L’Agriculture de conservation (AC) repose sur trois principes: le minimum de travail du sol, la couverture permanente du sol et la diversification des espèces cultivées. Elle a été introduite vers la fin des années 90 dans la région du lac Alaotra, Madagascar, dans l’objectif d’augmenter la productivisté de l’agriculture pluviale qui, généralement, pâtit des problèmes liés à la faible fertilité des sols, aux contraintes hydriques et à l’enherbement. L’objectif principal de la thèse consiste à quantifier et caractériser les impacts des fonctions agro-écologiques de l’AC dans l’amélioration du rendement en riz pluvial par rapport aux pratiques conventionnelles (CT). Une revue de la littérature sur les fonctions agro-écologiques du mulch en fonction de leur quantité retenue sur la parcelle a tout d’abord montré que la quantité de couverture nécessaire va dépendre essentiellement des fonctions agro-écologiques attendues. Une quantité de couverture de 2 à 3 t ha-1 permet d’obtenir des effets très nets en ce qui concerne l’amélioration de l’infiltration de l’eau, la limitation du ruissellement et de l’érosion du sol. En revanche, les données sur le contrôle de l’enherbement, la disponibilité des nutriments ainsi que la faune du sol en fonction de la quantité de mulch étaient très variables, suggérant l’interaction de ses fonctions agro-écologiques avec d’autres facteurs, notamment le type de résidus et les conditions pédoclimatiques. Une première expérimentation dont l’objectif était la quantification des effets physiques du mulch sur l’enherbement, avec différentes quantités de résidus de 0 à 45 t ha-1 a montré que l’émergence et la biomasse des adventices sur les parcelles couvertes dépend essentiellement de la quantité et de la distribution de la pluviométrie durant la saison culturale. L’émergence ainsi que la biomasse des mauvaises herbes diminuent en général avec l’augmentation de la quantité de mulch maintenue sur les parcelles. Toutefois, une quantité de résidus de l’ordre de 10 t ha-1 est nécessaire pour réduire significativement la pression des adventices sur le riz par rapport à un sol nu dans les conditions de notre dispositif expérimental. Un deuxième dispositif maintenu durant 6 ans (2009/10 à 2014/15), combinait une rotation biennale de maïs + dolique // riz et une rotation triennale de maïs + stylosanthes // stylosanthes // riz ; trois modes de gestion du sol et des résidus et deux niveaux de fertilisation. Deux niveaux d’enherbement en split plot ont été ajoutés en 2013/14 et 2014/15. L’amélioration du rendement en riz sur les parcelles en AC par rapport aux parcelles en CT est essentiellement liée à une diminution de la pression des adventices sur les parcelles AC pendant la période de végétation du riz. La dynamique de l’eau dans le sol ainsi que la dynamique de l’azote minéral sont fortement influencées par le régime pluviométrique et ne différent généralement pas entre AC et CT. Enfin, l’analyse de stabilité et l’écart de rendement au potentiel utilisés pour étudier les variations de rendements en riz sur les 6 saisons culturales du second dispositif expérimental ont montré que les effets des traitements étaient en interaction avec d’autres facteurs probablement liés à la variabilité spatiale du sol sur le dispositif expérimental. Les résultats de cette étude nous suggèrent de tenir compte aussi bien des fonctions agro-écologiques du mulch attendues que les régimes pluviométriques lors de la promotion d’un système AC pour améliorer la productivité des cultures. L'AC avec une quantité de résidus généralement retenus dans les parcelles de l'agriculteur (i.e. 1 - 2 t ha-1) serait efficace pour lutter contre le ruissellement et l'érosion. Cependant, des quantités supplémentaires de résidus, qui pourraient être produites avec l’introduction de rotations culturales avec une forte production de biomasse, seraient nécessaires pour lutter efficacement contre les adventices et diminuer les charges liées au sarclage. / Conservation agriculture (CA) is based on the principles of minimum soil disturbance, permanent soil cover and diversification of crop species grown in rotations and/or associations. CA was introduced in the late 90s in the Lake Alaotra region, Madagascar, in order to improve rainfed crop productivity which is commonly constrained by low soil fertility, soil water stress and weed infestation. The main objective of this study was to quantify and understand the impact of CA on rainfed rice productivity as compared to the practice of conventional tillage (CT). First, a review of literature was conducted on the agro-ecological functions of mulching with crop residues in relation to their quantity. The literature review showed that the optimal amount of residues required principally depends on the agro-ecological function searched for. Residue amounts of 2 to 3 t ha-1 had clear positive effects in terms of improving water infiltration and limiting water runoff and soil erosion. On the other hand, results on weed control, nutrient availability and soil fauna in relation to the amount of mulch were highly variable, suggesting the interaction of these agro-ecological functions with other factors, including residue type and soil-climate conditions. Second, two field experiments were monitored at the research center of FOFIFA in the Lake Alaotra region. A first experiment aiming at quantifying the physical effect of a mulch of crop residues on weed infestation, with amounts of surface residues ranging from 0 to 45 t ha-1 showed that the emergence and biomass of weeds on mulched plots depend mainly on the quantity and distribution of rainfall during the cropping season. Overall, weed emergence and biomass decreased with increasing amounts of mulch. However, a large quantity of residues, i.e. in the order of 10 t ha-1, was required to significantly (p<0.05) reduce weed pressure as compared to a bare soil under the agro-ecological conditions of our experiments. The second experiment was conducted during six years (2009/10 to 2014/15), and a 2-year rotation of maize + Dolichos lablab // rice and a 3-year rotation of maize + Stylosanthes guianensis // S. guianensis // rice were combined with three soil/residue management practices and two level of fertilization. Two levels of weed pressure were added as split-plot in 2013/14 and 2014/15. Higher rice grain yields on CA plots as compared to CT plots in the fifth and sixth year of the CA practice were mainly related to a decline of weed pressure under CA. Soil water and mineral nitrogen dynamics did not differ markedly between CA and CT and were strongly influenced by the rainfall pattern. Finally, the use of the concept of stability analysis and the yield gap approach to analyze the variation of rice yield under the 6 crop seasons from 2009/10 to 2014/15 showed that the effects of treatments including crop rotation, soil and residue management, and fertilization levels interact with other factors likely related to the spatial variability of the experimental design. Results of our study suggest that both agro-ecological function of mulch searched for and rainfall conditions should be taken into account when promoting CA systems to improve crop productivity in the Lake Alaotra region. Practicing CA with typical amounts of residues that are produced on farmer’s field (i.e. 1 – 2 t ha-1) is sufficient to control water runoff and soil erosion. However, extra amounts of crop residues are required to effectively control weed infestation. These extra amounts could be produced with the introduction of high biomass-producing crop rotations and could decrease the labor pressure from weeding.

La production de millions de semis voués à la reforestation est affectée par les problèmes de pourritures racinaires. Afin de développer des agents de biocontrôle adaptés aux pépinières, nous criblons les populations de Pseudomonas spp. des rhizosphères d’épinettes provenant de pépinières et de milieu naturel, pour détecter des gènes de production d’antibiotiques. Nous avons isolé plusieurs souches portant des gènes de production de phloroglucinol, de pyrrolnitrine, de cyanure d’hydrogène et de phénazines. L’analyse de ces gènes montre que pour les producteurs de phloroglucinol, un génotype est dominant dans les pépinières, alors qu’un génotype différent est dominant chez les souches provenant de milieu naturel. Ces dernières possèdent également les gènes de synthèse de la pyrrolnitrine et leur capacité d’inhiber Cylindrocladium floridanum in vitro est supérieur. De plus, en se basant sur la séquence du gène phzC, nous avons isolé trois groupes de producteurs de phénazines, dont deux provenant de milieu naturel et un de pépinière. L’analyse du gène de la portion 16s de l’ARN ribosomal confirme que ces trois groupes appartiennent à différente espèces. / Fluorescent Pseudomonas spp. that produce antibiotics such as 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol and phenazines show biocontrol activity against many important soil borne fungal pathogens. We isolated several strains of Pseudomonas carrying genes for DAPG and PCA synthesis from the rhizosphere of black spruce (Picea mariana) and white spruce (Picea glauca) in two different conifer nurseries and in one natural stand. Sequence analysis of a portion of the phlD gene revealed that one dominant genotype was present in both nurseries and that a different genotype was dominant in the natural forest. Strains from the natural forestwere also found to have the genes for pyrrolnitrin synthesis but lack pyoluteorin biosynthesis genes. Furthermore, in vitro anitfungal assays against Cylindrocladium floridanum showed a much stronger inhibition by strains isolated from natural forest than from nursery. Analysis of phenazine genes revealed 3 groups of phenazines-producers; one from a nursery and two from natural stand.

Il est bien connu que le chiendent est à la fois très agressif et persistant. Il est considéré comme l'une des graminées vivaces les plus nuisibles, car il se propage rapidement par ses rhizomes. En agriculture biologique, de nombreuses tentatives ont été faites pour contrôler cette mauvaise herbe, mais sans succès. Dans le contexte d'une agriculture durable respectueuse de l’environnement, la lutte mécanique contre le chiendent représente une alternative intéressante aux moyens chimiques. Dans cette recherche, l'efficacité de la herse rotative, du cultivateur à dents en forme de "C" et du cultivateur à dents en forme de "S" seul ou en combinaison pour contrôler le chiendent dans une prairie a été étudiée. Dans ce contexte, des essais ont été effectués en 2009 sur une prairie en utilisant un plan expérimental en carré latin. Trois traitements ont été considérés: (1) quatre passages avec un cultivateur à dents en forme de "C", (2) un passage avec une herse rotative suivie par trois passages du cultivateur à dents en forme "C", et (3) un passage avec une herse rotative suivie par trois passages du cultivateur à dents en forme de "S". Chaque traitement a été répété trois fois. Le nombre de repousses de chiendent par unité de surface a été déterminé à plusieurs reprises après le passage des traitements sur une période d’une année, en utilisant un quadrat d'un mètre carré placé dix fois au hasard dans la parcelle. Aussi, le temps requis pour chaque passage ainsi que la consommation de carburant ont été déterminés pour chaque traitement. L'analyse des données a révélé que les trois traitements sont comparables en termes de contrôle du chiendent. Toutefois, le traitement no 3 est recommandé puisqu’il requiert moins de temps et de carburant. / It is well known that quackgrass is both very aggressive and persistent. It is considered as one of the most troublesome perennial grassy weeds as it rapidly spreads by creeping rhizomes. In organic farming, many attempts have been made to control this weed without success. Within the context of a sustainable agriculture, mechanical control of quackgrass represents an interesting alternative to chemical means. In this research study, the effectiveness of using a rotary cross-harrow, a C shaped mounted tine cultivator, and an S shaped tine cultivator alone or in combination to control quackgrass in grassland was investigated. Trials were carried out in 2009 on grassland using a Latin square experimental design. Three treatments were considered: (1) four passages using a C shaped mounted tine cultivator, (2) one passage using a rotary cross-harrow followed by three passages of a C shaped mounted tine cultivator, (3) use of the rotary cross-harrow followed by three passages of an S shaped trailed tine cultivator. Each treatment was replicated three times. The number of quackgrass shoots present in each experimental plot was determined before and after the treatments using a one square meter quadrat randomly located in the plot and replicated ten times. Also, the time required for each passage as well as the fuel consumption were computed for every treatment. Analysis of the data revealed that the three treatments were comparable in terms of quackgrass control. However, treatment no. 3 required less time and fuel.

The overall success of the products related to Italy in the economy of the food sector and the one concerning “luxury” is well renowned, but I believe that, as years go by, even in the economy of the culture (or culture industry) there has been an ongoing process, a phenomenon of similar characteristics, namely: • The global spread of Italianness (‘Italianicity’ in Barthes’ terms) in mass culture, meant not only as a geographical setting of the works, but also as the presence of characters related to Italy, or as a narrative element, both principal and secondary, or in general as a cultural reference; • The appropriation of these topics, fascinations, characters, by the global cultural industry, managed mainly by American companies. The purpose behind this research is to document the phenomenon of diffusion of the Italian dream in the global culture, and investigate the causes through an analysis of the recent paraliterature. The beginning of the eighties has been defined as the “Italian rebirth” period. In those years, overcoming the negative stereotypes, the Italians have been able to redefine the image of themselves and of their country, providing a new and definitely positive connotation to the artifacts of their own economy, now proudly defined as Made in Italy. But how and why has this shift occurred? Not only Italy had changed, but even the United States needed something different. If there has been a radical change in the perception of Italy and Italianness in the USA and more generally in the Western world since the end of the 1970s, we must turn our attention to the countries that began looking at Italy with “different eyes”. Which needs did American culture consumers had and why did these needs change in the second half of the 1970s? If these new visions have grown to a global extent, if Italy has become the country of the dolce vita for the whole world, it is due, in large part, to a change in the attitude of foreign countries, the United States and Northern Europe in the first place, which began to perceive Italy as a desirable “The Other”: because, in countries culturally and geographically distant from Italy, a new awareness of their own cultural identity was rising with a new need for otherness. Due to this new articulation in the perception of the Italian spirit this research considers above all, the literary works published starting from the second half of the seventies. The highly successful literary works concerning Italy, written by American authors during the sixties, are completely different from those of the following decades, and not only for stylistic reasons. The vision of Italy, still very traditional, was fundamentally anchored to two aspects: Italy as a country of the Great Culture, and Italy as a country linked to the Catholic Church. Irving Stone and Morris West were two successful authors who wrote about Italianness by adopting this type of perception, and consequently satisfying a certain type of social function. It is true that Puzo published The Godfather in 1969: but it was perhaps the ability to anticipate a great change in the social needs of the audience that earned its author an incredible commercial success. Part II analyzes the social function of Italian-themed literature. The basic question is: “Why is the American reader interested in the idea of Italy?” I started explaining why a certain degree of activism, power of choice and influence on the cultural industry is attributable to the consumer. In this first part two texts from the early sixties based on the vision of Italy as a country of the Great Tradition will be analyzed; later on (Chapter 10) the “dream of saving authenticity” will be explored, starting from two texts of the nineties, the period in which the Italian dream began to spread globally. In the paragraph dedicated to the 2000s, we will observe that the fascination aroused by the Italian dream has now become so pervasive as to have originated a sort of pattern, a consolidated one in the mass literature. Following, a paragraph dedicated to three mainstream works, in order to highlight how much the Italian dream has globally spread even outside of the genre. Finally, in the last paragraph, I will deal with some of the recently published texts, to try to answer the question: Is the Italian dream still fashionable among consumers of global culture? Part III Before addressing the representation of stereotypes through texts, I will remind five great thinkers who have dealt with the theme of ideology in relation to mass culture. With Michail M. Bachtin I linger on the social and ideological component of every word and every speech; Ferruccio Rossi-Landi provides a research program for the unmasking of ideologies in art; Pierre Bourdieu analyzes the internal functioning of social structures related to art; Stuart Hall invites us to consider popular culture in its dual essence of conditioning by the field of power and of resisting and assimilating; Finally, Edward Said invites us to set the research in counterpoint terms, to understand how stories and cultures develop together with their geographical opposites. Chapter 12 illustrates the most important stereotypes about Italy through the use made of it in successful literary works. Even positive visions, if standardized, are to be considered stereotypes. The Italian identity, according to my perspective, is built socially and is so supranational that the same identity problems in reaction to cultural representations are felt, even amplified, in the worldwide Italian communities. Last chapter and conclusions deal with transculturation and with “most visible Italy”, to show how, in many cases, even “Italy told by Italians” is related with the construction of the national character originating from the global media system.

Obiettivo principale di questa tesi è quello di ricostruire, a partire dallinsieme dellopera e dei documenti disponibili, la traiettoria biografica, la personalità e la poetica di Ermanno Stradelli, viaggiatore, autore ed emigrante italiano del secolo XIX. Si intende mostrare come la sua relazione con lAmazzonia e lincontro con le società tradizionali amerindie siano generatori di una trasformazione, sia nellambito della produzione, che ne viene marcata da un intenso poligrafismo, sia in quello esistenziale. Il lavoro si avvale di nuovi dati storiografici, emersi da una ricerca condotta sul campo e dallesame approfondito delle fonti esistenti. Verrà evidenziata loriginalità dellinterpretazione delluniverso amazzonico di Ermanno Stradelli, in particolare con riferimento alle espressioni culturali dei popoli indigeni. A questa corrisponde una narrazione altrettanto originale, per contenuti e forme, che attraversa vari ambiti - cartografico, fotografico, geografico, diaristico, letterario, linguistico - tra loro in costante dialogo, acquistandone spessore e completezza. Nel seguire i passi di Ermanno Stradelli in Amazzonia, lelemento del margine ritorna continuamente, come meta individuale, come oggetto di ricerca geografica, linguistica ed etnografica, come preoccupazione ricorrente, come tonica esistenziale. Una tensione verso ciò che è eccentrico e periferico, che nella resistenza allomologazione e nel suo fare da contrappunto alle dinamiche del centro acquista interesse e incanto. Un elogio del margine - testimoniato dal complesso della produzione e dellattività di Ermanno Stradelli che assume i toni, sul finire della sua vita, dellelegia. / O principal objetivo desta tese é reconstruir, a partir do conjunto da obra e dos documentos disponíveis, a trajetória biográfica, a personalidade e a poética de Ermanno Stradelli, viajante, autor e emigrante italiano do século XIX. Pretende-se mostrar como a sua relação com a Amazônia e o encontro com as sociedades tradicionais ameríndias sejam geradoras de transformações, tanto no âmbito de sua produção, marcada por um intenso poligrafismo, quanto no âmbito existencial. O trabalho se vale de novos dados historiográficos, emersos a partir de uma pesquisa de campo, e do exame aprofundado das fontes já existentes. Será evidenciada a originalidade da interpretação do universo amazônico de Ermanno Stradelli, especialmente no que se refere às expressões culturais dos povos indígenas. A isto corresponde uma narração igualmente original, no conteúdo e na forma, que atravessa vários âmbitos cartográfico, fotográfico, geográfico, diarístico, literário, linguístico em constante diálogo entre eles, adquirindo consistência e completude. Seguindo os passos de Ermanno Stradelli na Amazônia, o elemento da margem retorna continuamente, como meta individual, como objeto de pesquisa geográfica, linguística e etnográfica, como preocupação recorrente, como tônica existencial. Uma tensão em direção ao que é excêntrico e periférico, que na resistência à homologação e no seu contrapor-se às dinâmicas do centro, adquire interesse e encanto. Um elogio da margem testemunhado pelo conjunto da produção e da atividade de Ermanno Stradelli que, ao final de sua vida, assume o tom da elegia.

La taille est une pratique culturale courante en arboriculture. Pourtant ses effets sur le rendement sont variables et peu prévisibles. Dans cette thèse, nous proposons d'étudier les effets de la taille sur la croissance végétative et la reproduction du manguier (Mangifera indica L.), à l'échelle de l'axe et de l’arbre, afin de mieux comprendre comment s’élabore le rendement suite à la taille. La taille a été caractérisée par deux facteurs : l’intensité de taille, définie à l’échelle de l’arbre comme la quantité de biomasse retirée par volume de canopée, et la sévérité de taille, définie à l’échelle de l’axe comme la profondeur de taille le long de l’axe. A l’échelle de l’axe, l’intensité et la sévérité de taille ont eu des effets sur l’occurrence, l’intensité et la dynamique de la croissance végétative. Nous avons aussi mis en évidence un rôle important du diamètre de l’axe taillé sur l’occurrence et l’intensité de la croissance végétative. La croissance végétative qui résulte de la taille a conduit à l’apparition de nouvelles populations d’axes dont les proportions dépendent de l’intensité de taille des arbres. La floraison de ces différentes populations d’axes diffère en termes d’occurrence, d’intensité et de dynamique et est affectée négativement par l’intensité et la sévérité de taille. A l’échelle de l’arbre, les rendements ont eu tendance à être plus faibles sur les arbres modérément et intensément taillés du fait d’une diminution du taux de floraison et/ou du poids moyen des fruits. Les arbres faiblement taillés ont eu des rendements similaires à ceux des arbres non taillés. Les effets de la taille sur la croissance végétative, aux niveaux structurel et temporel, ont été intégrés dans un modèle structure-fonction d'élaboration du rendement et de la qualité de la mangue, afin de caractériser les effets de la taille à l'échelle plus globale de l'arbre. Ce modèle nous a montré que le nombre d’axes et la surface foliaire retirés au moment de la taille sont largement compensés par la stimulation de la croissance végétative qui a suivi. L’intégration des effets de la taille sur la reproduction dans le modèle permettra de concevoir des itinéraires techniques intégrant les pratiques de taille afin de répondre aux problèmes agronomiques rencontrés sur le manguier, tels que les asynchronismes ou les irrégularités de production. / Pruning is a common practice in tree fruit crops. However, its effects on the yield are variable and hardly predictable. In this thesis, we propose to study the effects of pruning on vegetative growth and reproduction for the mango tree (Mangifera indica L.), at the axis and at the tree scales, in order to better understand how fruit yield built-up following pruning. Pruning was characterized by two factors: pruning intensity, defined at the tree scale as the amount of fresh biomass removed per unit volume of canopy, and pruning severity, defined at the axis scale as the depth of pruning along the axis. At the axis scale, pruning intensity and severity had an effect on the occurrence, intensity and dynamics of vegetative growth. We also highlighted a major role of the diameter of the pruned axis on the occurrence and intensity of vegetative growth. The vegetative growth which results from pruning led to the emergence of new populations of axes whose proportions depend on pruning intensity. Flowering of these different populations of axes differ in terms of occurrence, intensity and dynamics and was affected negatively by pruning intensity and severity. At the tree scale, yields tended to be lower on moderately and intensively pruned trees as a result of a decrease of flowering rate and/or average weight of fruits. Lightly pruned trees had similar yields compared to unpruned trees. The effects of pruning on the vegetative growth, at the structural and temporal levels, were integrated in a functional-structural model of fruit yield and quality build-up. The model has shown that the number of axes and the leaf area removed at the pruning time were widely compensated by the vegetative growth stimulation that followed. The integration of the effects of pruning on reproduction will allow developing crop management techniques integrating pruning techniques in order to respond to agronomic issues related to mango tree as asynchronisms and irregular bearing.

Submitted by William Justo Figueiro (williamjf) on 2015-07-03T13:11:34Z No. of bitstreams: 1 30.pdf: 3902379 bytes, checksum: 5b157fb5d0b43eeab82c93d4af02e20c (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-07-03T13:11:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 30.pdf: 3902379 bytes, checksum: 5b157fb5d0b43eeab82c93d4af02e20c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / UNISINOS - Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos / Questo lavoro indaga il rapporto tra identità culturale, territorio e design, attraverso la lente del discorso accademico sul design brasiliano. La questione che dà origine al problema è: agli occhi degli esperti sul tema, esiste un’identità del design brasiliano e attraverso quali caratteristiche essa si manifesta? L’ipotesi soggiacente è che ci sia una tendenza a formare un’identità propria, nonostante la difficoltà a caratterizzarla, data la natura dinamica del concetto stesso di identità. Abbiamo condotto una ricerca presso alcuni esperti, realizzando interviste qualitative con Adelia Borges, Dijon de Moraes, Rafael Cardoso e Lucy Niemeyer. Il metodo di analisi utilizzato combina tecniche derivate dall’analisi del discorso e osservazione di immagini organizzate attraverso moodboards, tramite un adattamento della classificazione delle Bonsiepe (2010) delle manifestazioni dell’identità nel design, al fine di integrare la dimensione significativa, fondamentale in una prospettiva di design strategico. L'analisi ha evidenziato la presenza di molteplici identità nel discorso degli esperti sul design brasiliano. Tuttavia, si nota una tendenza verso l'unità e la convergenza tra i discorsi, in primo luogo attraverso il desiderio di riconoscimento e per mezzo di alcune caratteristiche preponderanti, tra le quali: la tensione tra estetica ispirata al funzionalismo lineare e estetica meticcia del multiculturalismo; la dialettica tra localizzazione evoluta e soluzione unica; la presenza di punti di vista diversi ma ricorrenti sul dialogo tra design e territorio, dove i principali sono la visione di "marketing", la visione che pone l’accento sul "terroir", e quella che enfatizza gli aspetti di innovazione. Inoltre, ha attirato la nostra attenzione la presenza di una caratteristica attribuibile alla sfera del significato, che abbiamo definito "ludica" o “giocosa”, che può essere osservata in molte delle manifestazioni del design brasiliano ricorrenti nel discorso di esperti. Concludendo, crediamo che questa ricerca abbia contribuito ad illuminare alcuni aspetti del rapporto tra design, identità culturale brasiliana e territorio, tuttavia, ce ne sono ancora molti da esplorare: tra questi, il rapporto tra design e modelli di insegnamento; e tra il design e le imprese, come è suggerito durante la ricerca. / Este trabalho investiga a relação entre identidade cultural, território e design, através da lente do discurso acadêmico sobre design brasileiro. A questão-problema que originou o mesmo foi: no olhar dos especialistas no assunto, há uma identidade do design brasileiro e por intermédio de quais traços ela se manifesta? Hipotizou-se que exista uma tendência para a constituição de uma identidade única, apesar da dificuldade em caracterizá-la, devido à natureza dinâmica do conceito de identidade. Foi conduzida uma pesquisa exploratória junto a especialistas: foram realizadas entrevistas qualitativas com Adélia Borges, Dijon de Moraes, Lucy Niemeyer e Rafael Cardoso. O método de análise combinou técnicas descendentes da análise do discurso e observação de imagens organizadas em moodboards, através de uma adequação da classificação de Bonsiepe (2010) das manifestações da identidade em design, com vistas a integrar a significação, fundamental na perspectiva de design estratégico. A análise demonstrou a presença de múltiplas identidades do design brasileiro no discurso dos especialistas. Contudo, percebe-se uma tendência à unidade ou convergência entre os discursos, principalmente por meio do desejo de reconhecimento e de alguns traços preponderantes, entre estes: a tensão entre estética linear inspirada no funcionalismo e a estética miscigenada do multiculturalismo; a dialética entre localização evolutiva e solução única; a presença de diversos pontos de vista sobre o diálogo entre design e território, sendo os principais a visão “de marketing”; a “de terroir”; e a que enfatiza a inovação. Ainda, chamou-nos atenção a presença de um traço atribuível à esfera da significação e que denominamos “lúdico”, podendo este ser encontrado em boa parte das manifestações de design brasileiro recorrentes no discurso dos especialistas. Consideramos que esta pesquisa contribuiu para iluminar alguns aspectos da relação entre design, identidade cultural brasileira e território, contudo, ainda há muitos a serem explorados: entre estes, a relação entre design e modelos de ensino; e do design com o meio empresarial, conforme sugerimos ao longo da pesquisa.

Submitted by Fabricia Fialho Reginato (fabriciar) on 2015-07-08T01:38:49Z No. of bitstreams: 1 GabrielleGugel.pdf: 1606232 bytes, checksum: 6d9ede99235058de3c71867514b78d1c (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-07-08T01:38:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 GabrielleGugel.pdf: 1606232 bytes, checksum: 6d9ede99235058de3c71867514b78d1c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-09-01 / Nenhuma / Nella postmodernità, la crescente industrializzazione e la globalizzazione delle città determinano che il patrimonio storico architettonico deve cedere suo spazio a nuove industrie ed edifici. Le società sono caratterizzate da complessità e contingenza significativa, ostacolando la tutela del patrimonio culturale. In quanto le conseguenze della modernità possono essere osservati nella società contemporanea e sulla imprevedibilità del futuro, la costruzione sociale del rischio fornisce una maggiore sicurezza, visto che invece delle decisioni politiche essere guidati da l'idea di certezza, saranno guidati da idea di probabilità. Questo lavoro è stato realizzato secondo la matrice sistemica, pertanto, la comunicazione tra i sistemi è la base della teoria dei sistemi, soprattutto perché loro sono operativamente chiusi e aperti cognitivamente. Tuttavia, le risonanze dei sistemi di Politica ed Economia, nelle decisioni del sistema giuridico, pregiudicano la tutela degli edifici storici, perchè il Diritto si basa su codici binari di altri sistemi per addotare le sue decisioni e non il codice Diritto/ nonDiritto. Al fine di risolvere questo problema si spiega sull'importanza della memoria per la pianificazione del tempo, poichè, ogni sistema sociale ha un modo diverso di percepire il mondo, e di conseguenza, una diversa coscienza del tempo. Lo edificio storico sarebbe uno spazio di memoria e di tempo personificato, oltre a ciò, la conservazione dello patrimonio storico architettonico possibilita alla città di crescere secondo il suo ritmo, perchè la sua protezione riflette le speranze sociale nel tempo della comunità. Le esperienze di diritto comparato e l'apprezzamento del locale rivelano la necessità di una visione del secondo livello nella costruzione sociale della cultura ambientale, in particolare il progetto Caminhos de Pedra, realizato a Bento Gonçalves, presenta un nuovo modo per salvaguardare gli edifici storici. / Na pós-modernidade, a crescente industrialização e a globalização das cidades faz com que o patrimônio histórico tenha que ceder espaço às novas indústrias e edifícios. As sociedades caracterizam-se pela significativa complexidade e contingência, o que dificulta a proteção ao patrimônio cultural. Na medida em que os reflexos da modernidade podem ser observados na sociedade contemporânea e diante da imprevisibilidade do futuro, a construção social do risco permite uma maior segurança, tendo em vista que ao invés das decisões políticas serem pautadas pela ideia de certeza, serão reguladas pela ideia de probabilidade. O presente trabalho é realizado de acordo com a matriz sistêmica, segundo a qual, a comunicação entre os sistemas é uma das bases da teoria dos sistemas, especialmente porque são operativamente fechados e cognitivamente abertos. Entretanto, as ressonâncias dos sistemas da Política e da Economia, nas decisões provenientes do sistema do Direito, prejudicam a salvaguarda das construções históricas, na medida em que o Direito toma por base códigos binários de outros sistemas para promover as suas decisões e não o código direito/não-direito. Como forma de resolver esse problema, explica-se sobre a importância da memória para planejar o tempo, uma que vez que cada sistema social possui uma forma diferente de perceber o mundo, e por corolário, uma consciência diversa sobre o tempo. A construção histórica seria um espaço de memória e tempo personificado, além disso, a preservação do prédio histórico possibilita que a cidade cresça de acordo com o seu ritmo, sendo que a sua proteção reflete as esperanças sociais no tempo da comunidade. As experiências de direito comparado e a valorização do local revelam a necessidade de uma visão de segundo nível na construção social da cultura ambiental, em especial o projeto Caminhos de Pedra, realizado em Bento Gonçalves, apresenta uma nova forma de salvaguarda às construções históricas.

Cette recherche a pour objectif d’étudier les processus d’intégration topologique et narrative des technologies numériques de communication au sein des expositions proposées par les musées archéologiques de site. Alors que les techniques numériques sont d’utilisation courante dans les pratiques de recherche, leurs réelles implications dans les processus communicationnels des musées archéologiques restent encore peu identifiées. Le musée de site se présente comme un contexte muséal particulier, synthèse entre exposition muséale, où il est possible d’intervenir sur l’écologie de l’espace d’exposition, et vestiges archéologiques qui sont au centre d’un processus de valorisation du patrimoine. La recherche sur le terrain s’est concentrée sur deux musées archéologiques de site : les Musées du Capitole, et tout particulièrement la Section consacrée au Temple de Jupiter Capitolin, et le Musée Archéologique de Grenoble Saint- Laurent. Prenant en considération les formes d’intégration des dispositifs de médiation par rapport à l’exposition, à l’orientation du visiteur entre la réalité archéologique et la reconstitution proposée et à l’organisation des contenus, cette recherche identifie certains éléments jugés fonctionnels c’est-à-dire servant à la création de sens de la part du visiteur au cours de son expérience de visite. Ces éléments sont mis en évidence grâce à une analyse spatiale et pragmatique des différentes sortes de dispositifs présents dans les expositions. Cela permet de comprendre l’importance de l’apport des technologies numériques dans les processus de médiation culturelle, au-delà du sens commun qui leur attribue une valeur positive sans tenir compte de leur effet réel sur le fonctionnement communicationnel du musée. La recherche met en outre en évidence certains aspects pouvant distinguer des types de stratégies de communication indépendamment des caractéristiques spécifiques des dispositifs intégrés. Cette recherche propose une définition des différents degrés d’intégration topologique et narrative des outils numériques par rapport aux autres outils de médiation culturelle utilisés au sein des expositions archéologiques. Ce modèle d’analyse peut donner aux professionnels du secteur muséal la possibilité d’évaluer la communication des musées et d’introduire, d’une façon pondérée, d’éventuelles modifications. / This research focuses on the spatial and narrative integration of information and communication technology (ICT) applications within archaeological site museums. While the use of new technologies in the archaeological research and the adoption of digital tools in museum exhibits are widely spread, their real implications in the communication processes of archaeological museums are less defined. The site museum is as a peculiar museum context where an archaeological site is communicated as the final outcome of a preservation and enhancement cultural heritage process. The research was carried out through the analysis of exhibitions in two site museums: the Capitoline Museums (Section dedicated to the Temple of Capitoline Jupiter) and the Archeological Museum of Grenoble, Saint-Laurent. The ways ICT are integrated in the exhibitions are analyzed focusing on their spatial positions, the visitor orientation both in the real archeological site and the virtual reconstructions displayed, and the organization of the content. The research aims at identifying functional elements that can enhance an active role of the visitor in meaning making. These elements are detected through spatial and pragmatic analysis of different exhibition devices. This approach allows the understanding of ICT role in cultural mediation strategies, overcoming the common sense that assigns a positive value to digital devices, regardless of their actual effects on museum communicative functions. The research also highlights some aspects that can help in identifying the application of specific communication strategies despite of the devices characteristics. This research suggests a definition of different levels of spatial and narrative integration for ICT, in relation to other cultural mediation tools used in archaeological exhibitions. This analysis model can provide museum professionals with an assessment tool for their museum communication actions.

Des systèmes de culture innovants doivent être proposés pour répondre aux nouveaux objectifs de l'agriculture qui devront allier productivité, respect de l'environnement et rentabilité économique. Les systèmes de culture en semis direct sous couvert végétal (SCV) avec cultures associées permettraient d'atteindre ces objectifs. Si ces systèmes ont en effet montré des intérêts en climat tropical, ils sont presque inexistants en climat tempéré.<br />Cette thèse se propose d'accroître les connaissances scientifiques sur ces systèmes particuliers pour faciliter leur conception et leur évaluation en climat tempéré. Le travail repose sur un dispositif expérimental mis en place à Grignon (Yvelines, France) en 2002 pour trois campagnes culturales. Du blé tendre d'hiver (Triticum aestivum L.) est semé (i) dans un sol labouré, (ii) directement dans les résidus de la culture précédente et, (iii) directement dans six plantes de couverture différentes. En combinant sur ce dispositif une double approche, systémique et analytique, les objectifs de la thèse sont de comprendre, selon l'espèce de couverture, (i) l'impact des différents SCV avec cultures associées sur le rendement de la culture de vente en mettant en évidence les phases de sensibilité aux stress de cette culture, (ii) les relations de compétition et/ou de facilitation pour l'azote et la lumière entre les espèces associées et, (iii) l'évolution, à court terme, de la structure du sol et de ses propriétés hydriques.<br />Ce travail montre que la présence d'une plante de couverture peut réduire, parfois fortement, le rendement de la culture de vente, différemment selon l'espèce de couverture, sa conduite technique et les conditions climatiques ; les phases d'élaboration du rendement qui sont perturbées dans ces situations culturales dépendent aussi de ces trois facteurs. De plus, l'étude met en évidence que la compétition pour le rayonnement lumineux entre les espèces associées est le processus le plus défavorable au rendement du blé.<br />A court terme, il n'apparaît pas de différences marquées entre la structure d'un sol non travaillé sans plante de couverture et celle d'un sol non travaillé avec une plante de couverture. Toutefois, l'étude révèle que les propriétés hydriques peuvent être modifiées selon l'absence ou la présence d'une plante de couverture sur un sol non travaillé sans démontrer de variations importantes de ces propriétés selon l'espèce de couverture.<br />La thèse fournit des informations scientifiques et techniques sur le fonctionnement, en climat tempéré, de peuplements associant sur un sol non travaillé, une culture de vente à différentes plantes de couverture. Elle montre la faisabilité mais aussi les risques des SCV avec cultures associées ; elle permet d'identifier des axes de recherche pour compléter les connaissances et fournir des références pour réduire ces risques.