Philosophiae Doctor - PhD / The thesis examines the characteristics of land tenure among African families with freehold title who trace their relationship to the land to their forebears who first acquired title in the mid-nineteenth century. The evidence was drawn from two field sites in the Eastern Cape, Fingo Village, Grahamstown and Rabula in the Keiskammahoek district of the former Ciskei. The evidence, supported by evidence in other Anglophone countries, shows that African familial relationships reminiscent of ‘customary’ concepts of the family, were not, and are not extinguished when title is issued, though they are altered. Africans with title regard the land as family property held by unilineal descent groups, challenging the western notion of one-to-one proprietal relationships to the land and its devolution. By exploring the intersection between tenure, use and devolution of land, the main findings reveal that local conceptions of land and use diverge considerably from the formal, legal notion of title. Title holders conceive of their land as the property of all recognised members of a patrilineally defined descent group symbolised by the family name. Because freehold is so intimately linked with inheritance, the findings significantly illuminate the social field of gender and kinship. The implications of the findings are that differing concepts of the ‘family’ and ‘property’ are fundamental to the lack of ‘fit’ between the common-law concept of ownership and what I term in the thesis ‘African freehold’. The thesis dissects the implications of culturally constructed variability in familial identities for recognition and transmission of property. Title is legally regulated by Eurocentric notions of both family and property, which lead to significant divergence between western and African interpretations of ownership, transmission and spatial division of land. The deficiencies of the South African legal mindset with regard to property law are thus fundamentally affected by the deficiencies in recognising the broader field of gender and kinship relations. The findings fundamentally challenge the dualistic paradigm currently prevalent in much of South African legal thinking, since the factors that are found to affect land tenure relationships cannot be reduced to the binary distinctions that are conventionally drawn in law, such as ‘western’ vs. ‘customary’ or ‘individual’ vs. iii ‘communal’ tenure. Instead, the important sources of validation of social (importantly, familial) and property relationships are found to be common to all property relationships, but are arranged and calibrated according to different normative patterns of recognition. In the case of the subjects in the field sites, these do not fit into the main ‘categories’ of property defined in law. Neither of the main bodies of official law, the common law and customary law, adequately characterise the relationships among the African freehold title holders. The source of legitimation is, therefore, not the ‘law’ but locally understood norms and practices. The findings suggest that the practices of the freeholders, derived from constructed ideas of kinship and descent, have relevance for a wide range of diverse African land tenure arrangements and categories, and not only ‘African freehold’. The findings therefore have significant implications for law reform more broadly. The thesis suggests that law reform should move away from models that do not match reality, and in particular should heed the warnings that titling policies as presently designed are particularly poorly aligned with the realities presented in the thesis.

The diploma thesis addresses the influence of building work carried out on the family house and the comparison of this influence in various localities. The theoretical part defines the basic terms from professional literature and legislation. A family house prior to reconstruction in the town of Bolera-dice was selected and then two other similar sites of the municipality of Hostěradice and the town of Koryčany. In the practical part, the customary prices were calculated before reconstruction. The reconstruction of the house was projected and the costs of construction work were calculated using an itemised budget. By means of a database of real estate properties after reconstruction, the prices of similar real estate properties after the reconstruction were established. The conclusion of the the-sis presents a comparison and analysis of the results at individual sites, and thus fulfils the objective of the thesis by determining the impact of construction work on the family house and comparing this in different locations.

Ce mémoire présente et analyse les dispositions législatives concernant la reconnaissance étatique de l'adoption coutumière. Afin de bien contextualiser la pratique de l'adoption coutumière, l'auteure s'emploie d'abord à expliciter la notion d'intérêt de l'enfant et à exposer le cadre juridique de l'adoption étatique. Les perspectives internationales de l'intérêt de l'enfant, son historique en droit interne, ainsi que les définitions et appréciations jurisprudentielles, doctrinales et législatives qu'on en retient font l'objet d'une présentation détaillée. Il en va de même du cadre juridique de l'adoption étatique dont l'évolution et les conditions légales sont exposées. Consacrée à l'adoption coutumière autochtone, la seconde partie trace d'abord un portrait général du contexte social et de l'environnement juridique dans lesquels évoluent les Autochtones. En ce sens, est notamment étudiée la Loi concernant les enfants, les jeunes et les familles des Premières Nations, des Inuits et des Métis (L.C. 2019, c. 24.). L'auteure s'attarde à décrire les onze nations autochtones et à exposer l'historique des interventions de l'État auprès des familles autochtones. Elle s'emploie ensuite à décrire et à analyser le cadre dans lequel se déploie l'adoption coutumière, relatant les revendications liées à la reconnaissance étatique traditionnellement recherchées, les modifications législatives auxquelles ces revendications ont récemment donné lieu et les enjeux qui en résultent. L'auteure aborde enfin l'épineuse question de l'intérêt de l'enfant autochtone auquel la reconnaissance étatique de l'adoption coutumière est subordonnée, s'interrogeant sur la pertinence d'un tel critère et sur ses effets régulateurs. / The author presents and analyzes the legislative provisions regarding the state's recognition of Aboriginal customary adoption. In order to contextualize the practice of customary adoption, the author will first explain the notion of a child's best interest and will then elaborate on the legal framework of state adoption. International perspectives on the notion of a child's best interest are studied as well as the history of the notion in internal law. The definitions and interpretations of this notion within case law, legislation and doctrine will be thoroughly examined. The legal framework of state adoption will also be analyzed by exposing its evolution and legal requirements. The second part of the present work is devoted to Aboriginal customary adoption and will begin by tracing a general portrait of the social context and legal environment in which Aboriginal people evolve. The Act respecting First Nations, Inuit and Métis children, youth and families (L.C. 2019, c. 24.) is particularly analyzed. The author studies the eleven First Nations along with the history of the state's interventions within Aboriginal families. She then describes and analyses the framework within which customary adoption is deployed, detailing the claims for state recognition that have traditionally been pursued, the recent legislative amendments that resulted from these claims along with potential implications that may arise from these amendments. The author will conclude by examining the delicate issue of the best interest of the Aboriginal child upon which the state's recognition of customary adoption is contingent and will question the relevance of such criteria and its regulating effect.

This volume presents a set of unpublished documents written in the period when Togo was a German colony. They refer to claims relating to landed property in the coastal town of Aneho (formerly Little Popo). The value of these documents as historical sources is discussed (in French); the documents themselves (with accompanying diagrams) are given in the original German. / Dieser Band präsentiert eine Reihe unveröffentlichter Dokumente, welche in der Zeit geschrieben wurden, als Togo eine deutsche Kolonie war. Sie beziehen sich auf Forderungen in Vebindung mit Grundeigentum in der Küstenstadt Aneho (früher Little Popo). Der Wert dieser Dokumente als historische Quelle ist umstritten (in Frankreich); die Dokumente selbst (mit den dazugehörigen Diagrammen) sind im ursprünglichen Deutsch.

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The substitution of the dominant Western jurisprudence for South Africa’s indigenous normative values during colonial and apartheid times has resulted in a perverted conception of law that presents Western jurisprudence as synonymous with law. In the era of the constitutional recognition of African law where the application of the democratic principle demands that the newly re-enfranchised African communities deserve to be regulated by their own indigenous values, the resilience of this legal culture has become problematic. To reverse this situation legal and constitutional interpreters must rethink and reshape their contributions to the achievement of the post-apartheid version of African law envisioned by the South African Constitution. The application of African law in a free and liberated environment must reflect its own social, political and legal cosmology in which its institutions operate within their own indigenous frame of reference. A study of the anatomy of African jurisprudence as a means of gaining insight into the indigenous worldview which was characterised by the culture of communal living and the ethos of inclusiveness to counter the prevailing hegemony of autonomous individualism, has become urgent. To achieve this such pillars of African jurisprudence as the philosophy of ubuntu must be exhumed in order for African law’s rehabilitation under the Constitution to be undertaken on the basis of its authentic articulation uncontaminated by colonial and apartheid distortions. The task of developing the African law of the 21st century to the extent required by the Constitution is a challenge of enormous proportions which demands an appreciation of the historical and political environment in which African law lost its primacy as the original legal system of South Africa after Roman-Dutch law was imposed on the South Africa population. The revival of African law becomes more urgent when one considers that when Africans lost control of their legal system they had not abdicated sovereignty voluntarily to the newcomers. The validity of the imposition of Western jurisprudence is vitiated by the colonial use of such imperial acts as colonisation, conquest, and annexation as the basis on which the regime of Roman-Dutch law was imposed on South Africa. Ever since, African law has been subordinated and denigrated through colonial and apartheid policies which relegated it, via the repugnancy clause, to a sub-system of Roman-Dutch law with whose standards it was forced to comply. The repugnancy clause left African law a distorted system no longer recognisable to its own constituency. The advent of the new dispensation introduced a constitutional framework for re-capacitating South Africa’s post-apartheid state institutions to recentre African law as envisioned by the Constitution. This framework has become the basis on which legislative and judicial efforts could rehabilitate the indigenous value system in the application of African law. The courts of the new South Africa have striven to find the synergy between indigenous values and the Bill of Rights in order to forge areas of compatibility between African culture and human rights. An analysis of this phase in the development of African law, as evidenced by the present study, reveals successes and failures on the part of the courts in their efforts to rehabilitate African law in line with both its value system and the Bill of Rights. These findings lead to the conclusion that whilst South Africa’s legislative and judicial institutions have not yet achieved the envisioned version of African law, there is an adequate constitutional framework through which they could still do so. This study, therefore, recommends that the above institutions, especially the courts, should adopt a theory of re-indigenisation that would guide them as they proceed from the indigenous version of African law which is the basis on which to apply the Bill of Rights. The application of such a theory would ensure that the distorted ‘official’ version of African law which was imposed by colonial and apartheid state institutions is progressively discredited and isolated from the body of South African law and gives way to the version inspired by the Constitution. / Constitutional, International and Indigenous Law / LL. D.

In the performance of law enforcement tasks, military forces frequently use expanding bullets. Such bullets are prohibited in international armed conflicts (IAC:s) by treaty, but in non-international armed conflicts (NIAC:s), the matter is regulated by the principle prohibiting means and methods of a nature to cause superfluous injury or unnecessary suffering (SIrUS), and possibly by an independent rule of customary international humanitarian law. This essay looks first to a proposed solution in which the law enforcement legal paradigm takes precedence, and finds such a solution incomplete and its application limited. It proceeds to look at the prohibition of expanding bullets in NIAC:s as an independent rule,exploring the formation of customary law, the evidence value of military manuals, expanding bullets as a war crime, and the ICTY Tadíc ruling. It finds the evidence of the existence of such a rule unconvincing. It then looks to principle of SIrUS and explores the best approaches for its interpretation and application. Ultimately, it argues that the military utility, in the form of stopping power and decreased risk of collateral injury, provided by expanding bullets is of such a scale and nature that the use of such bullets could reasonably be argued to pass the assessment as required by the principle. In light of this, the essay emphasises the need for treaty-based rules in order create effective weapons prohibitions, and that armed forces are still obliged to properly assess which set of rules govern the use of force.

A global land rush developed during the last decade, spared primiarly by the sharp rise inglobal food prices between 2007 and 2008. The inceased international food prices resulted inincreased interest from foreign actors to invest in agricultural land in developing countries inthe global south. The “global land rush” or “land grabs” is driven by the increased demandfor primarily food and biofuels. The phenomenon refers to foreign direct investment inagricultural land in developing countries that has escalated in recent years, with Sub-SaharanAfrica as the most targeted. This study examines foreign land investment in Ghana focusingon the regions of Brong-Ahafo, Ashanti and Volta through a qualitative literature study. Thepurpose of the study is to analyze to what extent these investments can be explained asneo-colonial or as development opportunities. Based on analyzing economic, political,cultural and power relations, the study concludes that all cases are in line with neo-colonialtheory according to Nkrumah. The economic effects show temporary job creation and loss oflivelihood, which indicates economic exploitation. The cultural effects include disruption oftraditional practices and loss of cultural identity, suggesting cultural imperialism. The aspectof political power shows the marginalization of local interests and political dominance. Noneof the three cases fulfills the principles of a win-win situation and therefore can't beconsidered development opportunities either. The legal frameworks in the regions prioritizeforeign actors over the rights and welfare of affected communities, leading to an unbalanceddistribution of power. The job opportunities that the projects bring often hide the long-termeffects and loss of livelihoods for the local population. In conclusion, this study contributes tothe understanding of Land Grabbing in Ghana as a neo-colonial phenomenon rather than adevelopment opportunity.

Die globale (Trink-)Wasserkrise, welche insbesondere für vulnerable Bevölkerungsgruppen eine existenzielle Bedrohung darstellt, hat die Frage nach einem verbindlichen Menschenrecht auf Zugang zu sauberem Trinkwasser (HRW) ins Zentrum internationaler Aufmerksamkeit gerückt. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird die Bedeutung der Allgemeinen Bemerkung Nr. 15 des Ausschusses für wirtschaftliche, soziale und kulturelle Rechte (CESCR) für die Festlegung normativer Standards und die völkerrechtliche Verankerung des HRW untersucht. Eine Analyse von Staatenberichten und nationaler Spruchpraxis soll Aufschluss über die Wirkungskraft der Allgemeinen Bemerkung Nr. 15 geben. Mit Blick auf Diskurse in relevanten UN-Gremien wie der Generalversammlung und dem Menschenrechtsrat soll weiterhin die mögliche völkergewohnheitsrechtliche Relevanz des Rechts beleuchtet und die Rolle entwicklungspolitischer Initiativen für die Harmonisierung der Staatenpraxis analysiert werden.

The bulk of the matrimonial property regimes operating in Botswana were inherited from the country's colonial past. Since independence there ha'> not been any realistic attempt to reform them. The thesis set out to appraisal the legal regimes governing the determination of matrimonial property on divorce to ascertain their efficacy in realising the legitimate aspiration of married couples. Comparisons were made with similar countries to determine how these have tackled problems relating to determination of matrimonial property on divorce. The study found that where there is a dispute about matrimonial property in marriages out of community, the courts have no discretion to readjust the rights of the parties. This situation adversely affect nonworking wives who spent most of their time looking after their husbands and children without being able to acquire capital assets. Recognition is not given to such domestic contribution to the welfare of the family. It was also found that the exercise of the marital power by husbands of marriages in community of property deprives wives of those marriages the right to administer the joint estate. The patriarchal nature of customary law, which governs the majority of disputes about matrimonial property, discriminates against women. Consequently, the following, inter alia, are suggested as reform measures. (a) The courts should be g1ven a wide discretionary power, circumscribed by statutory guidelines, to reallocate matrimonial property on divorce irrespective of the matrimonial property regime that governs the marriage. TI1e underlying principle should be equality of sharing but this may be departed from where the circumstances of the particular case warrant it (b) A spouse's domestic contribution towards the welfare of the family should be recognised. (c) The marital power of husbands should be abolished. (d) The provisions of the Matrimonial Causes Act should be made applicable to customary marriages. / Private Law / LL.D.