved, more knowledgeable on brands, more self-information seeking and self-decisive and less brand committed; 5/ Vietnamese traditional consumers prefer luxury skincare products because of the quality assurance, of which elder consumers rely on price cue and young consumers rely on brand cue; 6/ Vietnamese traditional prefer high-end products because of price-quality, of which elder consumers rely on advice cue and young consumers rely on self-judgment.This thesis contributes to a refreshing knowledge on such emerging and transition markets as Vietnam. It helps managers to have dynamic strategy on premium product segmentation (luxury versus high-end products) as well as to acknowledge of the big potentiality of vietnamese traditional and non-conspicuous consumers. It also give a hint to academic researchers for studying a new perception of luxury and high-end brands in emerging markets as well as to pay attention on not only COO from Western/developed countries but also from such successful Asian country as Korea in study vietnamese market.

Title: Sustainability in non-profit organizations. Exploring drivers, challenges, and opportunities This study explores the drivers, challenges, and opportunities that non-profit organizations face when adopting sustainability practices. By focusing on the drivers, challenges, and opportunities, the study investigates what motivates these organizations to adopt sustainability practices, challenges, and unique opportunities.  The method chosen for the study has enabled an in-depth analysis using triangulation of the organization's sustainability information and interviews. These have illustrated a complex interplay of cultural, strategic, collaborative, and institutional factors driving sustainability efforts. For example, resource constraints were consistently mentioned in interviews as a predominant challenge, whereas organizational documents pointed towards collaborative endeavors as a critical solution. This dual perspective underscores the balance between challenges and solutions in sustainability work. The findings indicate that sustainability in non-profit organizations is subject to change, influenced by internal dynamics, including the alignment with core objectives and the necessity to maintain societal relevance. External pressures, such as expectations from stakeholders such as donors, volunteers, and regulatory bodies, further shape these initiatives. These organizations encounter challenges, including resource limitations and knowledge gaps, which they address through collaborative initiatives and educational endeavors. Opportunities arising from sustainability include enhanced member engagement and environmental impact mitigation. This research portrays sustainability as an ongoing process with challenges and opportunities, emphasizing the importance of integrating sustainability into operational strategies. / Titel: Hållbarhetsarbete inom icke vinstridvande organisationer. En undersökning av drivkrafter, utmaningar och möjligheter. Denna studie utforskar de drivkrafter, utmaningar och möjligheter som ideella organisationer står inför när de inför hållbarhetspraktiker. Genom att fokusera på drivkrafter, utmaningar och möjligheter undersöker studien vad som motiverar dessa organisationer att införa hållbarhetsarbete, utmaningar och möjligheter.  Metoden som valts för studien har möjliggjort en djupgående analys genom triangulering utav intervjuer och hållbarhetsinformation hos fyra organisationer. Dessa har åskådliggjort en komplex samverkan av kulturella, strategiska, samarbetsmässiga och institutionella faktorer som driver hållbarhetsarbetet. Exempelvis nämndes resursbegränsningar konsekvent i intervjuer som en framträdande utmaning, samtidigt som rapporter pekade mot samarbete som en central lösning. Detta dubbla perspektiv understryker balansen mellan utmaningar och lösningar i hållbarhetsarbetet.  Resultaten indikerar att hållbarhet inom icke-vinstdrivande organisationer är föränderlig, påverkad av interna dynamiker och anpassning till mål, idé och vision. Externa påtryckningar, som förväntningar från intressenter och styrande organ, påverkar dessa initiativ. De studerande organisationerna står inför utmaningar, som resursbegränsningar och kunskapsbrist. Möjligheter kopplade till hållbarhet innefattar medlemsengagemang och minskning av miljöpåverkan. Denna studie betraktar hållbarhet som en process med både utmaningar och möjligheter.