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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
21

Etica e comunicazione: un confronto interculturale nell'interazione verbale / Ethics and Communication: a Cross-Cultural Analysis of Verbal Interactions

SCHUSTER, CHIARA 07 April 2008 (has links)
Oggi, l'Italia è un paese multietnico. Dietro i movimenti migratori non vi sono però solo dati statistici, ma persone con culture e storie personali diverse, con cui gli operatori a contatto con gli immigrati devono confrontarsi. Ciò ha condotto alla nascita della mediazione linguistico-culturale, un settore sorto nella fase più acuta del fenomeno dell'immigrazione, gli anni Novanta, per rispondere alle esigenze specifiche di assistenza medica e legale degli immigrati. L'intento del presente lavoro di ricerca è quello di studiare l'interazione verbale e non verbale tra medico o infermiere e paziente straniero nel contesto della mediazione linguistica-culturale in una struttura socio-sanitaria. All'interno dell'interazione verbale si analizzeranno le teorie della cortesia linguistica applicate a un contesto socio-sanitario multietnico. Si andrà a verificare se esiste una lingua di mediazione, se la lingua inglese funge da lingua franca nell'interazione verbale medico o infermiere e paziente straniero e se esistano strategie empatiche comunicative verbali e non verbali comunemente utilizzate in corsia dal personale ospedaliero. Si studierà inoltre come l'analisi della conversazione, in particolare l'analisi delle strategie empatiche comunicative verbali e non verbali, possa essere utilizzata a fini didattici e pedagogici nella formazione linguistica e interculturale di studenti di medicina nel nuovo contesto sociosanitario multiculturale. / Italian society has undergone massive transformation, arising today as a true multiethnic society. Migration movements are not simply a phenomenon of statistical data but involve people from different cultures and personal backgrounds. Immigration is behind the onset of community interpreting in Italy at the beginning of the '90s. Community interpreters catered for all medical and legal needs of immigrants. Today, it is common practice in Italy that doctors and nurses interact with immigrant patients. The aim of the thesis is to study verbal and non-verbal strategies of communication between doctors or nurses and immigrant patients in this new multiethnic medical environment. The study will examine strategies of politeness theory, whether English is a lingua franca in the doctor or nurse and immigrant patient interaction and whether there are empathic verbal and non-verbal strategies of communication commonly used in the hospital ward by doctors and nurses. The study will also examine how conversational analysis, in particular the analysis of empathic verbal and non-verbal strategies of communication can be used for didactic and pedagogical purposes so as to prepare medical students linguistically and culturally to interact with their future patients in this new multiethnic medical environment.
22

INVARIANZA E INTERDIPENDENZA NELLE RELAZIONI INTIME DEI GIOVANI ADULTI: UNO STUDIO CROSS-CULTURALE / Invariance and interdependence of intimate relationships during young adulthood: a cross-cultural study

LIFRANCHI, FRANCESCA 16 March 2010 (has links)
Questo lavoro di ricerca ha un duplice obiettivo: valutare l’interdipendenza delle relazioni intime, valutando in particolare come la relazione romantica sia connessa a quella con i genitori, e indagare il legame tra l’individuazione e la qualità delle relazioni con il padre e con la madre in età giovane adulta. Poiché la letteratura ha messo in luce come vi siano diverse traiettorie all’età adulta, questi obiettivi sono stati esaminati confrontando tre diverse nazioni, l’Italia, la Germania e la Svezia, che rappresentano un diverso percorso di transizione, per vedere se i legami tra i costrutti possano essere considerati universali. Inoltre, per meglio comprendere come si esplica l’interdipendenza tra le relazioni, sono stati utilizzati i metodi misti. I risultati mostrano che vi è, in effetti, un’interdipendenza tra tutte le relazioni considerate e che, creando diverse tipologie di individuazione, la qualità della relazione con i genitori differisce nelle diverse tipologie. Il legame tra i diversi costrutti considerati è stato trovato sia in Italia che in Germania, benché con delle specificità culturali, mentre la Svezia è la nazione in cui l’interdipendenza risulta essere più debole. / The aims of this research are to assess the interdependence of intimate relationships, studying how young adults’ romantic relationship is connected to their parent-child relationship, and to investigate the association between their individuation and the relationship with their mother and father. The literature has show different paths to adulthood, so these aims have been examined by comparing three different countries: Italy, Germany and Sweden, where the transition to adulthood presents different trajectories, in order to test whether the links between the examined constructs can be considered universal. Moreover, in order to better understand how the interdependence of relationships unfolds mixed methods have been used. Findings showed that all relationships considered are indeed interdependent and that the quality of the parent-child relationship differs depending on the different types of individuation investigated. The link among the constructs studied was found both in Italy and in Germany, though with some cultural specificities, while in Sweden interdependence appears to be weaker.
23

POTERE POLITICO E SPAZIO URBANO. ELEMENTI DI GEOGRAFIA CULTURALE PER UNA STORIA DELLA MILANO COMUNALE E SIGNORILE

CUOMO, PIETRO 31 March 2015 (has links)
Lo scopo di questo lavoro è realizzare uno studio interdisciplinare sul rapporto tra Milano e i regimi succedutisi alla sua guida nel basso medioevo. Il punto di partenza è il principio, largamente diffuso nella storiografia, che sistemi di governo diversi plasmino lo spazio in maniera differente. L’analisi dello spazio urbano così ottenuta, però, può essere arricchita dall’uso di strumenti della geografia culturale. La città, tema tra i più importanti e complessi della cultura occidentale, è infatti il luogo di incontro naturale tra storia e geografia culturale: è il luogo in cui si svolge la storia, ma più di un semplice palcoscenico. Le caratteristiche del fenomeno urbano trovano massima espressione nel caso di Milano, che presenta una storia di primissimo piano tradottasi in una struttura urbana dalle forme assolutamente peculiari. Sia al suo interno sia verso l’esterno (per la sua capacità di plasmare il territorio, agendo sull’ambiente naturale e modellandolo in base alle proprie necessità, ribaltando le logiche del determinismo ambientale). Combinando gli strumenti propri della geografia culturale con quelli della ricerca storica, si ottiene la possibilità di usare la città stessa e le sue rappresentazioni come documento, affiancando all’analisi degli eventi storici lo studio della valenza simbolica di tali realizzazioni. / This work is aimed to create an interdisciplinary study on the relationship between Milan and its polical regimes in the late Middle Ages. The starting point is the principle, widely used in historiography, that different systems of government produce space differently. The analysis of urban space thus obtained, however, can be improved using instruments from cultural geography. The city - one of the most important and complex topics in Western culture - is the meeting place of the natural history and cultural geography: it is the place where the story takes place, but more than just a stage. Milan is the perfect example of city: it has a history of the first order which turned into an urban structure of absolutely peculiar shape. Both internally and externally (for its ability to shape the territory, by acting on the natural and modeling it to suit your needs, reversing the logic of environmental determinism). Combining the tools of cultural geography with those of historical research, you get the opportunity to use the city itself and its representations as a document, supporting the analysis of historical events, the study of the symbolic value of such achievements.
24

Malandros e Malandragem : Noel Rosa

Collura, Salvatore 30 November 2011 (has links)
Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-23T14:34:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao de Salvatore Collura.pdf: 2239132 bytes, checksum: 52a88d342611eef438faec70ef1b82c3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-11-30 / Analizza la figura del malandrino dal punto di vista del personaggio e del suo llinguaggio nella produzione del compositore Noel Rosa, mettendo in evidenza le caratteristiche e le peculiarità del discorso noelino, così come le innovazioni da lui introdotte nell ambito della canzone popolare brasiliana, risultanti dalla coniugazione di vari fattori: musicale, tematico, linguistico e poetico. Contestualizza la figura del malandrino, esposta a cambiamenti significanti tra la fine del secolo XIX e i primi tre decenni del XX secolo, concentrando l analisi sul periodo di Noel Rosa e Getúlio Vargas. Sotto la luce della tematica del malandrino e del malandrinaggio, conduce un panorama storico, sociale, politico e culturale del periodo in analisi, osservando la diverse relazioni di Noel Rosa com il malandrino e il malandrinaggio. Discute i cambiamenti di prospettiva che Noel, cronista di Vila Isabel, propose riguardo la visione del malandrino: egli percepì che in una società in fase di grandi trasformazioni qual era Rio de Janeiro in quell epoca, l associazione dell immagine del malandrino dal coltello in tasca con il mondo del samba, poteva costituire un pericolo per il progresso della carriera artistica dei nuovi compositori / Analisa a figura do malandro, enquanto personagem e enquanto linguagem, na produção do compositor Noel Rosa, evidenciando as características e as peculiaridades do discurso noelino, bem como as inovações introduzidas por ele no âmbito da canção popular brasileira, que resultam da conjugação de vários fatores: musical, temático, linguístico e poético. Contextualiza a figura do malandro, que vivencia significantes modificações entre o final do século XIX e as primeiras três décadas do século XX, trazendo a discussão até o período de Noel e de Getúlio Vargas. Sob a luz da temática do malandro e da malandragem, atenta para um panorama histórico, social, político e cultural do período estudado, observando a relação multifacetada de Noel Rosa com o malandro e a malandragem. Diz respeito a uma mudança de perspectiva que Noel, cronista da Vila Isabel, propôs sobre a visão do malandro: ele percebeu que em uma sociedade em fase de grandes transformações assim como era o Rio de Janeiro daquela época a imagem do malandro de navalha no bolso, ligada ao mundo do samba, podia representar um perigo para o progresso da carreira artística dos novos compositores
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Crenças e Atitudes linguísticas: um estudo da língua e cultura italianas em Matelândia/PR / Credenze e Comportamenti linguistici: uno studio della lingua e cultura italiane in Matelândia/PR

Dalleaste, Ana Paula 05 September 2016 (has links)
Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T18:56:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ANADALLEASTE.pdf: 1845046 bytes, checksum: 964cf75de3459e4beec3af481a55f863 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-09-05 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Partendo dal presupposto che lingua ed identità etnica sono legate alle credenze ed attegiamentie di un gruppo particolare ed al suo discorso, lo studio delle credenze ed attegiamenti ha come punto di ricerca il modo di posizionarsi dei parlanti di una lingua rispetto ai suoi membri. Tale valutazione della lingua ricade nella sua manutenzione o nella sua eliminazione. Questo lavoro, guidato da principi teorici e metodologici della Sociolinguistica Variazionale, della Dialetologia e degli Studi delle Credenze ed Attegiamenti Linguistici, è uno studio delle credenze ed attegiamenti manifestati dai parlanti di origine italiana, residenti nel comune di Matelândia, situato nella regione Ovest del Paraná. Il contesto linguistico, culturale, sociale e geografico della località risale ad uno scenario sociolinguistico relativo alla lingua d'immigrazione italiana. Il corpus è stato raccolto dal progetto Studio delle lingue a contatto nel Ovest del Paraná: la lingua italiana, il talian e il portoghese (Estudo sobre línguas em contato no Oeste do Paraná: a língua italiana, o talian e o português), coordinato dalle ricercatrici Sanimar Busse e Wania Cristiane Beloni, tramite interviste con diciotto informatori, in tre punti diversi del comune, selezionati in base alle variabili sesso e fascia di età. L'intervista è stata costituita da un questionario preparato e adattato alla realtà sociolinguistica e culturale degli informatori in modo da presentare i dati dei componenti che formano quegli attegiamenti il cognoscitivo, l‟ affettivo e il conativo - in relazione alla lingua e alla cultura italiana. Attraverso la valutazione dei fenomeni presenti nel discorso di cittadini di origine italiana è stato possibile analizzare il grado di conservazione dell'identità linguistica dei parlanti, in mezzo alla variazione e ai cambiamenti nel linguaggio locale / Partindo do pressuposto de que a língua e a identidade étnica estão relacionadas às crenças e às atitudes de um determinado grupo e de sua fala, o estudo das crenças e atitudes tem como investigação o posicionamento dos falantes de uma língua em relação aos seus usuários. Tal avaliação da língua reflete na sua manutenção ou no seu apagamento. Este trabalho, norteado por princípios teórico-metodológicos da Sociolinguística Variacionista, da Dialetologia e por estudos de Crenças e Atitudes linguísticas, se trata de um estudo sobre as crenças e atitudes manifestadas por falantes italodescendentes, moradores do município de Matelândia, situado na região Oeste do Paraná. O contexto linguístico, cultural, social e geográfico da localidade remonta a um cenário sociolinguístico em relação à língua de imigração italiana. O corpus pertence ao projeto Estudo sobre línguas em contato no Oeste do Paraná: a língua italiana, o talian e o português, coordenado pelas pesquisadoras Sanimar Busse e Wânia Cristiane Beloni, por meio de entrevistas com dezoito informantes, de três pontos de coleta no município, selecionados de acordo com as variáveis - sexo e faixa etária. A entrevista compôs-se de um questionário elaborado e adaptado à realidade sociolinguística e cultural dos informantes a fim de apresentar dados referentes aos componentes que formam as atitudes o cognoscitivo, o afetivo e o conativo - em relação à língua e à cultura italianas. Por meio da avaliação feita sobre os fenômenos presentes na fala dos italodescendentes pôde-se analisar o grau de preservação da identidade linguística dos falantes, em meio à variação e às mudanças ocorridas na fala local
26

Etude des communautés microbiennes d'un système hydrothermal serpentinisé, la baie de Prony en Nouvelle-Calédonie : approches culturales et moléculaires. / Study of microbial communities of a serpentinizing hydrothermal system, the Bay of Prony, New Caledonia : cultivation and molecular approaches

Bes, Méline 02 February 2016 (has links)
La serpentinisation est un processus d’altération des roches ultramafiques entrainant la formation de fluides alcalins chauds, riches en dihydrogène et méthane. Elle fournit l'énergie et la matière pour soutenir des communautés microbiennes chimiosynthétiques mais crée des conditions extrêmes en termes de pH et de disponibilité limitée en accepteurs d’électrons. Ce travail porte sur l’étude des communautés procaryotiques du système hydrothermal serpentinisé côtier de la baie de Prony en Nouvelle-Calédonie. Il a permis de déterminer leur composition taxonomique, leur structure et leur diversité. Le « noyau stable » des communautés indigènes déterminé par des techniques moléculaires (DGGE, SSCP, séquençage de banques de clones) se compose de Methanosarcinales, Thaumarchaeota, Chloroflexi, Alpha-, Gamma-, Delta, Beta-proteobacteria et Firmicutes. Ces communautés sont alimentées par des réactions d’oxydoréduction impliquant l’hydrogène, le méthane et les composés soufrés. Elles sont caractérisées par une faible diversité archéenne composée principalement de Methanosarcinales utilisant ou produisant le méthane. Le séquençage haut-débit de l’ADNr 16S bactérien et archéen a permis de mettre en évidence la présence de très nombreux taxons rares, certains jouant potentiellement un rôle dans les cycles biogéochimiques de Prony. Une nouvelle espèce de bactérie fermentaire, Acetoanaerobium pronyense ST07-YE, appartenant aux Firmicutes a été isolée et caractérisée par une approche culturale. Cette bactérie pourrait jouer un rôle important dans le maintien de certaines populations microbiennes, comme les méthanogènes, dans l’écosystème par la production de composés comme l’acétate. / Serpentinization is an alteration process of ultramafic rocks resulting in hydrogen- and methane-rich alkaline hot fluids formation. Serpentinization can provide energy and matter to support chemosynthetic microbial communities but also creates extreme living conditions in terms of pH and limited availability of electron acceptors. This work consisted in the study of the microbial communities of the coastal serpentinized hydrothermal system of the Bay of Prony in New Caledonia. It allowed to determine the taxonomic composition, diversity and structure of prokaryotic communities. The "stable core" of indigenous communities identified by molecular methods (DGGE, SSCP, Sanger sequencing of clone libraries) consisted of Methanosarcinales, Thaumarchaeota, Chloroflexi, Alpha-, Gamma-, Delta, Beta-proteobacteria and Firmicutes. These communities are fueled by redox reactions involving hydrogen, methane and sulfur compounds. The low archaeal diversity is mainly composed of Methanosarcinales who are potential primary producers using or producing methane. High throughput sequencing of the bacterial and archaeal 16S rDNA highlighted numerous rare taxa. Some potentially play a role in the biogeochemical cycles of Prony. The fermentative Acetoanaerobium pronyense ST07-YE sp. nov., belonging to Firmicutes, was isolated and characterized by cultivation approach. This bacterium capable of acetate and other substrates production may play an important role in this ecosystem, especially in the maintenance methanogens.
27

Origine des altérations superficielles du tubercule de pomme de terre : de la microbiologie du sol à l'environnement pédo-climatique / Origins of the blemishes of potato tubers : from the soil microbiology to the pedoclimatic environment

Fiers, Marie 21 June 2010 (has links)
La qualité de présentation d'une pomme de terre de consommation, Solanum tuberosum L., commercialisée en produit frais est devenue une exigence et un enjeu économique significatif dans les relations commerciales. Compte tenu du mode de reproduction par voie végétative de cette espèce, ces exigences sont également imposées au tubercule de semence. Organe de réserve et de propagation, le tubercule est produit sous terre, ce qui l'expose aux microorganismes telluriques et le rend potentiellement porteur d'altérations superficielles dont l'origine n'est pas encore clairement identifiée pour certaines d'entre elles. L'objectif de ce travail est de recenser et de caractériser ces altérations superficielles du tubercule et d'en déterminer les causes. Après l'établissement d'une nomenclature et d'une classification consensuelles des défauts observables sur tubercule, deux hypothèses ont été formulées et testées: (1) les défauts sont d'origine pathogène et/ou (2) ils résultent d'une réponse de la plante à des stress environnementaux. L'évaluation de la première hypothèse a mené à l'identification d'une grande diversité de microorganismes vivant à la surface des tubercules altérés. Leur pouvoir pathogène a été testé par une série de tests biologiques. Ceux-ci ont permis de reproduire les défauts sur des tubercules néoformés et de vérifier les postulats de Koch pour le champignon Rhizoctonia solani responsable de la formation de sclérotes. Pour bon nombre d'autres défauts visuels, aucune relation claire entre un microorganisme et une altération n'a pu être établie. Une étude de la structure des communautés microbiennes de la géocaulosphère de tubercules, altérés ou non, a démontré que les communautés fongiques et bactériennes se comportaient selon des dynamiques différentes au cours de la culture et en fonction de l'état sanitaire du tubercule de semence mais aucune relation de causalité n'a pu être mise en évidence. Il a par contre été noté une augmentation de la population de R. solani autour des tubercules altérés. La diversité des isolats d’origine française et européenne associés aux altérations des tubercules a donc été caractérisée. Elle révèle l'existence de relations phylogénétiques indépendantes de l'origine géographique et du cultivar hôte et suggère l'existence de d'événements génétiques fréquents et d'un brassage génétique entre les populations de R. solani. Le test de la seconde hypothèse a consisté à rechercher une implication potentielle de différents facteurs abiotiques dans la formation des altérations superficielles. L'analyse d'une enquête menée auprès d'agriculteurs a mis en évidence l'implication du pH, de certaines pratiques culturales, de la sensibilité de cultivars et de conditions météorologiques particulières dans l'occurrence de certains défauts. Ce travail a permis de clarifier la nomenclature des altérations, de confirmer l'implication de R. solani dans l'apparition de certaines d'entre elles et d'envisager de nouvelles hypothèses quant à la formation de défauts suite à une réponse de la plante à un stress environnemental. Ainsi, une voie a été ouverte vers la résolution de la problématique posée par toute une filière professionnelle, responsable de la mise en marché d'un produit frais de grande consommation, et répondant aux exigences du marché en matière de présentation, qualité culinaire et, mode de production respectueux de l'environnement. / The visual quality of fresh potatoes, Solanum tuberosum, became a dominant criterion and a significative economical issue in potato market. According the vegetative reproduction of this species, requirements for visual quality are also needed for potato seed tubers. As an organ for reserve and propagation, the tuber grows underground and is in contact with soil-borne microorganisms, making it potentially exposed to blemishes, for the majority of which the origin is still unclear.The objective of this work is to make an inventory of those tuber blemishes, to characterize them and determine their causes. After the establishment of consensual nomenclature and classification of the blemishes, two hypotheses were formulated: (1) blemishes are due to pathogenic attacks and/or (2) they result from a response of the plants to environmental stresses. The assessment of the first hypothesis allowed identifying a wide diversity of microorganisms living on the blemished tuber surface. Their pathogenicity was tested by several biological assays that allowed producing blemishes on progeny tubers and fulfilling the Koch's postulates for the fungus Rhizoctonia solani causing sclerotia. For many other blemishes no clear relationship was established between a microorganism and a blemish. A study of the microbial structure of the geocaulosphere of tubers blemished or not, showed that bacterial and fungal communities adopted different dynamics during the growing season and according to the sanitary status of the seed tuber, but no causality link could have been drawn. On the other hand, an increase of R. solani population around blemished tubers was observed. The diversity of strains of R. solani originating from France and from Europe and associated to the blemished tubers was characterized. The phylogenetic relationships between the strains were independent of the geographical origin and of the host cultivar, thus the existence of frequent genetic events and genetic mixing between the populations of R. solani was suggested. Concerning the potential implication of different abiotic factors, a survey conducted with farmers showed the implication of soil pH, some cultural practices, including the choice of the susceptible cultivars and meteorological conditions on the occurrence of some blemishes. This work made clear the blemish nomenclature, confirmed the implication of R. solani in the occurrence of some blemishes and suggested new hypotheses concerning the occurrence of blemishes as a plant response to a stressful environment. Thus, a path was opened toward the resolution of the issue asked by all the potato community, responsible for the marketing of a mass consumption fresh product and answering to market requirements related to visual and culinary qualities and to environmental friendly modes of production.
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Conception et évaluation d’idéotypes variétaux et culturaux en orge d’hiver brassicolepour des conduites culturales à bas niveau d’intrants : approche par expérimentation et modélisation / Design and evaluation of management and barley malting cultivars adapted to low-input systems : an experimental and model approach

Beillouin, Damien 29 September 2017 (has links)
La France est l’un des premiers producteurs européens d’orge brassicole (Hordeum vulgare L.) et le premier exportateur mondial de malt. La production d’orge brassicole repose actuellement sur une utilisation massive d’intrants de synthèse et entraîne comme d’autres grandes cultures des impacts négatifs sur l’environnement et la santé des consommateurs. Ce travail a pour objectif de concevoir et d’évaluer des variétés et des itinéraires techniques pour cette espèce permettant une production quantitative et qualitative élevée avec un moindre recours aux intrants de synthèse. À partir d’un réseau d’essai multilocal, nous montrons que la teneur en protéines et le rendement calibré (poids des grains >2.5 mm) des orges brassicoles doivent être spécifiquement améliorés pour les conduites techniques en bas niveau d’intrants. Sur cette base, nous avons identifié les caractéristiques variétales favorables à une faible perte de teneur en protéines et de rendement calibré en situation de stress azoté.Puis, après avoir développé un modèle de culture adapté à cette espèce, nous avons identifié des stratégies de fertilisation azotées offrant les meilleurs compromis entre production quantitative et qualitative, tout en minimisant les pertes en azote vers l’environnement. Grâce à une caractérisation précise des environnements de production français, les meilleures stratégies de fertilisation azotée ont été identifiées localement. Enfin, nous avons identifié de nouvelles combinaisons de caractéristiques variétales permettant d’optimiser la production d’orge dans des situations d’intrants réduits. Nous montrons in silico, qu’adapter simultanément les caractéristiques variétales et de l’itinéraire technique permet d’atteindre des performances comparables aux variétés actuelles dans des itinéraires techniques avec recours intensif aux intrants. Nous discutons des méthodes de sélection adaptées pour identifier les variétés les plus performantes dans des situations d’intrant réduit. Enfin, nous revenons sur la démarche de conception mobilisée. / France is the largest European producer of malting barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and the leading exporter of malt worldwide, accounting for 20% of world trade. French barley production has relied heavily on the use of synthetic inputs and has led, as other arable crops, to considerable environmental damage. The aim of this study is to design and evaluate crop and management ideotype adapted to a lower use of synthetic fertilizer. From a multi-environment trial, we conclude that the grain protein content and the calibrated yield (weight of grains >2.5 mm) have to be specifically improved in low-input management systems. We experimentally identified genotypic characteristics adapted to a low grain protein content loss and calibrated yield loss under N stress. With a crop model we adapted to malting barley, we also identified optimal N fertilization strategies allowing to reach high quantitative and qualitative performances whilst minimizing N losses toward the environment. Based on a precise characterization of environments the French barley belt, the best N fertilization strategies were identified for different regions. Finally, we identified new combinations of genotypic characteristics optimizing quantitative and qualitative performances in low management system. We showed that, in silico, a simultaneous adaptation of genotypic characteristics and optimization of N fertilization management allowed to reach similar performances as current genotypes in high-input management systems. We discuss methods to breed genotypes with high performances in low-input systems and the method used for innovative design of new management and barley malting cultivars adapted to low-input systems.
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Etude du fonctionnement d'associations entre le bananier et une couverture vivante ; évaluation des potentialités et stratégies d'utilisation de plantes de service pour contrôler les adventices / Study of the functioning of an intercropped living cover and a banana crop; evaluation of the ability and the strategy of use of cover crops to control weeds

Achard, Raphaël 02 December 2016 (has links)
L’objectif de cette thèse est de proposer une démarche pour identifier des plantes de service (Pds) utilisables en couverture vivante pour contrôler les adventices en bananeraie. Nous avons d’abord quantifié les effets de compétition réciproque entre le bananier et une couverture contrôlée par fauchage pour Brachiaria decumbens et Cynodon dactylon. Ces couverts ont eu des effets dépressifs sur la nutrition azotée du bananier et la productivité en premier cycle, le second cycle n’étant pas affecté. Dans un deuxième temps nous avons caractérisé au champ, en plantes isolées, la croissance en biomasse de huit légumineuses candidates sous différentes intensités lumineuses. En conditions lumineuses non limitantes, chaque espèce répondait à une dynamique exponentielle, définie par la biomasse 14 jours après semis et le taux de croissance relative (RGR). En conditions d’ombrage limitant, le RGR est réduit et le rapport surface foliaire sur biomasse aérienne croît. Ces réponses permettent de définir quatre stratégies d’adaptation à l’ombrage et d’identifier les Pds adaptées sous bananeraie. Pour trois de ces espèces, sur la base de la réponse de l’efficience photosynthétique, nous proposons un modèle de croissance en fonction de la ressource lumineuse. En peuplement, en présence d’adventices, aucune espèce évaluée n’a pu contrôler les grandes graminées, Stylosanthes guianensis et Centrosema pascuorum ont cependant réduit la biomasse des autres adventices de 60%. En bananeraie, les deux espèces évaluées ont exercé un contrôle sur les adventices mais ont réduit la productivité du premier cycle. Pour autant, ces résultats sont encourageants pour l’utilisation de Pds en bananeraie à des fins de contrôle des adventices. / The objective of this PhD thesis was to provide an approach to identify suitable cover crops (Pds) for weed control use in banana plantations. Firstly, we quantified the reciprocal effects between the banana crop and a grass cover controlled by mowing, for Brachiaria decumbens or Cynodon dactylon. These cover crops have had similar depressive effects on the nitrogen nutrition and on the productivity of the first cycle, but not afterward during the second cycle. Second step, we carried out a field characterization of eight legume cover crops, on isolated plants, under a range of light intensity. In non-limited light growth conditions, the biomass growth corresponded to an exponential dynamic, mathematically defined for each species by the biomass 14 days after sowing, and the relative growth rate (RGR). When affected by the shade, the RGR was reduced and the ratio between Leaf area and aerial plant biomass increased. We defined four adaptive strategies of the cover crops to the shade, what constitute criteria guidelines for cover crop use in banana cropping systems. For three of these species, on the basis of the response of the radiation use efficiency, we are proposing a plant growth model without any limiting factor other than light resource. In stands with the presence of weeds, neither of this cover crops was able to control the tall gramineous, but Stylosanthes guianensis and Centrosema pascuorum reduced the biomass of other weeds by 60%. Finally, in banana plantations, the two evaluated species provided a control of the weeds but reduced the productivity of the first cycle. Our results are comforting for the use of cover crops in banana plantation as a mean for weed control.
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Francia Italia in mostra : les expositions comme observatoires des relations franco-italiennes dans la construction d’une diplomatie culturelle européenne après la Seconde Guerre mondiale / Francia Italia in mostra : exhibitions as observatories of Franco-Italian relations in the construction of an European cultural diplomacy after World War II / Francia Italia in mostra : le mostre in quanto punti d'osservazione delle relazioni italo-francesi nella costruzione di una diplomazia culturale europea dopo la Seconda Guerra mondiale

Pane, Caroline 09 December 2016 (has links)
S’inscrivant dans le courant historiographique de l’histoire culturelle des relations internationales, cette thèse interroge le rôle des échanges artistiques dans les relations diplomatiques franco-italiennes, du lendemain de la Seconde Guerre mondiale à la construction européenne. L’analyse des expositions réalisées par les services culturels des Affaires étrangères français et italien, respectivement en Italie et en France, met en évidence les rapports de force et les clés du rapprochement franco-italien après 1945. La reconstruction des identités nationales, leurs représentations et leurs circulations de part et d’autre des Alpes, sont ici interrogées au regard de l’élaboration d’une nouvelle forme de diplomatie culturelle dans l’Europe de la Guerre froide. Nous nous attachons, d’abord, à reconstruire l’héritage des politiques culturelles de l’entre-deux-guerres ainsi que la transformation des institutions, et des discours, de l’avant à l’après-guerre. Puis nous détaillons les expositions « militantes », objets de tensions et de forts enjeux géopolitiques sur la scène internationale de 1944 à 1948. Enfin, nous analysons pendant les années 1950 l’émergence de modèles récurrents et des typologies d’expositions qui répondent au besoin d’équilibre diplomatique poursuivi par les gouvernements français et italien dans la formation de l’Europe culturelle après 1945. / As part of the current historiography of the cultural studies of international relationships, this thesis questions the role of artistic exchanges in Franco-Italian diplomatic relations, from the aftermath of World War II to the beginnings of European construction. The analysis of exhibitions held by the Cultural Services of the French and Italian Ministries of Foreign Affairs, respectively in Italy and France, highlights the balance of power and the keys to the Franco-Italian reconciliation after 1945. The reconstruction of national identities, their representations and their circulations in both sides of the Alps are questioned in the particular context of the Cold War leading to the rise of a new form of European cultural diplomacy. We focus, firstly, on the modalities of institutional and ideological transition before and after World War II, introducing elements of interruptions and continuities. We then analyze the "militant" exhibitions, main focus of tensions and strong geopolitical issues in the international stage. Finally, we show the emergence of recurring patterns and exhibition typologies which address the need for diplomatic balance pursued by the French and Italian governments in the formation of cultural Europe after 1945. / Questa tesi si inserisce nel quadro storiografico della Storia culturale delle relazioni internazionali e interroga piùspecificatamente il ruolo degli scambi artistici nelle relazioni diplomatiche italo-francesi, dalla fine della Seconda Guerramondiale agli esordi della costruzione europea. L’analisi delle mostre realizzate dai servizi culturali dei ministeri degli AffariEsteri francese e italiano, rispettivamente in Italia e in Francia, mette in evidenza i giochi di potere e le chiavi dellariconciliazione italo-francese dopo il 1945. La ricostruzione delle identità nazionali, le loro rappresentazioni e le circolazionida una parte all’altra delle Alpi sono qui interrogate in funzione dell’elaborazione di una nuova forma di diplomazia culturalenell’Europa della Guerra fredda. Ci siamo prima impegnati a ricostruire la transizione istituzionale e ideologica dal periodofra le due guerre all’indomani del 1945, mostrandone i punti di rottura e di continuità. Poi, abbiamo esaminato le mostre“militanti”, oggetti di tensioni dai forti accenti geopolitici nello scenario internazionale dal 1944 al 1948. Infine, abbiamoanalizzato il sorgere di modelli ripetitivi e delle tipologie di mostre che rispondono al bisogno di equilibrio diplomaticoperseguito dai governi francese e italiano nell’ambito della formazione di un’Europa culturale dopo il 1945.

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